HURRICANE SANDY RECOVERY CROSS -SECTORAL RECOVERY ` STRATEGY AND PLAN

Volume II – Final Hurricane Sandy Recovery Plan for St. Thomas

Prepared for: Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management 2-4 Haining Road, Kingston 5

Prepared by: ESL Management Solutions Ltd. 89 Hope Road Kingston 6

Submitted: November 20, 2013

Hurricane Sandy Recovery Plan – Volume II November 20, 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACRONYMS ...... III

OVERVIEW ...... 1

1.0 ST. THOMAS ...... 2

1.1 HAZARD VULNERABILITY PROFILE...... 2

2.0 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF DAMAGE ...... 9

3.0 ST. THOMAS RECOVERY FRAMEWORK AND PLAN ...... 13

4.0 KEY LINKAGES BETWEEN SECTORS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGY AND PLAN ...... 22

5.0 SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS - RESULTS-BASED FRAMEWORK ...... 30

6.0 REFERENCES ...... 33

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1.1: GOOGLE IMAGE OF ST. THOMAS ...... 2 FIGURE 1.2: TOPOGRAPHY MAP OF ST. THOMAS ...... 3 FIGURE 1.3: DRAINAGE OVERVIEW OF THE . BLUE LINES INDICATED KNOWN MAJOR DRAINAGE PATHWAYS AND INCLUDE BOTH MAN-MADE IRRIGATION CANALS AND NATURAL RIVER CHANNELS. BLUE ARROWS INDICATE MINOR AND MAJOR FLOW DIRECTIONS FOR SURFACE WATER SYSTEMS. (SOURCE: ESL, 2010) ...... 5 FIGURE 1.4: LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY MAP OF ST. THOMAS, (SOURCE: MINES AND GEOLOGY DIVISION) ...... 7 FIGURE 1.5: STORM SURGE HAZARD MAP FOR 25, 50, 100, 150 YR. RETURN PERIOD EVENTS (COASTLINE FROM DUHANEY PEN JUST EAST OF MORANT RIVER TO LYSSONS IN THE WEST) (SOURCE: SMITH WARNER INTERNATIONAL 2010) ...... 8 FIGURE 1.6: POVERTY MAP OF ST THOMAS (EXTRACTED FROM THE POVERTY MAP OF JAMAICA PIOJ AND STATIN, 2002) ...... 9 FIGURE 2.1: SUMMARY DAMAGE FOR ST. THOMAS AS AT APRIL 16, 2013 ...... 10 FIGURE 4.1: NATIONAL COORDINATION DIAGRAM ...... 29

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 3.1: ST. THOMAS RECOVERY FRAMEWORK AND PLAN ...... 13 TABLE 4.1: KEY LINKAGES BETWEEN SECTORS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGY AND PLAN ...... 22

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Hurricane Sandy Recovery Plan – Volume II November 20, 2013

ACRONYMS

ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency BDRC Building Disaster Resilient Communities CASE College of Agriculture Science and Education CBO Community Based Organisation CDC Community Development Committee CDM Comprehensive Disaster Management DALA Damage and Loss Assessment DRM Disaster Risk Management ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean EFJ Environmental Foundation of Jamaica ESL Environmental Solutions Limited FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation GDP Gross Domestic Product GMOs Genetically Modified Organisms GOJ Government of Jamaica IADB Inter-American Development Bank JAS Jamaica Agricultural Society JPS Jamaica Public Service JRC Jamaica Red Cross JSIF Jamaica Social Investment Fund MGD Mines and Geology Division MLSS Ministry of Labour and Social Security MoAF Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries MoE Ministry of Education MOH Ministry Of Health MP Member of Parliament NGO Non- Governmental Organisation MTWH Ministry of Transport Works and Housing

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MWLECC Ministry of Water Land Environment and Climate Change NEPA National Environment and Planning Agency NWA National Works Agency NWC National Water Commission NSWMA National Solid Waste Management Authority OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ODPEM Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management OSP Outside Plant PC Parish Council PDNA Post Disaster Needs Assessment PGR Plantain Garden River PGFZ Plantain Garden Fault Zone PIOJ Planning Institute of Jamaica PMC Portmore Municipal Council PTA Parent Teachers Association RADA Rural Agricultural Development Authority SDC Social Development Commission STATIN Statistical Institute UN United Nations UNISDR United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction UNDP United Nations Development Programme UWI University of the West Indies WMU Watershed Management Unit WRA Water Resources Authority

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OVERVIEW

ESL Management Solutions Limited was contracted by the Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management to prepare Recovery Plans for four eastern parishes: St. Thomas, Portland, St. Mary and St. Catherine. These four parishes were identified as the most devastated by Hurricane Sandy in October, 2012.

Prior to this deliverable the consultants completed a Findings and Lessons Learnt report which informed the recommendations presented in this deliverable.

The Recovery Plan has been divided into five volumes so that each parish plan can be pulled out as a stand-alone document:

 Volume I presents the contextual setting of the project and introduces the recovery plan. It is expected that Volume I will be utilized by all four parishes.  Volume II presents the recovery plan for the parish of St. Thomas. It outlines the hazard vulnerability profile for the parish and presents an overview of the damage assessment which informed the recovery framework, plan and strategic results-based framework.  Volume III presents the recovery plan for the parish of Portland. It outlines the hazard vulnerability profile for the parish of Portland and a summary of the damage assessment which informed the recovery framework and plan as well as the strategic results-based framework.  Volume IV presents the recovery plan for the parish of St. Mary. It outlines the hazard vulnerability profile for St. Mary and presents an overview of the damage assessment which informed the recovery framework, plan and strategic results-based framework recommended for the parish.  Volume V presents the recovery plan for the parish of St. Catherine. It outlines the hazard vulnerability profile for St Catherine, and an overview of the damage assessment which informed the recovery framework and plan, as well as the strategic results-based framework recommended for St. Catherine.

This document represents Volume II of the Recovery Plan and focuses on the parish of St. Thomas.

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Hurricane Sandy Recovery Plan – Volume II November 20, 2013

1.0 ST. THOMAS

1.1 HAZARD VULNERABILITY PROFILE

Background

The Parish of St. Thomas is located south of the parish of Portland, east of St Andrew, and north of the Caribbean Sea. It has an area of 742.8 square kilometers (286.8 sq mi) and ranks as Jamaica’s 9th largest parish. The parish has a striking orogeny which includes the Mountains, stretching from above Newcastle in St. Andrew, to Albion in St. Thomas; the Queensbury Ridge between and ; and to the extreme south, an isolated Ridge called Yallahs Hill, which has an elevation of 2,394 feet (730 m) above sea level (Figure 1.1).

FIGURE 1.1: GOOGLE IMAGE OF ST. THOMAS

St. Thomas has large wetland areas, and several cliffs and beaches characterize the coastal area between in the west and Hector’s River in the east. The parish has an extensive drainage network comprising three main rivers; the Yallahs, Morant and Plantain Garden Rivers (Figure 1.2).

Climate

Long-term mean parish rainfall for St. Thomas is recorded as 2,288 mm with over 55% of that rainfall occurring in the August to December period (ESL, 2010). Additionally, rainfall is preferentially distributed across the watershed with the higher slopes experiencing 70% of the totals. This factor is one of the reasons most communities in the parish are vulnerable to the effects of intense rainfall.

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FIGURE 1.2: TOPOGRAPHY MAP OF ST. THOMAS

Soils and Geology

The floodplain alluvium and terrace deposits of the Yallahs fan are up to 80 m thick; in one place it has been found to be as much as 140 m thick. In the region of the new Yallahs new bridge, alluvial sediment thickness is at least 100 m (Baptiste, 1993).

The parish consists of several faults surrounding one main Plantain Garden Fault. This major fault line is the Jamaican end of the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone, extending from the Enriquillo Valley in Hispaniola, across the Jamaica Passage between Haiti and Jamaica and terminating along the southern edge of the .

Drainage and Hydrology

St. Thomas has numerous springs and river water courses covering a large portion of the Parish. The majority of springs and tributaries terminate at the major rivers indicated above, and together they form the largest water supply sources in the interior regions of the parish. St. Thomas has three Watershed Management Units (WMUs) –associated with the Plantain Garden Morant and Yallahs Rivers.

Aquifers are also present in the parish, and they supply potable water production wells. These wells serve as major water sources for the coastal region of St. Thomas which includes the communities of: Eleven Miles, Yallahs, Whitehorses, Morant Bay and Prospect. The major wells are located in Albion, Yallahs, Whitehorses and Springfield.

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Plantain Garden River WMU

The Plantain Garden River (PGR) is Jamaica’s only river that runs from west to east, and this is due to its alignment with the Plantain Garden Fault Zone (PGFZ). The PGR and all associated rivers, ponds and gullies drain approximately 140 km2 (approx. 35,000 acres) of mountainous slopes and valleys of the southern John Crow and Blue Mountain range and ultimately discharges into Holland Bay (ESL, 2010).

The combination of the large area drained, steep slopes occupying over 60% of the catchment, high possibility of antecedent rainfall, largely impermeable soils and annual rainfall in excess of 5000 mm in the upper portions of the catchment imply that rapid and intense floods are typical of the lower flood plain of the PGR. Additionally, the orientation of the catchment to incoming Atlantic hurricanes (a total of four Category 3 and higher hurricanes have crossed the catchment directly for the period 1903 -

2008) will create more intense runoff events. These intense runoff events lead to the overtopping of the banks of the PGR that in turn leads to inundation across large areas of the flood plain.

There are several secondary and smaller rivers within the catchment including the Negro River, Cocorocoe River, the Winchester River and a main irrigation canal called “Perch Pond” (See Figure 1.3 below). The Negro River has a youthful topography with steep gradients and swift flows, and carries large sediment loads in its upper reaches. Near the coast, a more mature profile develops as the river gradient decreases and it begins to drop its sediment loads (ESL, 2010). The river has wide, rocky channels near the shore.

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FIGURE 1.3: DRAINAGE OVERVIEW OF THE PLANTAIN GARDEN RIVER. BLUE LINES INDICATED KNOWN MAJOR DRAINAGE PATHWAYS AND INCLUDE BOTH MAN-MADE IRRIGATION CANALS AND NATURAL RIVER CHANNELS. BLUE ARROWS INDICATE MINOR AND MAJOR FLOW DIRECTIONS FOR SURFACE WATER SYSTEMS. (SOURCE: ESL, 2010)

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A hydraulic evaluation undertaken by Environmental Solutions Limited in 1998 (Eastern Banana Estates; River Levees) determined that peak flow rates on the PGR ranged between 330 m3/s and 990 m3/s for a

1:10 yr. and 1:100 yr. return storm, respectively. To put that in perspective, the range of runoff flows calculated are equivalent to five 40 ft. containers per second and nineteen 40 ft containers per second for the 1:10 yr. and 1:100 yr. return periods, respectively. This demonstrates that the PGR has a significant flow volume during extreme events.

The hydrological evaluation associated with the 1998 study determined that the areas of the river without levees, mainly areas below the Golden Grove Bridge, were easily inundated by floods with a 1 in 10 year return period. Flood depths of 1.0 m and higher are predicted in this area. This balances well with the site evidence where local houses were built on stilts of up to ~1 m (>3 ft) high. Some additional levees were developed due to the outcome of the 1998 study, but it is understood that not all the recommendations of the study were adopted; hence flooding is still a major hazard.

The report concluded that several factors influenced the frequency and intensity of flooding events. These factors ranged from issues of watershed management, dredging and quarrying, maintenance of existing drains, bridge reconstruction, extension of levees to the coast, and the manual opening of the river mouth. Very little flood mitigation infrastructure was incorporated into the PGR flood plan and as such the area remains a significant hazard to lives, livelihood and infrastructure.

Yallahs River WMU

The Valley basin, an area of steep slopes and highly dissected terrain, is only 180 km2 but has high population density and has suffered from persistent land degradation and rural poverty for over 100 years (Barker and McGregor, 1988).

Morant River WMU

The Morant River flows from northwest to southeast and is the main drainage feature in central St Thomas. The Morant River flood plain was formed from the deposition of sediments consisting of sand, silt, gravel and boulders brought down from the Blue Mountain during heavy rainfall and flood events over the past 10,000 years. Small drainage features are found within the alluvium, breaking the monotony of the alluvial landscape.

The alluvium is nestled between limestone hills to the northeast and southwest, giving the landscape a poorly defined U-shaped valley. Limestone hills on the north and northeastern boundary consist of moderate to low ridges and elongated hills aligned in a northwest – south east direction. These hills are dissected by drainage features. The river channel is currently elevated as a result of heavy deposition of sediments brought down from the Blue Mountains due to a combination of deforestation and poor land use management practices.

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Natural Hazard Profile

The parish of St. Thomas has seen its fair share of hazard related events which has resulted in numerous disasters leading to loss of livelihoods and life. These disasters are often brought on by the passage of a tropical storm or heavy rainfall events. Like most of Jamaica, St. Thomas is an agricultural parish with the majority of its inhabitants residing in rural communities. There are, however, coastal communities which are impacted whenever there is the passage of a hurricane or storm event. Unlike the rest of the island, Morant Point in St. Thomas is often the first point of contact for storms traversing the Caribbean Sea from the East. The coastal areas of the parish are greatly affected by storm surges which inundate the coastline and lead to significant erosion and damage to coastal infrastructure.

Landslides

It can be seen from figure 1.4 that a significant threat to the parish comes in the form landslides and this occurs particularly in areas of steep slopes. One of the operating factors on these slopes is land degradation, particularly in the Yallahs Watershed. The chief reason for the degradation is agricultural land use practices.

FIGURE 1.4: LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY MAP OF ST. THOMAS, JAMAICA (SOURCE: MINES AND GEOLOGY DIVISION)

Negligible to no landslide susceptibility High landslide susceptibility Moderate landslide susceptibility Very high landslide susceptibility

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Storm Surge

Hazard and vulnerability assessments were conducted in 2010 in Morant Bay. This report revealed that the communities of Duhaney Pen and Lyssons were historically two of the most significantly affected areas within the project area, due to river flooding and storm surge vulnerability in Duhaney Pen and storm surge vulnerability in Lyssons. Figure 1.5 shows storm surge hazard risk for these areas.

FIGURE 1.5: STORM SURGE HAZARD MAP FOR MORANT BAY 25, 50, 100, 150 YR. RETURN PERIOD EVENTS (COASTLINE FROM DUHANEY PEN JUST EAST OF MORANT RIVER TO LYSSONS IN THE WEST) (SOURCE: SMITH WARNER INTERNATIONAL 2010)

Socioeconomic Characteristics

The population of St. Thomas stands at 94,005 by the end of 2011 (STATIN, 2011). Data from the 2011 STATIN Census indicates a total of 32,118 households.

The poverty map in Figure 1.6 below shows extensive areas of St. Thomas where 32% to 45% of the population are living below the poverty line. There are a few communities namely Sunning Hall and Johnson Mountain and Spring Bank and Cedar Valley that have 45 to 68% of the population of these communities living below the poverty line. Several other communities in the rural and eastern coast of the parish have 32% to 45% of their populating living below the poverty line. The latter includes: Duckenfield, Amity Hall, Rowland’s field, Wheelerfield, Barking Lodge, , Wilmington, Johns Town, Bath, Hayfield, Whitehall, Hillside, Somerset, Font Hill, Llandewey, River Head, Bloxborough, Bito and Ramble.

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FIGURE 1.6: POVERTY MAP OF ST THOMAS (EXTRACTED FROM THE POVERTY MAP OF JAMAICA PIOJ AND STATIN, 2002)

2.0 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF DAMAGE

Population, Settlement and Housing

The damage from hurricane Sandy was largely concentrated in the parish of St. Thomas, where approximately 287 houses were totally destroyed.

As at April 16, 2013 assessment reviews revealed that a total of 4480 households were damaged (Figure 2.1). Communities such as Seaside – an informal settlement located over 500m along the coastline north of suffered damage from flooding associated with storm surge to approximately 10 houses– with storm surge heights registering in the region of 2.5 metres.

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FIGURE 2.1: SUMMARY DAMAGE FOR ST. THOMAS AS AT APRIL 16, 2013

The areas of Grants Pen, White Horses, Morant Bay, Lyssons and Port Morant were badly affected and suffered extensive damage. A total of 250 properties were assessed (ODPEM, 2012). From the findings

40 houses sustained level 1 damage, 75 level 2, and 10 experienced level 3. A total of 30 utility poles and electrical wires were damaged in the White horses community. In addition, several banana farms sustained severe damaged.

Port Morant

This community, which appears to be an informal settlement, is located where the old St. Thomas Parish Council building and the old Market site were formerly situated (Mines and Geology Division, undated). Four of the buildings located there were severely impacted including loss of roof tops, walls, windows, etc. Other houses were flooded as a result of storm surge and internal contents including furniture and appliances were destroyed. Reconstruction and cleanup activities were underway at time of MGD inspection (eight days after the passage of Hurricane Sandy). Storm surge height in this area was recorded at 5 metres or 16.4 feet.

Agriculture and Livelihoods

The Eastern coffee producing parishes (Portland and St. Thomas) within the Blue Mountains bore the brunt of the hurricane. Damage was done to the infrastructure, coffee trees and shade trees on the plantations and the mature ripe berries which would have been reaped over a two to three week period (PIOJ, 2013).

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Hurricane Sandy Recovery Plan – Volume II November 20, 2013

The spices industry was impacted by heavy rains and strong winds associated with the hurricane. The effects were confined to foliage; nutrient loss; depopulation of plants caused by landslides, erosion and uprooting; and water logging (PIOJ, 2013). These impacts have direct implications for yield and output quality and growth of diseases, pests and weed. Total loss to the industry is estimated at $50. 5M (PIOJ,2013).

Education Sector

The schools located in the parishes of St. Mary, Portland, and St. Thomas accounted for an estimated $110 million in structural damage caused by the hurricane, from a total of $170 million islandwide.

Thirteen per cent (13%) of schools in the parish of St. Thomas registered various degrees of damage associated with the passage of hurricane Sandy (PIOJ, 2013). Damage to school infrastructure such as roofs resulted in flooding. There were also reports of damage to perimeter fencing, storage tanks and waste infrastructure. There was also a report of damage to poultry houses and farms.

Health Sector

Health facilities in St. Thomas recorded various damage associated with the passage of Hurricane Sandy. This includes damage to roofs, fencing and partitions. These facilities are governed by the South East Regional Health Authority and were not considered to be as greatly affected by the passage of the event.

Sanitation and Waste Management

Damage to water supply and sanitation was reported, but no figures were available. Flooding as a result of blocked drains was also a challenge.

Utilities - Power supply, Water and Telecommunications

The Yallahs Pipeline which serves customers in the corporate area was dislocated due to the passage of Hurricane Sandy which led to repair costs of $100 million being incurred. The number of customers impacted by the loss of water immediately after the passage of the event stood at 4518 (National Water Commission in PIOJ, 2013) for St. Thomas.

Downed towers, tower misalignment, power outages and damage to outside plant routes (OSP) were the main challenges experienced in Portland. OSP damage occurred due to fibre and copper cable damage, broken and fallen poles and trees.

Transportation- Road, Bridges etc.

The damage to the country’s infrastructure was not as great as recorded in previous hurricane events. St. Thomas was one of the parishes that suffered damage due to a combination of factors, including

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blockage caused by landslides, fallen trees, light poles and power lines; block drains and culverts, flooded rivers and storm surges. Preliminary estimates of the total cost across all parishes to reopen blocked roads amounted to $710.16, million- the bulk of this amount ($695.66 million) represents the estimated cost to clear blocked roads, effect temporary road repairs and to clean critical drains.

For St. Thomas in particular, damage was attributed to a combination factors such as landslides which led to blockages from fallen trees, flooding, storm surge blocked drains etc. (PIOJ, 2013).

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3.0 ST. THOMAS RECOVERY FRAMEWORK AND PLAN

Table 3.1 below outlines recommendations for the St. Thomas Recovery framework and plan. Recommendations have been developed based on lessons learnt from the Hurricane Sandy experience, underlying issues identified from the parish profile as well as recommendations from the parish workshop held on September 27, 2013. Activities that have been done or are on-going have been highlighted. The goal and objective for this plan is outlined below and is in line with the vision and strategic objective developed for the results-based strategic framework developed in Section 5.0.

TABLE 3.1: ST. THOMAS RECOVERY FRAMEWORK AND PLAN

Recover from impacts of Hurricane Sandy and build disaster resilient communities in the interior and coastal areas of St Goal Thomas resulting in loss reduction and improved quality of life.

To reduce underlying risk factors by identifying underlying issues and needs contributing to parish vulnerability and addressing Objective each issues by implementing recovery activities.

Priority Areas Recovery Options and Timeframe Key to be Underlying Issues Needs Identified Early Recovery Medium Term Long Term Stakeholders Addressed (0 -1 year) (1 -2 years) (>2 years) Population Informal settlements Community Maintain drainage Conduct hazard Develop a Lead PC, Settlement and in low-lying coastal sensitization on culverts and gullies to assessment of resettlement plan MLSS, Housing areas such as Seaside hazard allow for effective proposed site for to make ODPEM and sections of Port vulnerabilities. transport of storm relocation as well relocation Morant located along water to prevent identify social procedures from Support: MP, vulnerable coastlines. Hazard vulnerability destruction of services and high risk areas SDC, Red assessment for roadways and flooding livelihood options standard and Cross, Lack of monitoring parish. of properties. in the area to consistent. MTWH, SDC and enforcement determine if new in Identification of high Post disaster damage site can support Designation of “no collaboration

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Priority Areas Recovery Options and Timeframe Key to be Underlying Issues Needs Identified Early Recovery Medium Term Long Term Stakeholders Addressed (0 -1 year) (1 -2 years) (>2 years) from local authorities risk zones. assessments must be residents. build” zones in with carried out by vulnerable areas – Construction Poverty. Identification of no- members from a wide Establish to be informed by Resource build zones. cross- section of communication vulnerability Centre Construction of agencies, including mechanism with assessments; substandard housing. Better monitoring of community members residents for should also form areas prohibited for to reduce incidences of relocation. part of the Housing on unstable development. discrimination/ National Spatial slopes linked to favouritism. Hold consultations plan for Jamaica. agricultural Disaster-resistant with residents livelihoods. building and Ensure relief agencies proposed for Conduct hazard & maintenance are updated about the relocation - vulnerability training. most vulnerable groups exchange ideas assessment of within communities at and identify issues impacted areas: Roof maintenance risk from hazards so to be resolved. Seaside and Port training /support. that they can receive Morant, Grants priority attention post Ensure that Pen, White disaster. Data available relocated Horses. from MLSS/ SDC/ residents do not STATIN. return to Maintain drainage vulnerable culverts, and Utilise vulnerability settlements by gullies to allow for assessment already demolishing old effective transport done for Morant Bay structures. of storm water to and Lyssons -identify prevent underlying causes for Training in destruction of damage or the need for disaster-resistant roadways and flooding of

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Priority Areas Recovery Options and Timeframe Key to be Underlying Issues Needs Identified Early Recovery Medium Term Long Term Stakeholders Addressed (0 -1 year) (1 -2 years) (>2 years) relocation. building properties. construction and Identify areas that a maintenance with Implement hazard & vulnerability particular systems for the assessment needs to attention paid to auditing of be done e.g. Seaside, roof design and assistance Port Morant, Grants maintenance. activities after the Pen, White Horses. process has been Sensitisation of carried out. Identify danger areas construction where relocation may sector particularly Utilisation of be critical. community-based existing hazard contractors. and vulnerability assessments to Upgrade/Repair guide retaining walls on development. vulnerable slopes. Agriculture and Slope failure/ Great need for wind Establish greater Sensitize farmers Establish Lead RADA + livelihoods landslides resistant crop partnerships among and the wider partnership Parish Dis varieties for the Parish Disaster community about between Forestry Coordinator Unsustainable farmers. Coordinator, ODPEM new crop varieties Dep’t. and Parish agricultural practices and RADA extension and improved Council to Support - Slope stabilization officers for training farming practices improve degraded FAO, Farming crops mechanisms. farmers in best such as contour hillsides by Forestry vulnerable to wind practices and new crop farming, drain replanting e.g. Dep’t., MP, and flood hazard Terracing for varieties staring with construction, Font Hill, Leith SDC, PC, Red the most affected terracing, Hall – Yallahs & Cross,

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Priority Areas Recovery Options and Timeframe Key to be Underlying Issues Needs Identified Early Recovery Medium Term Long Term Stakeholders Addressed (0 -1 year) (1 -2 years) (>2 years) Deforestation cultivation. areas. agroforestry etc. Morant Community- This is a part of a watersheds. based Revegetation with Farmers in Leith Hall project by the organisations quick growing trees and Font Hill have RADA/FAO. Create localized and sustainable root already been targeted seed banks for Agricultural systems. as beneficiaries. Identification of registered farmers organisations, alternative with varieties that Sensitisation and Introduce the use of livelihoods for can withstand EFJ, JSIF training of farmers new varieties of crops targeted affected wind and flood in new land that are resistant to families following hazards. husbandry effects of hazards such assessment. Red techniques to as wind e.g. FHIA Cross has already reduce erosion and variety of bananas and planned activities loss of crops. plantains, MD2 for devastated Pineapples, Carandai families in St. Zoning and carrots. This is Thomas. prioritization for currently a part project vulnerability by RADA/FAO. reduction. Transportation Critical transportation Need for shoreline Identify sand-laden Implement Bridge Review Lead PC, (roads, bridges facilities located along defences to protect channels prioritise de- inspection and construction MTWH, NWA etc.) the coast subject to coastal roads and silting programme for maintenance designs and erosion from storm bridges. critical channels. programme. remedial works in Support MP, waves. vulnerable areas MGD, Maintenance of Repair damaged roads Implement to incorporate Community- Roads in hilly terrain existing roads, and critical gullies and maintenance hazard mitigation based susceptible to identify areas where programme for organisations,

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Priority Areas Recovery Options and Timeframe Key to be Underlying Issues Needs Identified Early Recovery Medium Term Long Term Stakeholders Addressed (0 -1 year) (1 -2 years) (>2 years) landslides. gullies, culverts. river training is needed. gullies and measures. ODPEM. Work on critical roads culverts in the Siltation of river Desilting of selected have and started and parish. Build coastal channels from drainage channels. some have already defense accelerated soil been completed. Consider coastal infrastructure erosion - reduced Construction of new defense options where identified capacity of channels roads drains etc. to Utilise existing hazard for critical to protect critical to carry storm water. take account of and vulnerability infrastructure infrastructure increasing rainfall assessments when (e.g. roads etc.) along the coast Soil type and geology intensity and runoff. rehabilitating bridge for example plant such as roads, of hilly interior and road mangroves as a NWC lines, JPS susceptible to Stabilisation of infrastructure. coastal defense in poles etc. landslides. hillside roads. sections of Port Identify hillside roads Morant. Identify Determine the Deforestation where stabilization areas where feasibility for measures are establish physical defenses constructing an Land Use practices partnership with the are needed. artificial reef or aggravate erodibility, Forestry Dept for breakwaters as siltation and replanting slopes after mitigation overtopping of retaining structures are measures for drainage channels put in place. critical infrastructure in Inadequate Port Morant. maintenance of drainage culverts and Implement proper gullies. monitoring of existing mining activities to

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Priority Areas Recovery Options and Timeframe Key to be Underlying Issues Needs Identified Early Recovery Medium Term Long Term Stakeholders Addressed (0 -1 year) (1 -2 years) (>2 years) ensure critical infrastructure such as roads and bridges are not undermined from poor practices. Utilities Critical utilities Need for shoreline Utilise existing hazard Pre-planning for Prepare post- Lead PC, (power, water, located along the defences to protect and vulnerability recovery disaster recovery NWA, NWC, telecom) coast and in hilly shoreline utilities assessments when incorporated on plans as a part of JPS terrain. e.g. NWC mains rehabilitating utility the agenda of existing disaster under roads. infrastructure. utility companies. risk management Support SDC, Utility poles are plans in utility Community- vulnerable to wind Erection of more Rehabilitation of Protection of companies. based hazard and landslides. wind resilient poles. infrastructure have springs and other organisations, been done in many water sources Build coastal MPs Landslide Slope stabilization cases. JPS has an through the protection susceptibility. to reduce landslides existing programme planting of infrastructure or and loss of utility where downed riparian consider lines and water wooden light poles are vegetation. mangrove mains. replaced with more planting to resistant concrete Constructions to protect critical poles. be guided by infrastructure vulnerability along the coast Greater collaboration assessments, such as NWC lines, between the utilities so consider placing JPS poles etc. that work can be infrastructure from storm surges coordinated.

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Priority Areas Recovery Options and Timeframe Key to be Underlying Issues Needs Identified Early Recovery Medium Term Long Term Stakeholders Addressed (0 -1 year) (1 -2 years) (>2 years) underground. Establishment of company policies Disaster risk which address analysis compensation for conducted of residents where infrastructure to structures from identify utility companies vulnerabilities. have caused damaged to persons and/or their houses. Sanitation and Flooding. Community-based Carry out clean-up Plan and carry out Incorporate solid Lead waste measures for flood activities. These have Community-based waste NSWMA, PC, management Inadequate waste control. been done by the education/ management into NWC collection and NSWMA and PC. sensitization disaster resilient Support SDC, disposal due to hilly Community-based programmes community Community- terrain. measures for waste about waste programme. based collection and management organisations, disposal. practices. ODPEM Education Hazard vulnerability Construction and Utilisation of the Institutionalize Implement slope Lead MoE, sector not integrated into reconstruction revised building codes the use of the stabilization for design of Educational efforts need to for repairing damaged revised building areas under threat Support institutions integrate hazard institutions. codes for new and already NWA, JSIF, mitigation. Reconstruction already institutions to be affected. ODPEM, Maintenance of underway for Mt. constructed. Ministry of school buildings Several primary, Vernon, Wilmington Proposed sites for Finance and inadequate. secondary education and Golden Grove Sensitisation of new schools Planning

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Priority Areas Recovery Options and Timeframe Key to be Underlying Issues Needs Identified Early Recovery Medium Term Long Term Stakeholders Addressed (0 -1 year) (1 -2 years) (>2 years) institutions to be Primary, Cedar Valley construction should be rehabilitated. Primary and Junior sector particularly appropriately High. community-based surveyed to contractors. identify Schools designated as vulnerabilities. shelters should be upgraded to Significantly international vulnerable sites standards- primarily for should be extreme wind and considered flood events. inappropriate.

Arrange with nearby schools to accommodate students displaced due to their schools being used as shelters/being repaired; prioritise students sitting external exams. Health sector Hazard vulnerability Construction and Utilise revised building Implement slope Proposed sites for Lead North not integrated into reconstruction codes to reconstruct stabilization for new hospitals, East Regional design of community efforts need to damaged facilities with areas under threat clinics etc. should Health health facilities. integrate hazard greater resilience. and already be appropriately Authority, mitigation. Work already affected. surveyed to MoH underway at Trinitiville identify

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Priority Areas Recovery Options and Timeframe Key to be Underlying Issues Needs Identified Early Recovery Medium Term Long Term Stakeholders Addressed (0 -1 year) (1 -2 years) (>2 years) Maintenance and Llandewey health Implement vulnerabilities - Support programme. centres, and Princess inspections significantly NWA, PC, Margaret Hospital. maintenance vulnerable sites Ministry of Reconstruction should programme for should be Finance and be an improvement each facility. considered Planning and not patch work. inappropriate. Other social Institutional Structured Utilise revised building Implement Utilise existing Lead MLSS, facilities (e.g. Infrastructure not maintenance codes to reconstruct inspection hazard and PC postal services, designed according to programme. facilities with greater programme vulnerability maps homes for the hazard vulnerability. resilience. Prioritise and to guide the Support PC, aged, apply required location of new NWA, MoH children’s Inadequate maintenance. development. homes gov’t programme of offices etc.) maintenance. Engage in slope Vulnerability stabilization for assessment to be areas under threat conducted on and already proposed sites. affected. Significantly vulnerable sites should be considered inappropriate.

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4.0 KEY LINKAGES BETWEEN SECTORS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGY AND PLAN

The following Table 4.1 pulls outs major recovery needs and lead and support agencies. This table, although has been informed by the passage of Hurricane Sandy does not highlight on-going or proposed activities since this was outlined in Table 3.1 above. Table 4.1 instead outlines key linkages between sectors to meet the identified needs and for implementing the overarching parish strategy and plan.

TABLE 4.1: KEY LINKAGES BETWEEN SECTORS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGY AND PLAN

Recovery Need Housing Social Food Security/ Education Roads and Water supply & Others Security Works Agric. sanitation Livelihoods

MTWH has MLSS to Parish Council primary carryout (PC), NWC, Repair /Rebuild responsibility, assessments of MTWH to housing to be done in damage replace/ repair conjunction Supported by: damaged with MLSS SDC infrastructure

MTWH to lead MLSS to lead MoAF, MLSS as Min of NWA and PC to NWC to support ODPEM, MGD in conjunction on all matters lead ministries Education support any relocation by and WRA Relocate with the SDC, e.g. Supported by: to relocation by ensuring water support by vulnerable ODPEM, livelihoods/ SDC, to ensure relocation ensuring road supply and conducting community MLSS, PC, integration relocated team so access to new sewerage hazard and MPs, MGD, Supported by: persons receive that nearby location. facilities are vulnerability WRA SDC, PC, opportunity to schools can available. assessments ODPEM, MPs continue accommo- to ensure livelihood or date proposed site engage in a skills relocated is suitable. training and

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Recovery Need Housing Social Food Security/ Education Roads and Water supply & Others Security Works Agric. sanitation Livelihoods income earning students. JPS to be opportunities. involved in the

process to ensure power availability at new site.

Repair Schools MoE to lead MoH/ Public MoE to work repairs, Health Dep’t lead in conjunction coordinate agency supported with utilities and source by PC to audit sector to resources. schools and guarantee Supported determine their their by: SDC, readiness for distribution. JRC, JSIF, hosting students ODPEM.

Restore schools MoE to lead MoE should after shelter use in repairs in coordinate conjunction activities post with JSIF, assessment with JRC. public health and coordinate any necessary repairs with NWC.

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Recovery Need Housing Social Food Security/ Education Roads and Water supply & Others Security Works Agric. sanitation Livelihoods

Repair/ maintain MTWH and NWA ODPEM, WRA main roads to repair main and MGD to roads using support NWA guidance from through hazard and provision of vulnerability vulnerability assessments. PC assessment to lead in repair reports and of their parochial recommenda- roads and guided tions. by same assessments.

Repair secondary MoAF to lead in MTWH should roads/ rehabilitation of work in farm roads in conjunction with Farm Roads affected areas. the PC, MoAF, Work should be JSIF, SDC and carried out in MLSS to carry collaboration out thorough with RADA. assessments, particularly because these roads affect community

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Recovery Need Housing Social Food Security/ Education Roads and Water supply & Others Security Works Agric. sanitation Livelihoods livelihoods.

SDC and MLSS NWA and PC to to support lead in repair and Repair/construct/ NWA and PC in maintenance maintain drains community activities. May sensitisation lead to conflicts to inform of regarding the negative responsibilities. effects of poor solid waste practices on drains.

MTWH, NWA to repair based on Repair bridges guidance from site assessments done by MGD, WRA and Forestry Dept.

Consideration should be given to use of JDF engineers for

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Recovery Need Housing Social Food Security/ Education Roads and Water supply & Others Security Works Agric. sanitation Livelihoods reconstruction

Replanting – MoAF / RADA to UWI/ CASE/ seeds/ Creation guide farmers in Bodles to of Seed Banks replanting crops support and rehabilitate research farms. MoAF to and the create seed creation of banks in seed banks. collaboration with UWI/ CASE/ Bodles

SDC to support MoAF, RADA RADA to RADA farmer should lead in Land husbandry training collaborate and training progammes. lead the charge farmers in in encouraging best the adoption of practices. best practices by farmers especially on hillsides. MGD/ UWI should aid in the research which governs

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Recovery Need Housing Social Food Security/ Education Roads and Water supply & Others Security Works Agric. sanitation Livelihoods initiatives.

PC should PC to lead with PC to be Works dept. of NWC to support monitor support from supported by the PCs to lead in PC on river River training development MLSS and SDC Min of conjunction with training project and ensure to conduct Agriculture and NWA to carry out for rivers that are persons obey community Forestry Dep’t to assessments and used to supply setback limits sensitisation replant required potable water. for erecting about activity vegetation along rehabilitation. houses. banks as a ‘soft’ measure. Education to farmers about poor farming practices along river banks.

Watershed SDC to be SDC to be MWLECC / NWA to support NWC to support Management/ involved in involved in Forestry watershed community community community rehabilitation as sensitisation Rehabilitation sensitisation sensitisation Dept. to lead in a measure that programmes holding campaigns campaigns. reduces especially where sensitisation particularly in landslides and NWC lands are encouraging campaigns using help protect concerned. To persons living Parish Disaster roads, bridges ensure clean on hillside to Committees/ and other critical

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Recovery Need Housing Social Food Security/ Education Roads and Water supply & Others Security Works Agric. sanitation Livelihoods maintain community infrastructure. water supply. some tree groups. Forestry cover to also to increase reduce enforcement erosion and and monitoring landslides. exercises.

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In addition to Table 4.1 above a national coordination diagram has been proposed to coordinate Recovery for Jamaica. This diagram outlines the recommended linkages at the local and national level (Figure 4.1). National Coordination Diagram

ODPEM Recovery Coordinator

Int'l Early Recovery Cluster Int'l Early Recovery National Sector Leads Coordinator (UNDP) Cluster Agencies

SECRETARY MANAGER

OTHER Parish Councils PC STAFF

PDC All Task Force Agencies

CDC

Communities

CBOs

COORDINATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE LINKS

OPERATIONAL LINKS

PDC PARISH DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE

CDC COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE

CBO COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATIONS / NGOs

FIGURE 4.1: NATIONAL COORDINATION DIAGRAM

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5.0 SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS - RESULTS-BASED FRAMEWORK

The Strategic Results-Based Framework

The following strategic results-based framework has been prepared for St. Thomas as a guide for the parish. In order for this Strategy to be implemented, a capacity assessment of the Parish Council would need to be conducted to identify point roles for leadership and monitoring. The capacity assessment will also identify existing resources and resource gaps which will guide how the activities in the strategy can be prioritised and undertaken. This assessment could not be done under the Terms of Reference and timing of this contract and we therefore recommend it as a follow-up activity.

Some priority activities and indicators have been recommended for the parish. It is important to note that these are not exhaustive and are indicative based on consultations facilitated by the parish workshop and they need to be detailed with timelines for each lead sector following the capacity assessment. Based on the results of the capacity assessment other key activities, timeline and indicators can be added.

STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR RECOVERY IN EASTERN PARISHES

VISION Disaster resilient communities in the interior and coastal areas of St Thomas resulting in loss reduction and improved quality of life.

STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE To reduce underlying risk factors paying particular attention to climate change and the interplay between climate triggered events and natural and anthropogenic characteristics of the parish.

OUTCOMES

1. Communities with reduced levels of risks

2. Sustainable livelihoods

3. Integrated Watershed and Coastal Protection

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1. Communities with reduced 2. Sustainable 3. Integrated Basin and levels of risks Livelihoods Coastal Protection

Outputs Outputs Outputs

1.1 Risk maps identifying “no build” and 2.1 Reduced agricultural loss 3.1 Degraded ecosystem rehabilitated “especially vulnerable areas” and from landslides - Forest cover restored and clear policy regarding these areas. expanded to include agro-forestry 2.2 Reduced road and bridge 1.2 Standardized, holistic, and gender- washout and disruption of 3.2 Coastal vegetation restored as sensitive community methodologies transportation access appropriate developed and applied in selected 2.3 Income generating activities 3.3 Improved coordination and communities for: Data collection, diversified collaboration established among Natural and technological hazard agencies operating within the identification, mapping and 2.4 Increased awareness and watershed and in the coastal zone vulnerability assessments employment of good agricultural practices on farms 3.4 Slope stabilization programme 1.3 Early Warning Systems for disaster especially on hillsides implemented for most unstable areas. Research availability of risk reduction enhanced 2.5 Disaster Risk Management material that can engender capacity enhanced for lead employment opportunities 1.4 Relocation of housing from areas of sector agencies highest risk. 3.5 Assess relative site suitability for 2.6 Increased hazard vulnerability walls and gabion baskets. 1.5 Zoning enforced for siting of future awareness within farming buildings communities 3.6 Drainage systems designed/ upgraded/ maintained to handle 1.6 Reduced losses to educational stormwater runoff in towns facilities 3.7 Hazard information is integrated 1.7 Reduced loss to critical facilities into sectoral policies, planning and 1.8 Community infrastructure upgraded operations, for agriculture, – water, sanitation and drainage infrastructure, housing, planning and health within the watershed 1.9 Construction of more disaster- and coastal communities resistant housing solutions and 3.8 Expanded coastal management social facilities and monitoring programme implemented to include wetlands 1.10 Increased flood resistance for urban and aquatic flora and coral reefs areas especially on east and south east coasts. 1.11 Expansion of CBDRM to develop disaster resilient communities, especially for the poor and disadvantaged.

Output ACTIVITIES INDICATORS Link As Required And Prioritised By The Parish Of St. Thomas

1.3,1.11 Increase communication among relevant Records and minutes of stakeholder 2.4, 2.6 stakeholders. meetings

All Development plans for parish should include # of community development plans that response and recovery planning for communities. include preparedness, response and

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recovery planning

1.11 Audit the distribution of disaster recovery Documentation of recovery assistance by assistance. category and area.

1.2 Create a system that fosters transparency in the Standardised protocols for data gathering information gathering process 1.5, 1.6 Enforce the laws governing the environment. Parish council records of 1.7, 1.9 inspections/violations

1.7, 1.8, Institute regular monitoring/ inspections as a Monitoring programs with data records 1.10 means of discouraging poor solid waste management practices. 2.3, 2.6 Use organic crops to increase local production to RADA records of organic crop reduce the impacts on the environment from introduction chemicals used. 2.1, 2.4 Incorporate the use of indigenous knowledge in Difficult to monitor agricultural pursuits RADA should appropriately time assistance rendered after an event to prevent glut.

1.4 Revisit the issue of land tenure (SDC). Difficult to determine

1.9 Institute regular monitoring/ inspections as a Monitoring programs with data records means to discourage the construction of housing in non-designated locations and with poor construction practices.

1.1,1.2,1.4 Utilise hazard and vulnerability assessments to Hazard and vulnerability maps for various 1.5, inform various zones including „no build‟ zones, towns and communities starting with the 3.2,3.3,3.5 identify population for relocation, identify areas for most critical 3.6,3.7,3.8 coastal protection, river training etc.

1.7, 1.8 Institute regular monitoring (inspections and Monitoring programs with data records maintenance) for roads, bridges, drains and other infrastructure. Consideration given to the institutionalisation of a length man.

2.1,2.3, Conduct farmer training and awareness to RADA farming training and monitoring 2.6, 1.10 introduce resistant crop varieties and to encourage records utilising good agricultural practices.

3.1,3.4 Execute watershed rehabilitation programmes for Forestry records of replanting activities degraded slopes

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6.0 REFERENCES

Barker D. and McGregor D.F.M. 1988. Land Degradation in the Yallahs Basin Jamaica; Historical Notes and Contemporary Observations, Jamaica Environmental Management Consultants (Caribbean Limited) (EMC2). 2013. Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Residential Subdivision Site at Part of Green Castle Estate Robins Bay, St Mary, Jamaica. Environmental Solutions Limited. 2010. Duckenfield Aerodrome Environmental Impact Assessment, Jamaica. ISDR/ UNDP (International Strategy for Disaster Reduction/United Nations Development Programme). 2008. Guidance Note on Early Recovery. Bureau for Crisis Prevention & Recovery, United Nations Development Programme, Geneva. Ministry of Health. St. Mary Water Quality and Waste Water Assessment Report December 10, 2012. North East Regional Health Authority. Hurricane Sandy Emergency Projects Report. Ministry of Health, Jamaica Planning Institute of Jamaica. 2002. Poverty Map of Jamaica. Kingston, Jamaica Planning Institute of Jamaica. 2007. The Poverty-Environment Nexus: Establishing an Approach for Determining Special Development Areas in Jamaica. Kingston, Jamaica

Planning Institute of Jamaica. 2013. Jamaica Macro Socio-Economic and Environmental Assessment of the Damage and Loss Caused by Hurricane Sandy. Planning Institute of Jamaica, Jamaica Simpson, L.A. 2003. Review of soil management and farming practices including the use of agro- chemicals in the Caribbean with particular reference to St. Lucia and Jamaica. CARDIN, UWI Mona, Jamaica.

Smith Warner International, Fluid Systems Engineering Ltd., Mona Informatix Ltd., Peter Jervis & Associates and Environmental Solutions Ltd. 2010. Vulnerability Assessment Report – Coastal Multi Hazard Mapping and Vulnerability Assessments Towards Integrated Planning and Reduction of Vulnerability for Portland Cottage, Morant Bay and Manchioneal, Jamaica. The World Bank Group, Jamaica

UN/ISDR & UN/OCHA, 2008. Disaster Preparedness for Effective Response Guidance and Indicator Package for Implementing Priority Five of the Hyogo Framework. United Nations secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR) and the United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN/OCHA), Geneva, Switzerland, 51+iv pp. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2012. Integrating Gender in Disaster Management in Small Island Developing States: A Guide. UNDP

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