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Pharmacognosy 1
PHARMACOGNOSY 1 Dr. Dima MUHAMMAD 0 References: 1. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, William C. Evans, Saunders Elsevier, 2009, sixteenth ed., ISBN 978-0 -7020 -2934 9 2. textbook of pharmacognosy & phytochemistry, Biren Shah & A.K. Seth, Elsevier, 2010, 1st ed, ISBN: 978-81-312-2298-0 3. Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach. Paul M Dewick, John Wiley & Sons, 2009,3rd Edition, ISBN 978-0-470-74168-9. 4. Martins, A., Vieira, H., Gaspar, H., & Santos, S. (2014). Marketed Marine Natural Products in the Pharmaceutical and Cosmeceutical Industries: Tips for Success. Marine Drugs, 12(2) 1 1. MEANING OF PHARMACOGNOSY Pharmacognosy, known initially as materia medica, may be defined as the study of crude drugs obtained from plants, animals and mineral kingdom and their constituents. There is a historical misinformation about who created the term pharmacognosy. According to some sources, it was C. A. Seydler, a medical student at Halle, Germany, in 1815; he wrote his doctoral thesis titled Analectica Pharmacognostica. However, recent historical research has found an earlier usage of this term. The physician J. A. Schmidt (Vienna) used that one in his Lehrbuch der materia medica in 1811, to describe the study of medicinal plants and their properties. The word pharmacognosy is derived from two Latin words pharmakon, ‘a drug,’ and gignoso, ‘to acquire knowledge of’. It means ‘knowledge or science of drugs. Crude drugs are plants or animals, or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse or longitudinal slices or peeling them in some cases. Most of the crude drugs used in medicine are obtained from plants, and only a small number comes from animal and mineral kingdoms. -
Plant Propagation Lab Exercise Module 2
Plant Propagation Lab Exercise Module 2 PROPAGATION OF SPORE BEARING PLANTS FERNS An introduction to plant propagation laboratory exercises by: Gabriel Campbell-Martinez and Dr. Mack Thetford Plant Propagation Lab Exercise Module 2 PROPAGATION OF SPORE BEARING PLANTS FERNS An introduction to plant propagation laboratory exercises by: Gabriel Campbell-Martinez and Dr. Mack Thetford LAB OBJECTIVES • Introduce students to the life cycle of ferns. • Demonstrate the appropriate use of terms to describe the morphological characteristics for describing the stages of fern development. • Demonstrate techniques for collection, cleaning, and sowing of fern spores. • Provide alternative systems for fern spore germination in home or commercial settings. Fern spore germination Fern relationship to other vascular plants Ferns • Many are rhizomatous and have circinate vernation • Reproduce sexually by spores • Eusporangiate ferns • ~250 species of horsetails, whisk ferns moonworts • Leptosporangiate • ~10,250 species Sporophyte Generation Spores are produced on the mature leaves (fronds) of the sporophyte generation of ferns. The spores are arranged in sporangia which are often inside a structure called a sorus. The sori often have a protective covering of living leaf tissue over them that is called an indusium. As the spores begin to mature the indusium may also go through physical changes such as a change in color or desiccating and becoming smaller as it dries to allow an opening for dispersal. The spores (1n) may be wind dispersed or they may require rain (water) to aid in dispersal. Gametophyte Generation The gametophyte generation is initiated with the germination of the spore (1n). The germinated spore begins to grow and form a heart-shaped structure called a prothallus. -
Prof. DA Agboola: BOT221: Seedless Plants/Cryptogamic Botany 1
Prof. D.A. Agboola: BOT221: Seedless Plants/Cryptogamic Botany CRYPTOGAMS - Flowerless or seedless plants - Lower and more primitive plants - 3 main groups i.e. Thallophyte, Bryophyte and Pteridophyte - Thallophytes include: Algae, fungi, Bacteria and lichens - Bryophytes include liverworts, horned liverworts and mosses - Pteridophytes include ferns and their allies. Reproduction - Members may take one or more of 3 methods of reproduction including vegetative, asexual and sexual - Vegetative by cell division or fragmentation - Asexual is through production of various types of spores - Sexual takes place by fusion of two gametes - Degree of sexuality passes through progressive stages including isogamy, anisogany to oogamy - Isogamy takes place in primitive cryptogams where two gametes of similar shape, size and behavior (isogametes) occurs - In anisogamy the two gametes, may be slightly different in size and behavior (Anisogametes) - In advanced cryptogams the two gametes become differentiated into male i.e. microgametes or antherozoids as spermatozoa and the female i.e. megagametes, the egg cell or oosphere or ovum - The egg cell is housed in structures including oogonium - The antherozoids are housed in antheridium - In oogamous cryptogams, the male gamete is usually small, ciliated or flagellated, active and initiative - The egg cell in large, non-motile, non ciliated, passive and receptive - Alternation of generation occurs in higher algae, liverworts, mosses, ferns and related pteridophyte - Here, life history is completed in two alternative stages or generations - These two generations differ in both morphological characteristics and mode of reproduction - One generation i.e. the sporophytic generation or asexual generation reproduces asexually by means of spores - While the other generation, i.e. -
The Structure and Development of the Prothallus of Equisetum Debile, Roxb
The Structure and Development of the Prothallus of Equisetum debile, Roxb. BY SHIV RAM KASHYAP, B.A. (Cantab.), M.Sc. (Punjab), Professor of Botany, Government College, Lahore. With forty-five Figures in the Text INTRODUCTION. LL the species of Equisetum whose prothalli had been investigated Ai- before 1905 are confined to Europe (Goebel, p. 195). The writer is not aware if any extra-European species have been investigated since then. As the prothalli of Equisetum debile whose range is given by Baker ('Fern Allies ', p. 5) as ' Tropical Asia from the Himalayas and Ceylon eastward through the Malay Isles to Fiji', were found growing in large numbers along the banks of the river Ravi in Lahore, and as they differed in general characters from the prothalli hitherto described, it was thought that a study of the development might bring out some interesting points. The result of this study carried on in the winter of 1913—13 is given in the following pages. Aitchison and Stewart describe Equisetum debile as the only species of Equisetum occurring in the Punjab, and certainly this is the only species met with in or near Lahore. It may be mentioned that Baker remarks that this species is doubtfully distinct from Equisetum ramosissimum, Desf., which is cosmopolitan in the warm temperate and tropical zones, but nothing is known as regards the prothallus of this latter species. MATERIAL. The plant grows in and near Lahore in great abundance along the banks of the river in sandy soil or in the shady and swampy soil of the wood along the river. -
Mosses and Ferns
Mosses and Ferns • How did they evolve from Protists? Moss and Fern Life Cycles Group 1: Seedless, Nonvascular Plants • Live in moist environments to reproduce • Grow low to ground to retain moisture (nonvascular) • Lack true leaves • Common pioneer species during succession • Gametophyte most common (dominant) • Ex: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts Moss Life Cycle 1)Moss 2) Through water, 3) Diploid sporophyte 4) Sporophyte will gametophytes sperm from the male will grow from zygote create and release grow near the gametophyte will haploid spores ground swim to the female (haploid stage) gametophyte to create a diploid zygote Diploid sporophyte . zygo egg zygo te egg te zygo zygo egg egg te te male male female female female male female male Haploid gametophytes 5) Haploid 6) The process spores land repeats and grow into new . gametophytes . Haploid gametophytesground . sporophyte . zygo egg zygo te egg te zygo zygo egg egg te te male male female female female male female male Haploid gametophytes • Vascular system allows Group 2: Seedless, – Taller growth – Nutrient transportation Vascular Plants • Live in moist environments – swimming sperm • Gametophyte stage – Male gametophyte: makes sperm – Female gametophyte: makes eggs – Sperm swims to fertilize eggs • Sporophyte stage – Spores released into air – Spores land and grow into gametophyte • Ex: Ferns, Club mosses, Horsetails Fern Life Cycle 1) Sporophyte creates and releases haploid spores Adult Sporophyte . ground 2) Haploid spores land in the soil . ground 3) From the haploid spores, gametophyte grows in the soil Let’s zoom in Fern gametophytes are called a prothallus ground 4) Sperm swim through water from the male parts (antheridium) to the female parts (archegonia)…zygote created Let’s zoom back out zygo zygo egg egg te te zygo egg te 5) Diploid sporophyte grows from the zygote sporophyte Fern gametophytes are called a prothallus ground 6) Fiddle head uncurls….fronds open up 7) Cycle repeats -- Haploid spores created and released . -
Principles of Plant Taxonomy. Ix.*
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT TAXONOMY. IX.* JOHN H. SCHAFFNER. In the eighth paperf of the present series, a general synopsis of the Thallophyta was given, together with a diagramatic "tree" of relationships of the orders recognized. Since the fungi are of special importance and are thus often studied independently of other groups and since the true fungi evolved a distinctive type of plant body and cell constitution, the following analysis is presented as a partial explanation of the arrangement of the groups in the synopsis. Special attention has been given to the development of correct interpretations of life histories in the light of special studies on the problem of sex in plants in general as well as comparative studies of life cycles. THE FOUR GENERAL TYPES OF FUNGI. If we use the term Fungi to include all Thallophytes without chlorophyll, then these plants fall into at least four distinctive, fundamental groups or great phyla. The various kinds of bacteria, including the slime bacteria (Myxobacteriales), show a very profound segregation from the remaining groups and are closely associated with the blue-green algae in the Schizophyta. The saprophytic slime-molds constitute a very 'distinct phylum of their own, whose nearest relatives are probably to be found among the Rhizopoda of the animal kingdom on the one hand and among the Archemycetae on the other, especially the Plasmodiophorales. But they are, nevertheless, so widely divergent from either of these groups that they are best con- sidered as a distinct phylum which has evolved along its own lines from a very primitive starting point. -
U Tech Glossary
URGLOSSARY used without permission revised the Ides of March 2014 glos·sa·ry Pronunciation: primarystressglässchwaremacron, -ri also primarystressglodots- Function: noun Inflected Form(s): -es Etymology: Medieval Latin glossarium, from Latin glossa difficult word requiring explanation + -arium -ary : a collection of textual glosses <an edition of Shakespeare with a good glossary> or of terms limited to a special area of knowledge <a glossary of technical terms> or usage <a glossary of dialectal words> Merriam Webster Unabridged tangent, adj. and n. [ad. L. tangens, tangent-em, pr. pple. of tangĕre to touch; used by Th. Fincke, 1583, as n. in sense = L. līnea tangens tangent or touching line. In F. tangent, -e adj., tangente n. (Geom.), Ger. tangente n.] c. In general use, chiefly fig. from b, esp. in phrases (off) at, in, upon a tangent, ie off or away with sudden divergence, from the course or direction previously followed; abruptly from one course of action, subject, thought, etc, to another. (http://dictionary.oed.com) As in off on a tangent. “Practice, repetition, and repetition of the repeated with ever increasing intensity are…the way.” Zen in the Art of Archery by Eugen Herrigel. For many terms, this glossary contains definitions from multiple sources, each with their own nuance, each authors variation emphasized. Reading the repeated definitions, with their slight variations, helps create a fuller, more overall understanding of the meaning of these terms. The etymology of the entries reinforces and may repeat the repetitions. Wax on, wax off. Sand da floor. For sometime, when I encounter a term I don’t understand (and there are very many), I have been looking them up in the oed and copying the definition into a Word document. -
General Characters of Pteridophytes.Pdf
Pteridophytes: General Characters 1. Meaning of Pteridophytes: Pteridophyta (Gr, Pteron = feather, phyton = plant), the name was originally given to those groups of plants which have well developed pinnate or frond like leaves. Pteridophytes are cryptogams (Gr. kruptos = hidden, and Gamos = wedded) which have well developed vascular tissue. Therefore, these plants are also known as vascular cryptogams or snakes of plant kingdom. They are represented by about 400 living and fossil genera and some 10,500 species. Palaeobotanical studies reveal that these plants were dominant on the earth during the Devonian period and they were originated about 400 million years ago in the Silurian period of the Palaeozoic era. Earliest known Pteridophyte is Cooksonia. 2. General Characters of Pteridophytes: (i) Majority of the living Pteridophytes are terrestrial and prefer to grow in cool, moist and shady places e.g., ferns. Some members are aquatic (e.g., Marsilea, Azolla), xerophytic (e.g., Selaginella rupestris, Equisetum) or epiphytic (e.g., Lycopodium squarrosum) (Fig. 1). (ii) Majority of the Pteridophytes are herbaceous but a few are perennial and tree like (e.g., Angiopteris). Smallest Pteridophyte is Azolla (an aquatic fern) and largest is Cyathea (tree fern). (iii) Plant body is sporophytic and can be differentiated into root, stem and leaves. (iv) Roots are adventitious in nature with monopodial or dichotomous branching. Internally usually they are diarch. (v) Stem is usually branched. Branching is monopodial or dichotomous. Branches do not arise in the axil of the leaves. In many Pteridophytes stem is represented by rhizome. (vi) Leaves may be small, thin, scaly (microphyllous e.g., Equisetum), simple and sessile (e.g., Selaginella) or large and pinnately compound (megaphyllous e.g., Dryopteris, Adiantum). -
HARDY FERN FOUNDATION QUARTERLY the HARDY FERN FOUNDATION Quarterly Volume 8 • No
THE HARDY FERN FOUNDATION P.O. Box 166 Medina, WA 98039-0166 [email protected] Web site darkwing, uoregon .edu/~sueman/ The Hardy Fern Foundation was founded in 1989 to establish a comprehensive collection of the world’s hardy ferns for display, testing, evaluation, public educa¬ tion and introduction to the gardening and horticultural community. Many rare and unusual species, hybrids and varieties are being propagated from spores and tested in selected environments for their different degrees of hardiness and orna¬ mental garden value. The primary fern display and test garden is located at, and in conjunction with, The Rhododendron Species Botanical Garden at the Weyerhaeuser Corporate Headquarters, in Federal Way, Washington. Satellite fern gardens are at the Stephen Austin Arboretum, Nacogdoches, Texas, Birmingham Botanical Gardens, Birmingham, Alabama, California State Univer¬ sity at Sacramento, Sacramento, California, Dallas Arboretum, Dallas, Texas, Denver Botanic Gardens. Denver, Colorado, Georgeson Botanical Garden, Uni¬ versity of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, Harry P. Leu Garden, Orlando, Florida, Coastal Maine Botanical Garden, Wiscasset, Maine, Inniswood Metro Gardens, Colum¬ bus, Ohio, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, and Strybing Arbore¬ tum, San Francisco, California. The fern display gardens are at Lakewold, Tacoma, Washington, Les Jardins de Metis, Quebec, Canada, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, and Whitehall Historic Home and Garden, Louisville, KY. Hardy Fern Foundation members participate in a spore exchange, receive a quar¬ terly newsletter and have first access to ferns as they are ready for distribution. Cover Design by Willanna Bradner. HARDY FERN FOUNDATION QUARTERLY THE HARDY FERN FOUNDATION Quarterly Volume 8 • No. 3 • Editor Sue Olsen \ T *2 W4 g WS11 U President’s Message.47 Anne C. -
What Are Algae? What Are Algae?
Marine botany – Algae– the study of aquatic plants and algae that live in seawater have chlorophyll as their primary photosynthetic pigment of the open ocean and the littoral zone and in brackish and lack a sterile covering of cells around their reproductive waters of estuaries cells Macroalgae Phycology-study of algae - Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Ochrophyta Microalgae (Phytoplankton) alga (singular) : “I study Silvetia, the intertidal alga” - Dinophyta , Haptophyta, Ochrophyta algae (plural): “Algae rock my world” Angiosperms algal (adj.): Algal lunch, algal skirt, algal growth rate -Mangroves, Marsh Plants, Seagrasses “algaes” (wrong!) Cyanobacteria 21 22 What are algae? What are algae? • Polyphyletic group = different ancestors, different evolutionary histories A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E A B C D E monophyletic polyphyletic paraphyletic or Algae encompassing various distinctly related groups of clade aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotes & bacteria. 23 24 1 Eukaryota Groups DOMAIN Groups (Kingdom) 1.Bacteria- cyanobacteria 2.Archae Alveolates- dinoflagellates 3.Eukaryota 1. Alveolates- unicellular,plasma membrane supported by Stramenopiles- diatoms, ochrophyta flattened vesicles Rhizaria 2. Stramenopiles- two unequal flagella, chloroplasts 4 Excavates membranes 3. Rhizaria- unicellular amoeboids Plantae- rhodophyta, chlorophyta, seagrasses Amoebozoans 4. Excava tes- unilllicellular fllltflagellates Fungi 5. Plantae- most broadly defined plant group Choanoflagellates Animals 6. Amoebozoans- pseudopods for movement & eating 7. Fungi- heterotrophs with extracellular digestion 8. Choanoflagellates- unicellular withsingle flagella 25 26 9. Animals- multicellular heterotrophs DOMAIN Groups (Kingdom) 1.Bacteria- cyanobacteria (blue green algae) Defining characteristics of Algae: 2.Archae “Algae” Photosynthesis (photoautotrophic, usually), using Chl a as 3.Eukaryotes 1. Alveolates- dinoflagellates primary pigment 2. Stramenopiles- diatoms, ochrophyta BUT: Limited cellular differentiation compared to 3. -
Difference Between Protenema and Prothallus
Difference Between Protonema and Prothallus www.differencebetween.com Key Difference - Protonema vs Prothallus Bryophytes and Pteridophytes are respectively non-vascular and vascular plants. Vascular plants contain xylem and phloem for the transportation of their nutrients. Therefore, bryophytes and pteridophytes differ in many ways including their life cycles. In Bryophyte life cycle, the dominant stage is the gametophyte, and in pteridophytes, the dominant stage is the sporophyte. Protonema and Prothallus are two types of gametophytes belonging to bryophytes' and pteridophytes' life cycles. The protonema is a filamentous threadlike structure while the prothallus is a heart-shaped structure with many rhizoids beneath it and contains both female and male reproductive units. This is the key difference between protonema and prothallus. What is a Protonema? In the context of mosses and liverworts life cycles, the protonema is a structure which appears as threads that developed during the very early stage. Protonema develops at the initiation of the moss development after the spore germination. Then through different sequential developments stages, the protonema develops into leafy shoots which are referred to as gametophores. The protonema is an algal-like filamentous structure. It is a characteristic feature of all mosses and many of the liverworts. In hornworts (a type of liverworts) the protonema stage is absent, and it is considered as an exceptional thing with consideration to the liverworts. The protonema represents a typical gametophyte. A protonema develops through apical cell division. At the specific stage of this development cycle, phytohormone cytokinin influences the budding of three faced apical cells. The buds finally become gametophores. The gametophores are structures that mimic stems and leaves of bryophytes since they lack true stems and true leaves. -
Xylem & Phloem Vascular Tissue
VASCULAR TISSUE P XYLEM & PHLOEM XYLEM ROOT C.S. VASCULAR TISSUE ^ M XYLEM & PHLOEM XYLEM PHLOEM ROOT C.S. MORPHOLOGY + MORPHIOLOGY STUDY PLANT EXTERNAL STRUCTURE MORPHOLOGY MORPHOLOGY STUDY EXTERNAL PLANT STRUCTURE ^ TERMINAL BUD P LATERAL BUD TERMINAL BUD SCALE SCAR ANGIOSPERM TWIG MORPHOLOGY TERMINAL BUD SCALE SCAR BUD SCAR TERMINAL BUD SCALE SCAR BUNDLE SCARS PHYLOGENY + PHYLOGENY STUDY PLANT EVOLUTION PHYLOGENY PHYLOGENY STUDY PLANT EVOLUTION PLANT PHYLOGENY ^ T TRACHEOPHYTES TAXONOMY + TAXONOMY STUDY PLANT CLASSIFICATION TAXONOMY TAXONOMY STUDY PLANT CLASSIFICATION PLANTAE ^ MAGNOLIOPHYTA MAGNOLIOPSIDA MAGNOLIALES MAGNOLIACEAE LIRIODENDRON TULIP POPLAR TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION TULIPIFERA > PLANT DEFINITION > PLANT DEFINTION NO COMMON DEFINITION AMONGST BOTANISTS ^ PLANT DEFINITION SUBJECTIVE P PLANT CLASS DEFINITION PLANT PLANT ORGANISM THAT POSSESSES PLASTIDS PLANT PLANT CELL P PLASTID C.S. PLASTID + PLASTID P PLANT ORGANELLE ASSOCIATED WITH: PLASTID PLASTID PLANT ORGANELLE ASSOCIATED WITH: PHOTOSYNTHESIS PLASTID PHOTOSYNTHESIS LEAF CELL C PLASTID C.S. PLANTLEAF CELL CELL P CHLOROPLAST C.S. PHOTOSYNTHESIS ^ WATER CO2 P LIGHT EGY PHOTO ATMOSPHERE E- PHOTOLYSIS LT RXT CHEMICAL DK RXT ENERGY THYLAKOID STROMA CHEM EGY SYNTHESIS INPUT CHLOROPLAST ATMOSPHERE OXYGEN GLUCOSE + PLASTID S PLANT ORGANELLE ASSOCIATED WITH: PLASTID P PLASTID PLANT ORGANELLE ASSOCIATED WITH: STARCH STORAGE PLASTID PHOTOSYNTHESIS S WATER CO2 LIGHT EGY PHOTO ATMOSPHERE E- PHOTOLYSIS LT RXT CHEMICAL DK RXT ENERGY THYLAKOID STROMA CHEM EGY SYNTHESIS INPUT CHLOROPLAST ATMOSPHERE OXYGEN GLUCOSE PHOTOSYNTHESIS WATER CO2 LIGHT EGY PHOTO ATMOSPHERE E- PHOTOLYSIS LT RXT CHEMICAL DK RXT ENERGY THYLAKOID STROMA CHEM EGY SYNTHESIS INPUT CHLOROPLAST ATMOSPHERE OXYGEN STARCH STARCH STORAGE P STARCH GRAINS ROOT C.S. STARCH STORAGE L PLASTIDS ROOT C.S. STARCH STORAGE ^ T LEUCOPLASTS ROOT C.S.