DOCSLIB.ORG

Redalyc.Conceptualization About Internalizing Problems in Children and Adolescents

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Redalyc.Conceptualization About Internalizing Problems in Children and Adolescents Ciência & Saúde Coletiva ISSN: 1413-8123 [email protected] Associação Brasileira de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva Brasil Wilkinson, Paul Conceptualization about internalizing problems in children and adolescents Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, vol. 14, núm. 2, abril, 2009, pp. 373-381 Associação Brasileira de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=63013532007 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative 373 ARTIGO ARTICLE Conceptualization about internalizing problems in children and adolescents O conceito de problemas internalizantes em crianças e adolescentes Paul Wilkinson 1 Abstract This review will discuss the concept of Resumo Esta revisão discute o conceito de trans- internalizing disorders. It will describe the two main tornos internalizantes, descrevendo os dois princi- types of internalizing disorder: depressive and anxi- pais tipos deste problema: depressão e ansiedade. Será ety disorders. It will discuss how they have much in discutido o quanto eles têm em comum, mas tam- common, but that there are also key differences. The bém as principais diferenças entre eles. Para ilustrar review will use data from modern studies of symp- estas características em comum e as diferenças, se- tom factor analysis, aetiology, treatment and prog- rão usados dados de estudos modernos usando aná- nosis to illustrate the commonalities and differen- lise fatorial de sintomas, etiologia, tratamento e prog- ces. It will conclude by trying to answer where in- nóstico. Na conclusão, será feita uma tentativa de ternalizing disorders should be placed in future di- responder a questão onde os problemas internali- agnostic classification schemes. zantes deveriam ser inseridos nos esquemas futuros Key words Internalizing disorders, Symptom fac- de classificação diagnóstica. tor analysis, Diagnostic classification Palavras-chave Internalização, Análise fatorial de sintomas, Classificação diagnóstica 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge. 18b Trumpington Road Cambridge CB2 8AH UK. [email protected] 374 Wilkinson P The first attempt to classify child psychopatholo- Depressive disorders gy was made by Hewitt and Jenkins in 19461. They carried out a factor analysis of symptoms and Depressive disorders are about more than feel- linked factors with social situation. This led to the ing sad. They are syndromes of persistent emo- differentiation of “emotional disturbance” and two tional, biological and psychological symptoms, classes of disruptive disorders, based both on in- accompanied by impaired social functioning. The tercorrelations between symptoms within each fac- most important of the depressive disorders is ma- tor and different patterns of psychosocial variables jor depression. in the three factors. Since then, there has developed For a DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Man- infinitely greater complexity to psychiatric diagno- ual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition4) diagno- sis. Yet a similar split between emotional (or “in- sis of major depression, at least five depressive ternalizing”, where the patients feel distress inside symptoms must have been present most of the themselves) and behavioural (or “externalizing”, time for two weeks and represent a change from where the patients cause distress to people external previous functioning. At least one of the symp- to themselves) problems is still often made. toms must be: This article will look in detail at the conceptual- . Depressed or irritable mood ization of internalizing disorders in children and . Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in adolescents. It will explain the main disorders, look- almost all activities (anhedonia). ing at what separates the disorders, but also at Other possible symptoms are: what these disorders have in common, validating . Decreased or increased weight or appetite Hewitt and Jenkins’ original classification. It will . Increased or decreased sleep discuss the aetiology of these disorders, and how . Psychomotor agitation (fidgetiness) or retar- modern scientific technology has been able to dem- dation (slowed down speech/movements) onstrate differences and commonalities within this . Reduced energy group of disorders. It will finish by discussing . Worthlessness or excessive guilt whether the concept of internalizing disorders (and . Reduced concentration or indecisiveness the sub-classification of internalizing disorders) is . Recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ide- helpful and valid. ation. In addition, there must be significant distress or impairment in functioning (such as at school, Classification of internalising disorders with friends or with the family). Symptoms must not be due to a medical condition, medication, il- The two main emotions suffered by patients with licit substances or bereavement. Onset is rare be- emotional disorders are sad (or depressed) mood fore adolescence. and worry (or anxiety). These emotions form the However, here we have the first of our prob- basis of the two main types of internalizing disor- lems with the conceptualisation of internalising ders: depressive and anxiety disorders. The third disorders. As clinicians, it is convenient to be able edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of to say whether or not people have a diagnosis, a Mental Disorders (DSM-III,1980) reflected this, categorical approach. This makes it easy at a su- and was the first diagnostic classification that made perficial level to decide what treatment we should a major separation between “affective” and “anxi- use, and whether somebody is eligible for treat- ety” disorders. ment at all. However, human biology and psychol- This article will focus on these two main groups ogy is not so simple. In the same way as blood of disorders. It will not include bipolar disorder pressure lies on a continuum, and at one end of and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The phenom- this, the doctor and patient must decide whether enology, biology and genetics of these disorders to treat “high” blood pressure, depressive symp- demonstrate that while these disorders have much toms and the associated social dysfunction lie upon in common with internalizing disorders, they share a continuum. The American Diagnostic and Sta- many features of, respectively, schizophrenia2 and tistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition tic disorders3. This overlap demonstrates part of (DSM-IV)5 defines a threshold of five symptoms. the difficulty of a simple split of psychiatric disor- But this is fairly arbitrary, and is not based on any ders into a small number of discrete groups. empirical data. It has been shown that there is a gradual reduction in social functioning with more symptoms in children and adolescents6 and in adults7 and that older adolescents with subthresh- 375 Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 14(2):373-381, 2009 old depressive symptoms are as likely as those with tion optimally in a fight-or-flight dangerous situ- the full depressive syndrome to develop a subse- ation. Sometimes anxiety is maladaptive, and it is quent depressive disorder8. So it is not helpful to here that we see anxiety disorders. People may have clinicians to use a simple yes/no approach to treat- excess anxiety around situations that they need to ment. Instead it is better to consider the number of be in to function normally (such as school or symptoms, the social context, the level of dysfunc- shops). This anxiety can be very distressing and tion, the duration of symptoms and the views of can be so overwhelming that it affects normal func- the patient on treatment. The more symptoms, the tion in these arenas (such as stopping children from more likely it is that we should use treatments. concentrating on their schoolwork). In extreme Clinicians do not feel it right to ignore the pa- cases, anxiety can be so overwhelming that people tients who are clearly suffering but only have four cannot face the feared situation, and avoid it com- depressive symptoms. In some healthcare systems, pletely. This avoidance leads to a great feeling of it is not even possible to get treatment without a relief and anxiety levels fall. Sadly, this benefit is “diagnosis”. Other depressive disorders have since greatly reinforcing, and makes it even harder for been described. Dysthymic disorder is a more chron- that person to face the feared situation on the next ic, less severe condition, consisting of depressed occasion. Anxiety is often accompanied by physi- mood for most of the time, with at least two other cal symptoms, such as heart racing, stomach pains depressive symptoms, lasting at least one year, and and sweating. These are mediated by the sympa- in which criteria for a major depressive episode are thetic nervous system/adrenergic response, that not met for the first year. Many children with dys- would be useful in a fight-flight dangerous situa- thymia later develop major depression. tion, but which often makes feelings even worse in DSM-IV discussed “minor depression” as 2-4 the non-dangerous anxiety producing situation. depressive symptoms, including depressed/irrita- As with depressive disorders, anxiety disorders ble mood or anhedonnia, over a two week period, lie on a spectrum, from the common feeling of but concluded there was not sufficient evidence to slight anxiety at
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Eating Disorders and Sexual Function Reviewed: a Trans-Diagnostic, Dimensional Perspective
    Current Sexual Health Reports (2020) 12:1–14 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-020-00236-w CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS (B MCCARTHY, R SEGRAVES AND R BALON, SECTION EDITORS) Eating Disorders and Sexual Function Reviewed: A Trans-diagnostic, Dimensional Perspective Cara R. Dunkley1,2 & Yana Svatko1 & Lori A. Brotto2,3 Published online: 18 January 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020 Abstract Purpose of Review Clinical observation and a growing body of empirical research point to an association between disordered eating and sexual function difficulties. The present review identifies and connects the current knowledge on sexual dysfunction in the eating disorders, and provides a theoretical framework for conceptualizing the association between these important health conditions. Recent Findings Research on sexuality and eating pathology has focused on clinical samples of women with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). All aspects of sexual response can be impacted in women with an eating disorder, with sexual function in women with AN appearing to be more compromised than in women with BN. Research of this nature is extremely limited with respect to BED, non-clinical samples, men, and individuals with non-binary gender identities. Summary Sexuality should be examined and addressed within the context of eating disorder treatment. Sexual dysfunction and eating disorders, along with commonly comorbid disorders of anxiety and mood, can be seen as separate but frequently overlapping manifestations of internalizing psychopathology. Psychological, developmental, sociocultural, etiological, and bio- physical factors likely represent risk and maintenance factors for internalizing disorders. A dimensional, trans-diagnostic ap- proach to disordered eating and sexuality has promising implications for future research and clinical interventions.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychiatric Diagnoses and Comorbidity in Relation to Suicidal Behavior Among Psychiatrically Hospitalized Adolescents
    Psychiatric Diagnoses and Comorbidity in Relation to Suicidal Behavior among Psychiatrically Hospitalized Adolescents Kristen Schoff D’Eramo, PhD Brown Medical School Providence Mitchell J. Prinstein, PhD Department of Psychology, Yale University Jennifer Freeman, PhD W. L. Grapentine, MD Anthony Spirito, PhD Brown Medical School Providence ABSTRACT: This study examined relations between suicidal behavior history (i.e., no suicidality, suicidal ideation, single attempters, and multiple attempters) and psychiatric functioning. Adolescents, aged 12–17, admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit, were categorized by suicidal behavior history based on self- and clinician-report data. Groups were examined for differences in suicidal ideation and psychiatric diagnosis. Severity of suicidal ideation increased with severity of suicidal behavior history. Females were disproportionately represented among multiple at- tempters. Multiple attempters were more likely to be diagnosed with at least one externalizing disorder, particularly substance use disorders, and to have more than one comorbid diagnosis than adolescents with no suicidal behavior or a history of ideation only. Clinicians should be alerted to the particularly high-risk nature of adolescents with multiple suicide attempts. KEY WORDS: suicidality; multiple attempters; comorbidity. National surveys suggest that each year, approximately 21% of adolescents attending school in the United States seriously consider attempting suicide, 16% develop a plan for attempting, 8% report making an attempt, and 3% make a serious attempt that requires medical attention.1 A critical first step toward reducing the rate of This work was supported by NIMH National Research Service Award F32- MH11770 to Dr. Prinstein. Address correspondence to Dr. Prinstein, Department of Psychology, Yale Uni- versity, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Open THIS ONE Schreyer Honorsthesis Edits4-18__1 .Pdf
    THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DIVISION OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES TWO PERSPECTIVES: METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO TREATING ADOLESCENT ANOREXIA NERVOSA FROM THE STANDPOINT OF A SCHOLAR AND PATIENT JENNIFER DENISON SPRING 2016 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a baccalaureate degree in Psychological and Social Sciences with honors in Letters, Arts and Sciences Reviewed and approved* by the following: Fran Sessa Associate Professor of Psychology Thesis Supervisor Linda Patterson Miller Distinguished University Professor of English Honors Advisor * Signatures are on file in the Schreyer Honors College ABSTRACT Eating disorders, specifically anorexia nervosa, have become increasingly prevalent in Western Society. Old and modern-day treatment programs for anorexia nervosa will be discussed, including the efficacy of those treatments. Additionally, three separate residential eating disorder treatment centers and their methodological approaches to treating anorexia nervosa in adolescents will be discussed and examined. Journal segments from patients’ experience will also be included and analyzed. Lastly, a proposed model treatment plan for anorexia nervosa will be identified and described. i TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION/PRELIMINARY REVIEW OF LITERATURE........................... 2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY ....................................................................................... 7 THE REDEEMING CENTER ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Depressive Symptoms in Substance Abuse Clients During Early Recovery: a Review of the Literature—Updates*
    Managing Depressive Symptoms in Substance Abuse Clients During Early Recovery: A Review of the Literature—Updates* A Treatment Improvement Protocol TIP 48 *This document is available online only (http://store.samhsa.gov) and supports TIP 48, Managing Depressive Symptoms in Substance Abuse Clients During Early Recovery. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) 48, Managing Depressive Symptoms in Substance Abuse Clients During Early Recovery Updated Findings From the Literature Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... i October 1, 2009, Through December 31, 2010 .............................................................................. 1 January 1, 2011, Through June 30, 2011 ........................................................................................ 6 July 1, 2011, Through December 31, 2011 ................................................................................... 15 January 1, 2012, Through June 30, 2012 ...................................................................................... 25 Introduction The following updates were developed to keep current the literature review component of Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) 48, Managing Depressive Symptoms in Substance Abuse Clients During Early Recovery, published in 2008. The literature review update period for this TIP spanned 4 years post-publication and concluded with the January–June, 2012 update. The same search methodology used in developing
    [Show full text]
  • Reward Processing and Inhibitory Control in Women with Bulimia Nervosa
    Reward Processing and Inhibitory Control in Women with Bulimia Nervosa By Kelsey Elizabeth Hagan M.A., University of Kansas, 2014 B.A., Emory University, 2010 Submitted to the graduate degree program in Psychology and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Chair: Kelsie Forbush, Ph.D. Tera Fazzino, Ph.D. Rick Ingram, Ph.D. David Jarmolowicz, Ph.D. Laura Martin, Ph.D. Date Defended: 09 May 2019 The dissertation committee for Kelsey Elizabeth Hagan certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Reward Processing and Inhibitory Control in Women with Bulimia Nervosa Chair: Kelsie Forbush, Ph.D. Date Approved: 09 May 2019 ii Abstract Introduction: Theoretical models and empirical research support the role of negative affect in bulimia nervosa (BN). However, treatments that target negative affect in BN have not outperformed traditional, eating-disorder-focused treatments for BN. An alternative mechanism of BN is dysfunctional positive affect (i.e., reward processing). The present study aimed to understand associations among dysfunctional reward processing, affect, and eating-disorder symptom expression by testing an interactive model of reward-based processes (reward learning, effort valuation, delay discounting, inhibitory control) in women with BN. Method: Participants were community-recruited medication-free adult women aged 18-30 with BN (n=20) or healthy controls (HCs; n=20). Behavioral tasks and self-report measures were used to assess reward learning, effort valuation, delay discounting, inhibitory control, BN symptom frequencies, and affect. Results: Women with BN did not differ from HCs on effort valuation and inhibitory control; however, women with BN showed less delay discounting and demonstrated slower reward learning compared to HCs.
    [Show full text]
  • A Double-Hit Hypothesis of Internalizing Disorders
    Personality Neuroscience Ketamine and neuroticism: a double-hit cambridge.org/pen hypothesis of internalizing disorders N. McNaughton1 and P. Glue2 1 2 Shorter Communication Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand and Department Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Cite this article: McNaughton N. and Glue P. (2020) Ketamine and neuroticism: a double-hit Abstract hypothesis of internalizing disorders. Personality Neuroscience. Vol 3: e2, 1–7. Psychiatric disorders can often be viewed as extremes of personality traits. The primary action doi: 10.1017/pen.2020.2 of drugs that ameliorate these disorders may, thus, be to alter the patient’s position on a relevant trait dimension. Here, we suggest that interactions between such trait dimensions may also be Received: 24 July 2019 important for disorder. Internalizing disorders show important differences in terms of range Revised: 15 January 2020 Accepted: 25 January 2020 of activity and speed of response of medications. Established antidepressant and anxiolytic medications are slow in onset and have differing effects across different internalizing disorders. Key words: In contrast, low-dose ketamine is rapidly effective and improves symptom ratings in all inter- Ketamine; Neuroticism; Internalizing disorders; nalizing disorders. To account for this, we propose a “double hit” model for internalizing Anxiety; Depression; Post-traumatic stress disorder disorders: generation (and maintenance) require two distinct forms of neural dysfunction to coincide. One hit, sensitive to ketamine, is disorder-general: dysfunction of a neural system Author for correspondence: linked to high levels of the personality trait of neuroticism. The other hit is disorder-specific: N. McNaughton, dysfunction of one of a set of disorder-specific neural modules, each with its own particular Email: [email protected] pattern of sensitivity to conventional drugs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of COVID-19 on Adolescents with Eating Disorders: a Cohort Study
    The Impact of COVID-19 on Adolescents with Eating Disorders: A Cohort Study Wendy Spettigue ( [email protected] ) Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8794-9638 Nicole Obeid Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute Madison Erbach Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute Stephen Feder Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Natalie Finner Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Megan E. Harrison Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Leanna Isserlin Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Amy Robinson Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Mark L. Norris Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research article Keywords: Eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, adolescent, COVID-19, pandemic, cohort study Posted Date: February 24th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-232482/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/16 Abstract Background: There is a noticeable lack of evidence regarding the impact of COVID-19 and the associated lockdown on young people with eating disorders. The goals of this study were 1) to examine characteristics of adolescents presenting for eating disorder (ED) assessment since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic; 2) to compare adolescents presenting for ED assessment since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic to those that presented for assessment one year previously; 3) to examine implications of the pandemic on the system of care. Methods: A retrospective chart review was completed on all patients assessed at a pediatric tertiary care ED program during the pandemic between April 1 and October 31, 2020, and on youth assessed during the same time frame one year previously.
    [Show full text]
  • Autonomy-Connectedness Mediates Sex Differences in Symptoms of Psychopathology Bekker, M.H.J.; Van Assen, M.A.L.M
    Tilburg University Autonomy-connectedness mediates sex differences in symptoms of psychopathology Bekker, M.H.J.; van Assen, M.A.L.M. Published in: PLoS ONE DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181626 Publication date: 2017 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in Tilburg University Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Bekker, M. H. J., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2017). Autonomy-connectedness mediates sex differences in symptoms of psychopathology. PLoS ONE, 12(8), [e0181626]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181626 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 24. sep. 2021 RESEARCH ARTICLE Autonomy-connectedness mediates sex differences in symptoms of psychopathology Marrie H. J. Bekker1*, Marcel A. L. M. van Assen2 1 Department
    [Show full text]
  • Defense Styles in Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Procedia Social and Behavioral Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2011) 000–000 Sciences Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 30 (2011) 236 – 241 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia WCPCG-2010 Defense styles in internalizing and externalizing disorders Mohammad Ali Salehi Nezhada, Mohammad Karim Khodapanahi b, Mehrnaz Yekta c, Bahram Mahmoodikahriz d, Sarvenaz Ostadghafour* a,&cDepartment of Psychology, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 14155-6456, Tehran, Iran b&dDepartment of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Abstract This study investigated the relationship between defense mechanism styles and internalizing/ externalizing disorders in adolescents. 150 undergraduate students (55 males, 95 females) completed Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) in order to examine defense styles and Youth Self-report (YSR) for diagnosing internalizing or externalizing disorder. The results revealed that internalizing disorders primarily were associated with neurotic and mature defenses whereas externalizing disorders were associated with immature and neurotic defenses and comparing to normal participants, both participants with internalizing and externalizing disorders were significantly different in immature defenses. It can be concluded that immature defenses can predict and differentiate externalizing disorder while comparing to people with internalizing disorder which has theoretical and clinical implications.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders in Dsm-5
    DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY 28: 737-749 (2011) Review CLASSIFICATION OF TRAUMA AND STRESSOR-RELATED DISORDERS IN DSM-5 Matthew J. Friedman, M.D. Ph.D., 1,2 Patricia A. Resick, Ph.D.,3,4 Richard A. Bryant, Ph.D.,5 James Strain, M.D.,6 Mardi Horowitz, M.D.,7 and David Spiegel, M.D.8,* This review examines the question of whether there should be a cluster of disorders, including the adjustment disorders (ADs), acute stress disorder (ASD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the dissociative disorders (DDs), in a section devoted to abnormal responses to stress and trauma in the DSM-5. Environmental risk factors, including the individual's developmental experience, would thus become a major diagnostic consideration. The relation ship of these disorders to one another is examined and also their relationship to other anxiety disorders to determine whether they are better grouped with anxiety disorders or a new specific grouping of trauma and stressor-related disorders. First how stress responses have been classified since DSM-III is reviewed. The major focus is on PTSD because it has received the most attention, regarding its proper placement among the psychiatric diagnoses. It is discussed whether PTSD should be considered an anxiety disorder, a stress induced fear circuitry disorder, an internalizing disorder, or a trauma and stressor-related disorder. Then, ASD, AD, and DD are considered from a similar perspective. Evidence is examined pro and con, and a conclusion is offered recommending inclusion of this cluster of disorders in a section entitled "Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders." The recommendation to shift ASD and PTSD out of the anxiety disorders section reflects increased recognition of trauma as a precipitant, emphasizing common etiology over common phenomenology.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Injury and Externalizing Pathology: a Systematic Literature Review Gergely Meszaros1,2* , Lili Olga Horvath3,4 and Judit Balazs2,4
    Meszaros et al. BMC Psychiatry (2017) 17:160 DOI 10.1186/s12888-017-1326-y RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Self-injury and externalizing pathology: a systematic literature review Gergely Meszaros1,2* , Lili Olga Horvath3,4 and Judit Balazs2,4 Abstract Background: During the last decade there is a growing scientific interest in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). The aim of the current paper was to review systematically the literature with a special focus on the associations between self- injurious behaviours and externalizing psychopathology. An additional aim was to review terminology and measurements of self-injurious behaviour and the connection between self-injurious behaviours and suicide in the included publications. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted on 31st December 2016 in five databases (PubMed, OVID Medline, OVID PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science) with two categories of search terms (1. nonsuicidal self-injury, non-suicidal self-injury, NSSI, self-injurious behaviour, SIB, deliberate self-harm, DSH, self-injury; 2. externalizing disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD, conduct disorder, CD, oppositional defiant disorder, OD, ODD). Results: Finally 35 papers were included. Eleven different terms were found for describing self-injurious behaviours and 20 methods for measuring it. NSSI has the clearest definition. All the examined externalizing psychopathologies had strong associations with self-injurious behaviours according to: higher prevalence rates in externalizing groups than in control groups, higher externalizing scores on the externalizing scales of questionnaires, higher symptom severity in self-injurious groups. Eight studies investigated the relationship between suicide and self- injurious behaviours and found high overlap between the two phenomena and similar risk factors.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychological Autopsy Study Comparing Suicide Decedents, Suicide Ideators, and Propensity Score Matched Controls
    Psychological Medicine, Page 1 of 12. © Cambridge University Press 2017 ORIGINAL ARTICLE doi:10.1017/S0033291717001179 Psychological autopsy study comparing suicide decedents, suicide ideators, and propensity score matched controls: results from the study to assess risk and resilience in service members (Army STARRS) M. K. Nock1*, C. L. Dempsey2, P. A. Aliaga2, D. A. Brent3, S. G. Heeringa4, R. C. Kessler5, M. B. Stein6, R. J. Ursano,2 D. Benedek2 and On behalf of the Army STARRS Collaborators 1 Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA 2 Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services, University of Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA 3 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA 4 Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA 5 Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 6 University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA Background. The suicide rate has increased significantly among US Army soldiers over the past decade. Here we report the first results from a large psychological autopsy study using two control groups designed to reveal risk factors for suicide death among soldiers beyond known sociodemographic factors and the presence of suicide ideation. Methods. Informants were next-of-kin and Army supervisors for: 135 suicide cases, 137 control soldiers propensity- score-matched on known sociodemographic risk factors for suicide and Army history variables, and 118 control soldiers who reported suicide ideation in the past year.
    [Show full text]