HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 517 claimed to have formed in the case. Judge Howe presided with his usual vigor-and dignity. The case was finally continued. In May court was again occupied with the Schoeffler murder case. Out of ninety-six men summoned, a jury was at last obtained. The prosecu- tion was conducted by S. R. Cotton of Green Bay, aided by several Appleton lawyers. The'defense was conducted by Smith & Ballard of Appleton, Howe & Haynes of Green Bay, and Charles Weisbrod of Oshkosh. This was the most hotly contested case ever in the county up to this date. The lawyers were able, combative and brilliant, the jury was composed of the best citizens and the court was fair and impartial. During this session several important trials were held. Among the leading lawyers in attendance were Alden S. Sanborn, Smith & Ballard, J. B. Hamilton, S. R. Cotton, George H. Myers, Frederick Packard, Wheeler & Bouck, Elbridge Smith, J. A. Eastman, Howe & Haynes, Edwin Wheeler and others. Smith & Ballard were counsel in almost every case. Mr. Sanborn also was active. Often Sanborn was pitted against Smith & Ballard. In Agusut the Crescent insisted on its right to criticize the man- agement of county affairs and to oppose extravagance or incapacity of public officers. It criticized the allowance of $200 to S. R. Cotton, attorney of Green Bay, for services during the recent murder trial of Fred Schoeffler. It criticized the state of affairs which called for extra counsel when the county already had a district attorney. It insisted that if the district attorney was incompetent he should be removed and another one appointed. Concerning the Schoffler murder case the Crescent of April 20, said: "In his anxiety to be impartial it was evident that Judge Howe leaned toward the prisoners. Indeed, he charged the jury, in sub- stance,, to acquit Mrs. Christina Schoeffler and said there was serious doubt as to the sufficiency of the proof against Fred. The jury re- turned into court with a verdict of guilty of murder in the first de- gree against both defendants. On Tuesday a motion for a new trial was argued and granted to Mrs. Schoeffler on the ground that the verdict was not warranted by the evidence. The judge took occasion to advise the district attorney not to bring her case before another jury. The-motion for a new trial in Fred's case was denied, but as his counsel chose to take it to the supreme court on a bill of excep- tions, he was remanded without sentence. The old lady was admitted to bail in the sum of $500. As there is already much dissatisfaction expressed as to the result, we will refrain from any comments calcu- lated to inflame the minds of a law-abiding people." The indigna- tion of the people of Outagamie county was general when Schoeffler was acquitted of murder in another county where the case was taken from this. His guilt was not doubted by the people here. The Cres- cent was not choice in language in expressing its contempt for the verdict and result. An important murder trial in 1854 was that of Kern Brennan, James Tewey and Michael Tewey for the murder of Martin Ryan. The jury rendered a verdict of manslaughter and fixed the punish- 518 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY ment at confinement in the penitentiary for eight years. Smith & Ballard, George H. Myers, Frederick Packard and A. S. Sanborn were engaged on this case. In October, 1854, the court records showed only two important criminal cases pending. There was no district attorney, the previous one having moved elsewhere. Perry H. Smith was a prominent citizen of Appleton. He was the first county judge, 1853-54 and had the confidence of the com- munity. He was a candidate for the assembly. William Johnston became county judge at the fall election in 1854. The official returns of the several counties in this district gave Judge Smith, the demo- cratic candidate, a majority of 337. Outagamie and Shawano coun- ties together gave him a majority of 112. In the case of Reeder Smith vs. Amos A. Lawrence late in 1853-54, argued before the Supreme court in December, 1854, the former was represented by H. S. Orton and the latter by E. G. Ryan, two of the ablest lawyers in the state, besides several lawyers from Appleton. The resignation of Timothy Howe, judge of the district court, made it necessary to elect his successor in 1855. Among the candi- dates named for this position were D. E. Wood, republican, John G. Eastman, democrat, Robert Flint, Charles J. Eldridge, D. C. Blod- gett and S. R. Cotton. The judge not appearing at Appleton in May, 1855, no term of circuit court was held and all suits commenced were carried over to the October term. The people of Outagamie county were interested in the election of the judge of the Fourth district, because such judge, it was pro- vided, would hold one term of court in this county. The fall term of the circuit court began October 15, 1855. Hon. S. R. Cotton, judge presided; P. Hunt was sheriff, A. B. Everts, un- dersheriff, H. S. Eggleston, clerk. The docket was small and the cases were unimportant, with one or two exceptions. At this session of the court the proceedings commenced at two o'clock p. m. on Mon- day and were wholly concluded by five o'clock p. m. on Tuesday. It was stated at this time that there had been no jury term of the circuit court in this county for fifty-three weeks and that although the grand jury had patiently inquired and investigated for more than a day they did not find a single indictment. The Crescent de- clared that this fact spoke volumes for the good morals of the people of Outagamie county. In February, 1856, the Crescent and many citizens insisted that the legislature should divest the president of Appleton of judicial powers and give the village a police justice; also give the treasurer instead of the marshal the right to collect taxes, and permit the cor- poration to compel lot owners to plant shade trees. In March, 1856, the legislature fixed the time for holding court in Outagamie county on the third Monday of January and October and fourth Monday of April of each year. , At the April term, 1856, of the circuit court Judge S. R. Cotton, .presided; L. B. Noyes was district attorney; A. B. Everts, under- sheriff; and Samuel Ryan, Jr., clerk. Among the attorneys present HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 519 at this term were Smith & Ballard, George H. Myers, Bouck & Wash- burn, Frederick Packard, R. P. Eaton, J. B. Hamilton, James H. Howe, C.,Coolbaugh, Myers & Howe, John Last, John Jewett, Jr., Wheeler & Edwards and Brush. Smith & Ballard. The docket was small, though there were a few important cases. In the circuit court in April, 1856, Judge Cotton held that the village treasurer could be compelled to pay over funds in his hands upon a judgment against the corporation even though no demand for payment had been made upon and refused by the village board, and that he was legally bound to pay out money only upon their duly authenticated orders. If they refused to pay, the remedy was by judicial process. In November,.1856, a special jury term was called to try Emer- son Sanders who was indicted for the murder of Joseph Rock. The prosecuting attorneys were Charles Jewett, Jr., and Frederick Pack- ard. The defendant's case was conducted by T. O. Howe and James H. Howe. Judge Stephen R. Cotton heard the case. The jury remained out until three o'clock in the morning and upon failing to agree were discharged. The defense put up by the Howes was said to have been masterly in the extreme; undoubtedly it was due to their skill, sagacity and ability that the jury were unable to reach a decision. The great land suit between Reeder 'Smith, complainant, and Amos A. Lawrence, defendant, involving a heavy land interest in the Second ward of Appleton, was argued before Judge Cotton at Green Bay. T. O. Howe appeared for complainant and George H. Myers for defendant. The decision was held over until the April term. It was not a jury trial. It was believed that Mr. Smith would recover half the property in dispute. "If Amos A. Lawrence had come to Appleton himself and attended to his own affairs instead of trusting to, and following the advice of, land sharks and hungry lawyers he would have realized $20,000 more than he has from his Appleton property and this suit would not now be hanging as an in- cubus upon a large and valuable part of the Second ward of the city." -(Crescent, March 7, 1857.) At the April term Judge Cotton decided that Reeder Smith should recover the undivided interest in the property claimed in the Second ward in Appleton. It was announced that the decree would be awarded in July. The docket was comparatively small and was hurried through by the court in a few days. "Judge Cotton is a very popular jurist with the people of Outa- gamie county. His promptness in despatching business, his quick conception and familiarity with the intricacies of the law, together with his plain, straight-forward way of administering justice without fear, favor, or affection insures him the esteem of all."; -(Crescent). At this term the district attorney took steps to bring suit against Robert Morrow who had previously usurped the office of county treas- surer, for the balance claimed to be due the county. Mr. Morrow at this time was presumed to be in Kansas whither he had gone a year or two before. 520 HISTORY OF' OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

The county vote for chief justice of the supreme court in April, 1857, was as follows: Cothren (D.) 530, Whiton (R.) 396; and for county judge: Jewett (D.) 556, Eaton.(R.) 336. The county was thus shown to be reliably democratic. In 1857 what was called the judiciary fund was secured from a tax of $1 imposed upon each suit commenced in the circuit courts of the state. The fund thus accumulated proved much too small to meet the expenses, and a change in the method was necessary. In January, 1858, Judge William Johnston of the county court retired from office and was succeeded by John Jewett, Jr., who held his first court early in that month. At the spring term of the circuit court in 1858, William S. WAarner of Appleton and Hartley B. Cox of Hortonville were ad- mitted to practice as attorneys at law. The principal lawyers of Ap- pleton were G. H. Meyers, Frederick Packard, C. Aiken, Jewett & Hudd, Anson Ballard, D. C. Jenne and Mr. Bingham. At the October term of the circuit court, 1858, the only case of much consequence brought to trial was that of the state against George Gerrity on an indictment for selling liquor to the Indians. This was the third trial of that cause. In the first the jury did not agree; in the second a verdict of guilty was rendered but was set aside; in the third trial he was acquitted. Early in 1859, George H. Myers contested the election of Thomas R. Hudd as district attorney and Consta.ntine A. Hamer contested that of Samuel Ryan, Jr., as clerk of the county court. The grounds upon which both contests were based was that the people of Shawano county had no right to vote for the judicial officers of this county. That county was merely.temporarily attached to Outa- gamie and it was argued that the citizens had no right to say who should be the officials of the latter. In 1859 Outagamie county was part of the Tenth judicial cir- cuit, the other counties being Brown, Winnebago, Oconto and Shaw- ano, Stephen R. Cotton of Green Bay was judge. In the circuit court of November, 1859, there were 14 indict- ments, ten for selling liquor without a license, one for larceny, one for obtaining money under false pretense and two for perjury. Only three of the defendants in the liquor case were arranged; one waas acquitted, one obtained a continuance, and one was nolle-prossed. Among the attorneys present were the following: Bouck & Ed- monds, Wheeler & Coolbaugh, Jewett & Hudd, J. B. Hamilton, G. B. Goodwin, Freeman & Jackson, David Tyler & Son, M. L. Whitte- more, A. R. Brush, Frederick Packard, J. C. Truesdall, R. P. Eaton, G. H. Myers, J. W. Carter, Smith & Ballard, and others. In January, 1861, Morgan L. Martin of Green Bay was a candi- date for circuit judge of the Tenth judicial circuit. Hon. S. R. Cotton was the incumbent of that office. In March, 1861, William S. War- ner became a.n independent candidate for county judge. In April, 1862, the leading lawyers of Appleton were Charles Aiken,' George H. Myers, Frederick Packard, Jewett & Hudd (suc- HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 521 cessors to Smith & Ballard), Samuel Boyd, John Jewett Jr. and others. In July, 1862, Frederick Packard, attorney, died in Philadel- phia. He was a graduate of Yale college, studied law at Cambridge, was admitted to the bar and came to Appleton about 1850. He pos- sessed much ability, was a diligent scholar and was generally con- sidered a good lawyer. He was a member of the Congregational church which he helped to organize in 1850. He was unusually well versed in biblical lore and could quote accurately, promptly and extensively from the bible. Early in 1863 the supreme court of Wisconsin decided that the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus by President Lincoln was a violation of the constitution. This decision met the approval of the democrats throughout the state, particularly in Outagamie county. In January, 1863, in the town of Greenville, Joseph Smith, a farmer residing on the main road to Hortonville, was shot and in- stantly killed by a drunken Stockbridge Indian named Joshua, Wil- son. The murder occasioned great excitement in that town. After killing Mr. Smith the Indian ran to the woods and disappeared. The neighbors hurriedly gathered and started in pursuit and finally found him lying near the road two miles distant. They arrested him and brought him to Appleton and turned him over to Sheriff Goff who immediately placed him in jail. HeI-Iwas examined before Justice Rork and bound over for trial at the June term. The German killed left a. wife and six small children. After the Indian was placed in jail in Appleton the report was circulated that a large number of German citizens, numbering from 100 to 200, was approaching for the purpose of lynching the Indian. To meet. any such movement the sheriff immediately rallied a large force of citizens who prepared to resist any such attempt. A large body of rioters finally appeared and demanded of the sheriff the key to the jail, stating that four murders had recently been committed in the county, that no one had been convicted and that they intended now to take the law into their own hands. The sheriff refused to give up the key and advised the rioters to disperse. The mob actually numberec about seventy-five men, led it was said by one of the men who had sold the Indian the whisky. The mob immediately proceeded to violence. They seized a plank and using it as a battering ram proceeded to smash in the door of the jail. The men assisting the sheriff immediately inter- vened and after a severe fight between the two parties, during which time many black eyes and bloody noses appeared the rioters were repulsed and the sheriff held the ground. There were under the sheriff at the time about 100 citizens who were engaged against the mob in this battle at the jail. While the struggle was in progress some one telegraphed to the governor that a riot was in progress against the sheriff and asked for assistance. However, no soldiers were ordered out. The mob soon retired and the war was at an end. There were many casualties, such as bruises and bloody noses. Nu- merous reports went out over the state, greatly exaggerated, con- cerning this riot. The Crescent said, "Our citizens return hearty 522 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY thanks to the Milwaukee Sentinel and News for publishing incor- rect accounts of the affair in advance of the mails." "The determined and successful action of our citizens in the suppression of the recently attempted riotous proceeding cannot be misunderstood by any one, including those who so foolishly seemed bent on disgracing the place by lynch law. We are proud to say that the people of Appleton and nine-tenths of the residents of the county will never sanction the substitution of mob rule in lieu of civil law. The Germans who were engaged in this demonstration must learn that upon the strict regard for civil law and implicit obedi- ence thereto, rests the very permanency of our liberties and the laws are amply sufficient to punish every criminal. The Indian deserves the severest penalty of the law and will be punished. But one word to these rioters: Your lawless proceedings must never again be re- peated in our city. Our citizens will never allow another such an outrage on good order either in the present or future come from what source it may, without subjecting the perpetrators to the severest pen- alties of the civil law."-(Crescent, January 17, 1863.) At the June term of court Joshua Wilson, the Indian, was con- victed of murder in the first degree and sentenced to confinement in the penitentiary for life, ten days of each year to be solitary confine- ment. The district attorney entered a nolle pros in the cases of a number of citizens charged with refusing to assist in quelling the riot at the jail during the previous winter. In the murder case against Joshua Wilson the district attorney and George H. Myers prosecuted and T. R. Hudd and S. R. Cotton defended. The vote for chief justice of the supreme court in this county in April, 1863, was as follows: Dixon (R.) 625, Cothren (D.) 886. Among the attorneys practicing at Appleton were the following: Samuel Boyd, G. H. Myers, W. S. Warner, Ellis & Fisher, Jewett & Hudd, C. Coolbaugh, Anson Ballard, T. R. Hudd, Whittemore & Weibrod and S. R. Cotton. In December, 1863, four Oneida Indians were arrainged before Justice Warner charged with' mutilating the Methodist church build- ing at Oneida. They were charged with having smashed windows and doors and damaged other parts of the building. In order to secure one of them as a witness District Attorney Clark entered a nolle pros in his case and then had the other Indians fined $10 and costs each. The legislature authorized a special term of the circuit court held at Appleton in February, 1864, "for the transaction of all busi- ness pending in any and every county in the Tenth circuit that could be transacted thereat without the intervention of a jury." No further notice of this special term was required other than the act itself. About the same time the circuit court of Outagamie county in January of each year was made a special term for the whole Tenth circuit. In February, 1864, J. H. M. Wigman was admitted to prac- tice at the bar of the circuit court of this county. The legislature in April, 1865, conferred upon the county court jurisdiction in all civil actions equal to and commensurate with the HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 523 circuit court for all sums not exceeding $500; but this court was not given jurisdiction in actions of ejectment, mandamus and quo war- ranto. Appeals in civil actions from justices of the peace or from judgments before justices were to be taken to the county court in- stead of the circuit court as before. It was made a court of record with clerk and seal. Four annual terms of this court were ordered held-January, March, May and October. The act creating this court made full provisions for its operations. This law was repealed in 1867. Upon the resignation of Judge Myers, Governor Lewis ap- pointed Samuel Boyd to be county judge of Outagamie county until another judge should be elected later in the spring of 1865. Samuel Ryan, Jr., was elected county judge. He had been provisionally ap- pointed to that office by the governor in March. He duly qualified and prepared to take the office January 1, 1868; but Judge Boyd who had contested the election declared it to be his intention to hold the office. On the day appointed Judge Ryan took his seat on the bench and held the full term of court without interruption. He again demanded the books, but Judge Boyd refused to deliver them. Judge Ryan then commenced suit to secure possession of the books, etc. In the case of Ryan against Boyd, Judge Washburne decided that he had no jurisdiction in the case. Thereupon the case was taken to the Supreme Court. The case was heard in the Supreme Court late in February, 1866. The answer was filed by Judge Boyd and the demurrer thereto brought the matter to issue. Boyd was not ready and the case went over to the June term. In October, 1865, the governor of Wisconsin offered a reward of $300 for the capture of the person guilty of murder near Apple- ton. Governor Lewis made this offer because the sheriff of Outa- gamie county failed to take any definite action looking to the capture of the murderer. It was noted in November that the grand jury had instituted a larger number of criminal trials than during any term since the organization of the county. At the December term of the court, David McCornac was found guilty of larceny on three indictments, and was sentenced to five years' imprisonment in the city prison. In 1865 Anson Ballard and Louis Schintz were partners; so also were E. B. Clark and Samuel Boyd and T. R. Hudd and J. H. M. Wigman, W. S. Warner practiced alone. In 1866 terms of the cir- cuit court were fixed for January, June and November of each year; neither grand nor petit jury was to be summoned for the January term. In June, 1866, the case of Ryan vs. Boyd was argued in the Supreme Court by G. B. Smith and S. A. Pinney. The court sus- tained Ryan's demurrer to Boyd, but notwithstanding the decision of the Supreme Court, Judge Boyd still held the books and papers of the county judge's office from Judge Ryan. At last in December Samuel Boyd who had assumed the duties of county judge since the 524 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY previous January, turned over the books, papers and seal to Judge Ryan, the man legally elected, and thus, ended this vexatious case.- The circuit court closed its November term early in December, 1866. Several interesting cases were heard. The riot case was a nolle prossed, the jury failing to agree. This case was where a party of men by force dispossessed L. P. Cozzens of the tract of land which he held by virtue of a tax title deed. There was considerable talk early in 1867 of abolishing the county court. Finally a number of citizens prepared a petition, to which they obtained about 384 signatures, and sent it to the legisla- ture for the termination of that court. At this date the county con- ta.ined about 2,300 legal voters. There were many of them who op- posed this step. The circuit court at the June term was occupied one day less than two weeks. It was a jury term and was unusually short. Jack Holland was convicted of assault and sentenced to one year to the state prison. In one case the jury brought in a verdict against the charge of the judge. He set aside the verdict and granted a new trial. In the case of the widow of Cornelius, the Indian who was drowned at the old drawbridge, the jury brought in a verdict in her favor of $716. A new trial was denied. The case was taken to the supreme court. One or two divorce decrees were granted without contest. In several instances the jury refused or failed to obey the instructions of the court. John E. Austin of Dale was foreman of the grand jury. Henry Dodge Ryan., formerly connected with the Crescent, was admitted to the practice of law in December, before Judge Wash- burne. The act of February 29, 1868, provided that four terms of the county court should be held annually-April, July, October and December; the salary of county judge was fixed at $500. In Febru- ary, 1868, there were pending in the supreme court of the state the following cases from this county: Cornelius vs. the City of Apple- ton; Roger vs. Hudd; White vs. City of Appleton; Cuthbert vs. City of Appleton; City of Appleton vs. Barteau. T. R. Hudd, who had been here many years and was prominent as a lawyer and legislator, removed to Green Bay in the spring of 1868. His partner Mr. Wigman accompanied him, but they still retained a branch office in this city. At the vote for supreme justice this spring the county cast 1,320 for Dunn (D.) and 1,038 for Dixon (R.). Among the lawyers in Appleton in 1868 were the folowing: Anson Ballard and Louis Schnitz, who ,vere associated as partners; Hudd & Wigman, also partners, attorneys-at-law, and solicitors in bankruptcy; N. B. Clark and Samuel B. Boyd, associated as partners, under the firm name of Clark & Boyd; Humnphrey Pierce, attorney and counselor, practicing alone. In September, 1868, two boys na.med Shepard, aged 15 and 17 years, were arrested and committed to jail at Appleton, charged with the murder of a young man named Leslie. All parties resided near Hortonville. The oldest Shepard boy admitted that he shot Leslie, HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 525 but claimed he did it in self defense. The father of the dead boy testified and his evidence was strong against the young Shepards. Apparently the shooting was the result of a feua between the fami- lies of the two boys. The Shepard boys were out hunting for bears, the older one having an army musket loaded with twelve buckshot. In an altercation he shot young Leslie through the breast causing his death. The young man gave himself up. After a thorough trial lasting three days, the jury brought in a verdict acquitting Edward Shepard and Eugene Shepard for the murder of Robert Leslie. The verdict was in accordance with public sentiment. T. R. Iudd and J. H. Wigman were for the prosecution; and G. H. Myers and Gen- eral E. S. Bragg for the defendants. "General Bragg's argument was the most eloquent and powerful ever delivered in a criminal case in this county. Mr. Hudd made a strong plea for the prosecu- tion. The trial demonstrated the existence of a feud between the families that was disgraeful to civilized people."--(Crescent.) This term of the court closed after a period of nearly three weeks and was one of the most expensive ever held in the county. At this session of the circuit court there were twenty-one cases on the docket. A. Lang was tried for murdering F. Plunderman; G. TW.Latta and T. R. Hudd prosecuted and K. M. Phillips and J. C. Nevitte de- fended. The case was heard before Judge E. H. Ellis and the de- fendant was finally acquitted. In December, 1877, the county bar gave a complimentary sup- 'per at the Waverly to Judge Ellis. It was thought that this would be his last term here and the lawyers wished to do him signal honor. The state was about to be redistricted and it seemed probable that he would thus be thrown in another district. Formal proceedings were first held in a meeting at the courthouse when W. S. Warner, Judge Collins and others spoke of the high esteem in which Judge Ellis was held. Henry D. Ryan, then on behalf of the bar addressed the judge in a letter requesting him to be present at the Waverly House at 9 o'clock, Saturday evening, December 15, and in the address used the following language: "We desire to manifest our appreciation of your great worth and integrity as a man and your learning, im- partiality and sound judgment as a judge. No person ever in this county questioned your integrity or doubted your honesty. You stand with bar and people above and beyond suspicion. We part with you affectionately but reluctantly. Your eminent abilities qual- ify you for a seat on the bench of the supreme court of the state of Wisconsin, where we all hope at no distant day to see you seated. You have been kind and courteous to all the members of the bar, both young and old. You have maintained the dignity and integrity of the profession and you have added learning, patience and purity to the judicial ermine. May a kind Providence bless you and round out your life in the fulness of years and honors." This was signed by the following members of the bar: Samuel Boyd, A. L. Collins, W. S. Warner, H. D. Ryan, H. C. Sloan, S. Baird, Lyman Barnes, Mill Schoetz, R. Lester, D. C. Babcock, G. H. SMyers, John Bottensek, 526 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNlTY

J. E. Harriman, W. J. Allen, George C. Jones, John Goodland, A. H. Kellogg, William Kennedy, E. H. Enos and G. T. Thorn. It was also signed by all the county officials. At the Waverly house meet- ing others-county officers, city officers, members of the press, busi- ness men and citizens-assembled to assist in doing honor to a man whom all so highly regarded. The fine supper was first enjoyed by all. The following toasts were then responded to: "Our Country," W. S. Warner; "The State of Wisconsin," Judge A. L. Collins; "Our Guest," Judge Ellis, whose remarks were very interesting, full of reminiscences, and showed that he was born on the banks of Fox river upwards of 52 years before this time; "The Judiciary," J. E. Harriman; "The Press," Sam. Ryan, Jr., "The Ladies," H. C. Sloan and William Kennedy. After a few remarks by the chairman, Mayor Marston, all united in singing "Auld Lang Syne," and then dispersed. In the winter of 1869-70 A J. Turner, assemblyman, introduced a bill to make probate business free instead of requiring the payment of the fees into the county treasury. The Post favored the passage of this bill because, it alleged, the present judge was never known to remit a single cent even in cases of dire distress. The Cresecent de- nounced this statement as untrue. In 1869 the terms of the circuit court were two-June and November, and each term was a special term for the whole circuit. The grand jury system was voted in in 1870 by the voters of the state. The Crescent said, "The grand jury system is unfair, inquisitorial, cumbersome and very expensive and we are satisfied that the people ,will vote by a large majority for its discontinuance." Among the lawyers practicing at the court in Apple- ton in 1870 were Warner & Ryan, S. S. Hamilton, Hudd & Wigman, Geo. H. Myers, Samuel Boyd, Gabriel Bouck, Humphrey Pierce, E. P. Finch, Reitbrock & Benninghausen, George Gary, Freeman & Hancock, G. T. Thorne, Elbridge Smith, Ellis, Hastings and Green and others. In November, 1870, the vote on the grand jury system in this county was as follows: .For the system 483; against the system 840; majority against 357. In Appleton the vote for the system was 104, against the system 359. The towns casting majorities for the system were Black Creek, Ellington, Greenville, Hortonia, Liberty, Maple iCreek and Osborn. The majority in the state was against the system which was thereupon abolished. The last grand jury was summoned in December, 1870, R.. R. Bateman was chosen foreman. They found three indictments, all robbery or larceny, fourteen cases were dis- posed of at this term. Hon. E. T. Sprague was judge. In 1871 the terms of the circuit court in Outagamie county were fixed for the second Mondays in March and November of each year. A regular term of the court was ordered held on the first Monday in June, 1871, and grand and petit juries were ordered summoned. Chapter 25 of the general laws of 1871 could not take effect in Outa- gamie county until August 1, 1871, said the legislature. \The act of March 23, 1871, abolished tlhe system of fees employed by the judge HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 527 of probate who was thereafter to be paid a salary determined by the county board. W. J. Lander was admitted to the bar late in 18.71. The June term of the circuit court in 1873 had a large docket- 93 cases, of which 49 were railroad cases. This brought to the city many lawyers, litigants and witnesses. Lawyers were present from Fond du Lac, Milwaukee, Oshkosh, Chilton, Stevens Point, Menasha, Green Bay and Marinette. It was an important session. Judge Ellis and District Attorney Kennedy dispatched business rapidly. In January, 1876, William S. Warner retired from the law firm of Warner, Ryan & Allen; H. D. Ryan succeeded to the business. W. J. Allen opened a separate office. J. A. Parkhurst began prac- ticing at this time; he was formerly circuit clerk. G. T. Thorn formed a partnership with Mr. Weisbrod. H. C. Sloan began the, practice at this time; he was the son of A. Scott Sloan, attorney general. The legislature in March, 1878, enacted that a certain abstract of title to the real estate of the county of Outagamie according to Walton's system' recently compiled for and bought by the county board, was constituted a part of the official records of the office of the register of deeds. It was made the duty of the register to continue and keep up the abstract. In January, 1879, the governor appointed George H. Myers judge of the Tenth judicial circuit agreeably to the requests of the bar, officers of the court and prominent citizens. In 1879 Herman Knoll was tried for the murder of Charles Rhode, the town of Black Creek where the crime was committed offered a reward of $500 for the arrest and conviction of the mur- derer; later the county board assumed a portion of this offer. William Kennedy and John Goodland prosecuted and H. D. Ryan and C. E. McIntosh defended. Knoll was convicted, but the case was reversed by the supreme court on the ground of incompetent evi- dence. The case against Parker, the Indian, was tried at this time. Foster, Davis & Foster was a law firm at this time. Judge Conger held court here. J. E. Harriman was county judge. Patchin & Weed, attorneys of Nelw London, established a branch office with Richard Lester. "Too Many Lawyers.-Appleton contains too many lawyers; so please stop writing to us to ascertain if this is a good place for lawyers. Indeed the supply is far above the demand. There are of course some who are doing a large business, but the generality are not, but are what are usually termed 'the poor unfortunate devils.' What is wanted is to limit the production and pad the issues and the pathway of the real lawyers will be strewn again as of yore with solid prosperity."- (Crescent, April 10, 1880.) The vote for county judge in the spring of 1881 was as follows: Harriman, 3,475; Flanagan, 852; Goodland, 127. ,The act of March, 1822, required the county judge to appoint a competent person to record the proceedings of the county court, to be styled the "register of probate." His duties were fully set forth. 528 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

In 1882 the lawyers at Appleton were: W. J. Alien, D. C. Bab- cock, S. Baird, L. Barnes, J. Bottensek, S. Boyd, O. E. Clark, A. L. Collins, J. Goodland, L. Hammel, J. E Harriman, G. C. Jones, A. H. Kellogg, G. H. Myers, W. Kennedy, H. Pierce, H. D. Ryan, H. C. Sloan, H. W. Tenney, W. S. Warner, H. Wantz, S. Ryan, J. Roenor and at Kaukauna E. C. Eastman. In the spring of 1883 Door, Oconto, Brown, Kewaunee and Marinette counties were taken from this, the Tenth judicial circuit, leaving only four counties-Outagamie, Shawano, Langlade and Florence-in the Tenth circuit. The reason of the division was be- cause the old Tenth was too large, no one judge being able to handle all the business with dispatch and success. At different times for many years the advisability of forming at Appleton an association of the bench and bar had been considered but no definite step with that object in view was taken until early in February, 1884, when sixteen members of the bar assembled at the office of H. D. Ryan and were called to order by that gentleman. William Kennedy was elected chairman of the meeting, John Botten- sek secretary. Several members of the local bar made speeches favor- ing the formation of sueh a society or association. The meeting then adjourned to reassemble February 7. on which occasion a temporary organization iwas effected by the election of I-I. W. Tenney chairman and F. W. Harriman secretary. A committee consisting of H. D. Ryan, L. L. Collins, William Kennedy, O. E. Clark and John Goodland was appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws and to report in one week. The final meeting was held February, 1884, when a perma'anent organization was effected, all members of the Appleton bar being present. The following permanent officers were elected: L. L. Collins, president; H. D. Ryan, vice-president; F. W. Harriman, secretary; George C. Jones, treasurer. The following order of busi- ness was adopted: Reading the minutes, reports of committees, mo- tions, selection of topics for next meeting, discussion of topics for this meeting, adjournment. It was decided to hold sessions every two weeks. The topic selected for discussion at the next meeting was "Sir Matthew Hale." A. B. Whitman, L. Hammel and A. O. Black- well were appointed to prepare a catalogue of all the law books in the city. W. J. Allen read an essay on the life of Sir Matthew Hale-an excellent effort. This was followed by a discussion of the same sub- ject. It was announced that H. W. Tenney at the next session would speak on "The Law Courts of England." In 1883 the court terms were the third Mondays in Apmil and the second Mondays in October. Florence, Langlade, Outagamie and Shawano counties constituted the Tenth circuit. George H. Myers was judge. John H. Brennan, attorney, located at Kaukauna in 1883. At the third meeting of the bar association Judge Collins talked on the "Early Courts of Wisconsin." In the case of the State vs. Knoll, Kennedy and Pierce prosecuted and Hudd and others de- HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY' 529 fended. Knoll was found guilty of manslaughter in the second degree and sentenced to seven years in the. penitentiary. In February, 1885, the bar association appointed H. W. Tenney, John Goodland, Humphrey Pierce and John Bottensek a committee to consider the advisability of changing the time of holding court from April to June and from October to December. If the changes were deemed advisable the committee were authorized to prepare a bill to that effect. At this time Mr. Tenney was vice-president of the state bar association. A new circuit judge was to be elected in April. 1885, for the Tenth judicial circuit composed of the counties of Outagamie, Shawano, Langlade and Florence to succeed Judge Myers. There were many candidates. In March John Goodland was solicited by 72,6 electors of the Tenth circuit to become a candidate for judge at the approaching election. Mr. Goodland accepted the invitation. Among the signers at Appleton were H. W. Tenney, S. P. Ming, John Ar. Cirkel, A. HI. Conkey, James Golden and Welcome Hyde. Judge Harriman was candidate for county judge. The contest assumed something of a partisan nature-that for circuit judge. The candidates finally narrowed down to Myers and Goodland, the latter was formally nom- inated for the office by the democrats. Judge Collins' remarks on early lawyers of Wisconsin were very interesting. At this meeting it was noted that recently two members of this bar had been defeated by a merchant who conducted his owil case. A motion was made to expel the two lawyers, but was finally withdrawn and all again became merry and placid. In 1886 Mrs. Girkie was tried for the murder of Peter Arnl- strong; she shot him while he was trying to enter her house; she was convicted of murder in the second degree. District Attorney Spencer prosecuted and William Kennedy defended; the trial was held at Dartford. About this time Hugh Boyle was tried for murder charged with killing Theodore Endter. District Attorney Spencer and H. D. Rya.n prosecuted and William Kennedy and G. H. Daw,-- son defended. Anton HIelmrod killed John Bauer, shot him, and was tried for his murder. There were four or five murder cases on the docket this year, 1886. This was about the time when the numerous river, canal, water power and riparian rights cases were first instituted and when the local bar became one of the most con- spieuous and one of the ablest in the West. The Appleton lawyers in 1887-8 were as follows: William J. Allen, Samuel Baird, John Bottensek, Orland E. Clark, Edward E. Fitzgerald, James Fitzgerald, John Goodland, Joseph W. Hammond. Fred E. Harriman, F. W. Harriman, J E.. arriman A..H. Kellogg. William Kennedy, Pierce & Moeskes, H. D. RyIan, Sam Ryan. H. W. Tenney, Whitman & Spencer. Judge J. E. Harriman died in April, 1889. The bar met and passed suitable resolutions regretting the event and extolling the character of the deceased. The bar association took suitable action over the death of H. -C. Tenney in February, 1890; remark-. 'were made by Judge Myers, John Goodland, H. D. Ryan, Samuel Boyd 530 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY and Charles Lamb. The resolutions prepared by Goodland, Boyd arnd Bottersek delineated the excellent qualities of Mr. Tenney both as a lawyer and a citizen. William Kennedy was born in Limerick, Ireland, in 1844, and came to Wisconsin in 1857, and to Appleton in 1871. He went rapidly to the front of his profession-law-and became one of the foremost criminal lawyers of the West and an orator that always attracted a large audience. He served as state senator in the '80s and '90s. Upon the death of Judge Harrinman his son, F . H.Harriman, was appointed county judge by Governor Hoard. Judge Harrima.n had been very prominent here in all worthy public movements as well as professionally. In 1891 G. T. Moeskes was elected county judge. Judge Myers having died, beautiful memorial services were held, among the speakers being Kennedy, Harriman, Bottel.se.k. Warner, Bradford and others. In August, 1891, Judge Goodland held his first session as circuit judge. He stated that there could not be a good court without a good bar and called attention to the need here of sound lawyers owing to the many large cases arising fromLL the water power, river, canal and immense factories. This year the very important case of Kimberly & Clark Company vs, Henry Hewitt, upon which depended a score of other cases, was tried in the outrts and decided for the plaintiff. The suits of Telulah Paper Company, Fox River Paper Com- pany and Patten Paper Company (Ltd.) vs. Appleton Edison Elec- tric Light Company, Appleton Chair Company, J. A. Kimberly, Jr., and Frank H. Pietsch, alleged that the defendants took water from the government canal, derived from the pond created by the first dam, or Grand Chute danm, and instead of emptying it in such away that it should be tributary to the second dam or Ballard and West dam, they diverted it and emptied it below the said second dan, thereby greatly damaging the plaintiffs by depriving them of its use, for their mills and factories. Similar suits wvere instituted between others. The court ruled that the darn was built for public purposes, that the state had a right to declare that the surplus water arising from the improvement of the rivers belonged to the state, and that as the owner of the adjoining land did not avail, himself of the provision made by courts for damages to persons injured by the improvement of the river, the Water Works Company cannot now, after twenty-five years have elapsed, claim the land because of a failure to receive compensation. Marshall K. Snell was an attorney at Seymour in the '90s, but he left and located in Tacoma, Washington, when he went to the front of his profession; his wife was admitted to the bar of that city in 1898. The Appleton attorneys attended the bar convention at Marshfield early in January, 1893. · T. W., Harriman was chosen secretary of one of the two conventions held there. At the meeting of the bar association in January, 1893, H. Pierce. L. E. Barnes and G H. Dawson were appointed to draft a bill for the establishment of HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY , 531 a municipal court at Appleton. John Bottensek and Charles H. Coates formed a partnership in October, 1896. Albert H. Krugmeier opened an office in Appleton in 1899. T. R. Hudd died in June, 1896. Henry Kreiss was elected county judge in 1901. Henry W. Tenney died in 1903; he came here ill 1879. In 1903 G. T. Moeskes retired from active practice as a member of the law firm of Pierce, Lehr & Moeskes. The vote for circuit judge in 1903 was as follows: Goodland (D.) 2,831; Bottensek (R.) 1,243; Goodrick, 672. The town of West Oneida did not vote. In 1904 F. W. Harriman and Joseph Koffend became law partners. Lyman E. Barnes died at St. Elizabeth's Hospital in January, 1904. A municipal court was talked of in 1904. Alfred Nugent, attorney of Kaukauna, died this year. The act of March, 1905, redistricted the state into judicial cir- cuits. The Tenth Judicial Circuit embraced the counties of Flor- ence, Forest, Langlade, Outagamie and Shawano. There were eight- een circuits in the whole state. In June, 1905, the terms of the circuit court were fixed the first Monday in March and the third Monday in September of each year. The trial of W. E. Kabst for the murder of Michael McCarty occurred in 1908; he received a life sentence. In 1906 there were on the court calendar 69 cases, of which 13 were criminal. In November, 1906, definite steps to establish a municipal court were taken. Senator F. M. Wilcox delivered a long and strong speech to the county board explaining the benefits of such a court. I-e was assisted by A. H. Krugmeier and others. During the winter of 1903-7 a bill calling for the establishment of such a court was introduced in the legislature. When this fact became known, and it further became known that such a bill was likely to pass, twenty members of the Outagamie County Bar Association met at the court room in March, 1907, to consider the municipal court bill pending in the legislature, which asked for such a court in all the county except the northern tiers of towns. After discussion a vote was taken and only three votes were registered against the bill-Pierce and Clark of Appleton and Hosting of Kaukauna. Accordingly, a peti- tion asking for the passage of the bill was prepared and forwarded to the legislature. Already, by March 11, the bill had been passed by the senate. The bill passed the house by 54 to 33, was signed by the governor and thus became a law. This act necessitated the election of a municipal judge in April. There were two candidates for municipal judge-Thomas II. Ryan (D.) and J. E. Lehr (R.) The Post and many republicans, regardless of politics, supported Mr. Ryan, who- was elected by a large majority. At the end of the first year of the existence of the municipal court the lawyers of the county were a unit as to its usefulness and success. Mr. Wilcox, its father, and Judge Ryan, its interpreter, were greatly pleased with the results. 532 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

The act of March 21, 1907, created and established the munici- pal court of Outaga.mie county and constituted it a court' of record with a seal. The court was to be held in the court house in Apple- ton, and at least one day in each week at Kaukauna. The first judge was to be elected in April, 1907, and every four years thereafter. His salary was first fixed at $1,800 per year, but later at $2,500 per year. "The said municipal court shall have and exercise powers and jurisdiction equal and concurrent with the circuit court of Outa- gamie county in all cases of crimes and misdemeanors arising in said county except the crimes of murder and manslaughter." The court was also given jurisdiction in all civil actions, both in law and in equity, concurrent with that of the circuit court, but with certain restrictions and limitations. The judge was prohibited from practicing law, from giving legal advice and from being retained while holding the position. On May 1, when Judge Pyan took his seat on the municipal bench for the first time, he was surprised with a visit from the entire local bar that could attend. He was asked for an expression of his opinion, and replied, "This is a new position for me and one in which I have had no experience, but I intend to study and I hope to give so fair and impartial an administration that your sentiment at the close of my term. of office will be as warm toward the court as it is at this auspicious opening. We have a bar in this county that is second to none, and there is nothing I count on more for the success of the court than the support and co-operation of the attorneys who will practice before me. Felicitous and complimentary speeches were made by Judge Goodland, Humphrey Pierce, Mr. Krugmeier, Judge Kreiss, Mr. Bottensek, Mr. Spencer, Mr. Clark, Cary, Lehr, Erb and others. Amusing and witty sallies and railleries passed back and forth, rendering the occasion a memorable one. All con- gratulated the new judge and wished him every success. An amend- ment to the law was passed in July, 1907. During the first four years of the municipal court 1,579 cases were filed, of which 938 were of justice court procedure; 292 civil, 137 city of Appleton cases; circuit court procedure, 136 civil and 76 criminal cases. "There is perhaps no department of justice in Outagamie county that has received more publicity for the length of time that it has been in existence than the municipal court. Although only in its second year, the court has meted out to large numbers various degrees of punishment. Since it was established, May 1, 1907, and up to December 31, 1908, there were heard by Judge Ryan 431 criminal actions, 93 civil actions and 56 actions under the city ordinances. The total of fines collected and paid the county treasurer was $1,- 765.20; total paid city treasurer, $195.70; total paid in officers' fees, $337.17."---(Post, January 7, 1909.) Pierce and Bradford formed a law partnership in December, 1909. Judge John Goodland was 79 years old in August, 1909. The law of 1909 gave the municipal court jurisdiction in divorce cases. -HISTOlRY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 533

Judge heard his first case in August; special divorce counsel was provided for. In January, 1909, there were four candidates for the circuit judgeship in this county. A meeting of the bar was held for the purpose, if possible, of eliminating all but one; this was done in order to prevent such strife as would lose the office to this county. A committee to see if this could be accomplished was appointed- Spencer, Pierce and Clossen. The committee finally decided to hold a mail primary if the candidates would consent. The candidates were John Bottensek, Frank S. Bradford, John Goodland and Fred M. Wilcox. The names of the four were to be sent out and voters were asked to place an X opposite the one of their choice. Mr. Clark, a candidate, refused to enter the primary vote. Mr. Pierce refused to become a candidate. Tickets with the four names were sent throughout the county and the following was the result in Febru- ary: Goodland, 3,884; Bradford, 1,582; Bottensek, 1,188; Wilcox, 887. This was a unique and unusual experiment, but it told what the voters thought and saved trouble and expense. On the tickets the voters took advantage to express their sentiments generally in such remarks as the following: "Asleep at the switch"; "Only a stenographer"; "Always on the fence"; "Likes money too well"; "Had a good job"; "Thinks before he speals"; "Speaks before he thinks"; "Let well enough alone"; "The devil vou know is better than the one you don't"; "Sleepy hollow"; "No legal training"; "My choice"; "Always out of office"; "God bless the judge." At the April election the following was the result: Goodland, 4,409; HIogan, 1,031; Sillett, 683; Clark, 42. Judge Samuel Boyd died suddenly in March, 1907; he gradu- ated from Lawrence University in 1859 and from the Albany (New York) Law School in 1861. He began to practice here at once and continued thus engaged until his death. He was a sound lawyer and a useful and prominent citizen. In May, 1909, Glen Morse,' clerk of the circuit court, was struck by an outgoing passenger train near the insane asylum and so badly injured that he died in a few minutes; he drove on the track and did not see the approaching train until too late. Wilcox & Wilcox, attorneys, opened an office in Kaukauna in February, 1910. William Kennedy died at the Northern Hospital in 1910. City Attorney Joseph Chopin of Kaukauna died in Janu- ary, 1910; he began practicing there about 1898-9. The attorneys of Appleton in 1910 were as follows: George B. Baldwin, Francis S. Bradford, C. G. Cannon, Paul V. Cary, Frank E. Clark, O. E. Clark, J. P. Frank, F. E. Harriman, Fred V. Heinemann, Edward G. Jones, George C. Jones, A. H. Kellogg, Joseph Koffend, Jr., A. H. Krugmeier, Elmer J. Lehr, Humphrey Pierce, F. J. Rooney, Henry D. Ryan, A. C. Siekman, H. C. Sloan, A. M. Spencer, Wilcox & Wilcox. EDUCATION AND IMPROVEMENT.

S CHOOLS were taught in what is now Outaaamie county long before the county was organized and while it was yet a part of Brown county. Appropriate mention of such will be found in the chapter on settlement. It is said that as early as 1_828) a free school was taught in the mission house at Kaukalin by Miss Electa Quinney; afterwards others were taught there from time to time. In fact, schools were taught in this county before 1848, when the first houses of Appleton village proper were erected. The town of Kaukalin had had an existence since 1839 and by 1846 there was quite a white settlement scattered along Fox River, and several schools are known to have been taught around or near Kaukiautln and the old settlements in Buchanan:, Freedom a.ndc Grand (llhte towns. A big meeting was held in the courthouse in Green Baty on May 14, 1849, to take into consideration the question of adoptingl a uniform system of public instruction. Erastus Root, state super- intendent, was present and addressed the meeting. It was resolved, "That it is expedient at the present time to organize a teachers' In- stitute for Brown county; that the principle of gradation of schools should be incorporated into the common school system of the state of Wisconsin." The Institute was duly organized and a constitl- tion:adopted. Congressman Morgan L. Martin was active in the movement; he was chosen president of the institute. "In the winter of 1847 Reeder Smith applied to Amos A. Law- rence of Boston for a subscription to the Albion Institute of Michi- gan. Mr. Lawrence told him that he had instructed his agent at Green Bay to make a present to the Wisconsin conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church of $10,000 to establish an institute of learning to be located on Fox River between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay, provided the conference would give a like sum and take charge of it. Mr. Smith obtained the promise of Mr. Lawrence to present the proposition to the Methodists of Wisconsin, and accord- ingly came west and laid the matter before Rev. IHenry Colrman., Rev. W. IH. Sampson and others of Fond du Lac. After consulta- tion they visited Milwaukee and further discussed measures with the church authorities there. They then appealed to the legislature for a charter for the school to be called Lawrence Institute. The dharter was readily obtained through Elisha Morrow, then melmbler fromn Brown county. The matter was then submitted to the conference at its annual session and the proposition, of Mr. Lawrence was accepted, and Rev. Mr. Sampson was appointed to secure $10,000 by selling 100 scholarships, which he proceeded to do. The charter members of the board of trustees of Lawrence Institute later met 534 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 535 at Fond du Lac and organized, and authorized Reeder Smithto act as agent, and appointed George E. A. Day, Reeder Smith and H. L. Blood a committee to report upon the location of the institute. The committee decided on Grand Chute, now Appleton. The report was accepted by the trustees and Reeder Smith was appointed to secure the land for that purpose and draw on Mr. Lawrence for the purchase money. The land was then owned by G. W. Lawe and J. F. Meade, two fractional '80s. Mr. Lawe refused to sell, but gave 31 acres to the institute. Mr. Meade also gave 31 acres, and sold the balance of the land for a nominal price. In the end Mr. Smith managed to get the whole of the Meade tract deeded to Mr. Lawrence in one deed, by which the institute was deprived of the 31 acres. A committee con- sisting of W. H. Sampson, Reeder Smith and H. L. Blood came to Grand Chute the fore part of August, 1848, and laid out the Appleton plat. Mr. Smith then began to sell lots in Mr. Lawrence's name and received the proceeds, while Mr. Lawrence paid for the improvements, and the institute paid Mr. Smith for his services as agent."--(H. L. B., in Crescent, January 15, 1870.) This H. L. B. was no doubt H. L. Blood, who was familiar with all the circumstances as above narrated. The Institute was first opened in November, 1849. The first board of trustees of Lawrence University were Charles H. Lindsley, Hoel S. Wright, Robert R. Bateman, William H. Sampson, Albert G. Ellis, Henry R. Colman, John S. Prescott, Seth W. Ford, M. C. Darling, Henry L. Blood, George E. H. Day, Sereno Fisk and Austin Kellogg. Members of the faculty were Romulus 0. Kellogg, A. B., teacher of ancient languages; James M. Phinney, teacher of mathe- matics and natural sciences; Miss Emeline E. Crooker, preceptress, teacher of music, drawing and painting; Miss L. Amelie Dayton, teacher of modern languages. The first year 56 gentlemen and 49 ladies were enrolled as students. Rev. Edward Cooke soon became president and professor of moral and intellectual science, and Rev. William H. Sampson, teacher of mathematics and the English branches. In 1846, Amos Lawrence of Boston conceived the idea of estab- lishing a university in the west. He said: "I have proposed this enterprise to my son, and he will offer to give into the hands of your people $10,000 for a college in Wisconsin, to be paid when you raise $10,000 more for the same object. My son, Amos A. Lawrence, will make the offer to you to establish an institution of learning where one will be much needed, and if you go there and meet his views he will help you on with the undertaking liberally." The son wrote for advice to Bishop Alonzo Potter of Philadelphia, and Rev. John S. Stone, rector of Christ's Church, Brooklyn, to which letter they replied as follows: "Mr. Amos A. Lawrence of Boston having consulted me in respect to the plan and incipient operating of the Wisconsin insti- tution, I cheerfully state that I advise that the beginning bemade on a moderate scale, and that no attempt be made at first to organize 536 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY more than the preparatory department, and that much attention be given to the preparation of teachers for common schools." "I fully concur in the wisdom of the above advice given bv Bishop Potter. "JOHN S. STONE, D. D."

This concurrence was accompanied by $100 from himself and $500 from his son, who was also an Episcopal minister. Amos A. Lawrence thereupon wrote to Rev. Reeder Smith, then at Chicago, asking him to attend the conference soon to be held there and have the project carried into effect. He conveyed the $10,000 to trustees, to be held by them until another $10,000 should be secured for the same purpose. IHe said in this letter: "I should prefer that this institution be placed under the control of the Metho- dists rather than any other, excepting my own church (Protestant Episcopal). I have a high opinion of the adaptation of the prin- ciples of the Methodists to the people of the west, and I think from all I can learn that their institutions are carried on with more vigor and diffuse more good with the same means than any other. I will co-operate with them in all that is necessary for its establishment alnd organization." This proposition was favorably considered by the conference of Wisconsin. At the same time Rev. Reeder Smith was requested to act for the conference in procuring the means and adopting the measures necessary to the permanent establishment of Lawrence University of Wisconsin. For that purpose he was subsequently ap- pointed .financial agent. Rev. Mr. Smith was highly recommended by Michigan statesmen who knew of his relations with the Albion Seminary, which was established largely through his efforts. An assembly of fifty clergymen in New York concurred in the high opinion ntertained of Rev. Mr. Smith. Thus Mr. Lawrence and the PRock River Conference committed the project to that gentleman. By 1 860 its condition was as follows:

Invested in buildings, library, apparatus, etc ...... $ 70,000 Appleton library fund donated by Samuel Appleton...... 10,000 Citizens' fund for chairs of mathematics and civil engineer- ing ...... 10,000 Scholarship fund for free tuition ...... 10,000

Total ...... $100,000

Normal instruction and English literature were paid for by the state, which left all the chairs of the college proper except one without endowment. The fire which occurred in 1857 destroyed the building occupied by the female and preparatory department, 200 students being thrown out. What was wanted in 1860 was:

Building for a female department...... $10,000 EI'ndowments of chairs of ethics and civil polity...... 20,000 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 537

Chair of ancient languages and literature ...... 15,000 Chair of Hebrew and biblical literature ...... 15,000 Chair of natural science...... 12,000 Chair of modern languages and literature ...... 11,000

Total ...... $.83,000

Of this $50,000 was asked from the east for endowment and $23,000 from the west. Anson Ballard gave $1,000; Theodore Con- key, $1,000, and Reeder Smith $7,000, toward the institution. By an act of the legislature signed by the governor March 21, 1849, an amendment to the original charter was made changing the name from Lawrence Institute to Lawrence University; and it was also provided that the annual income of $10,000 might be increased to $60,000. In 1848-9, a building 30x70 feet, and three stories high, was erected, the first story being built of stone. It was but a short time until the building was overcrowded. In 1852, another structure was built for boarding purposes exclusively. Such was the beginning of Lawrence University. It was founded for the purpose of providing a "Christian- education," with the belief that an all- round education involved the moral character as well as the intellect; and the spirit in which the work was undertaken was exceedingly liberal. While the University was founded by men of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and has been dominated by men of that religious faith, no religious restrictions have been placed upon professor or student. Rev. Edward Cooke, A. A/., was elected president in 1852, but did not qualify until the summer of 1853. The first enrollment of students was about 35. In 1853 the cornerstone of the present college building was laid, its dimensions being 120x80 feet, with four stories and a basement. In 1855, from the bequest of the estate of Samuel Appleton of Boston, $10,000 was received, the income from this sum being for the enlargement of the library. About this time a cabinet was established for the collection and preservation of minerals, fossils, shells, maps, diagrams, curiosities, and a well- arranged herbarium. In 1891, the valuable conchological collection of Dr. J. J. Brown of Sheboygan was added, and the same year contributions were made by Hon. John Hicks of archaeological specimens obtained in Peru. In the course of time everything was added to facilitate in making Lawrence University second to none in the west. It was early seen that the original donation of Mr. Lawrence would be inadequate to meet the demands of the growth and development of the institution. In 1853, the trustees, in order to raise $100,000, offered for sale 2,000 scholarships, each of which should entitle the holder perpetually to the tuition of one scholar in the preparatory department or in the college, or both; $50 was the price of each scholarship and $30,000 were pledged on this plan, and this, for a time, met the requirements of the trustees. At differ- ent periods Lawrence University, like most other similar institutions, has been materially aided by the philanthropic. In 1860, Hon. Lee Claflin gave property to the amount of $10,000; in 1885, C. N. Paine 538 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY bequeathed $50,000, which became available in 1891; the estate of William Drown gave $10,000. These were but a few of the many contributing friends of the university. In June, 1889, largely through the gift of D. G. Ormsby of Milwaukee, the beautiful brick and stone structure known as Ormsby Hall, was dedicated. Under the leadership of Prof. L. W. Underwood was completed, in 1901, Underwood Observatory, equipped with modern instruments, the ten-inch aperture telescope being the gift of Philetus Sawyer. Rev. Edward Cooke, was succeeded as president in 1860 by Rev. Russell Zelo'tes Mason, and he in turn by Rev. George McKendree Steele in 1865; Rev. E. D. Huntley in 1879; Rev. B. P. Raymond in 1884; Rev. C. W. Gallagher in 1889; Rev. Samuel Plantz' in 1894 and since occupying the presidency. Rev. William Harkness Sampson was born September 13, 1808, at Brattleboro, Vermont, and died February 5, 1902, at Tacoma, Washington. Educated at Ovid Academy and Genesee Wesleyan Seminary. Accepted the Christian faith when twenty-one, and in 1834 was licensed to preach. In 1842 was transferred to the Rock River Conference and first stationed at Milwaukee. In 1844 was made presiding elder of the Green Bay (subsequently the Fond du Lac) district. Became an educator of note. Taught in public schools of New York State, was principal of Schoolcraft Academy, Michi- gan, and also Carlisle Academy, Indiana. Was one of the original men instrumental in founding Lawrence Institute and its successor, Lawrence University. Was the first principal of the institute and first president of the university. He resumed the ministry and served as presiding elder of the Milwaukee district. In 1838 he was married to Rhoda Beebe and after her death, in 1885, to Mrs. S. Kate Luther. He was a man whose love of his fellow man and the desire to do lasting good, were his principal actuating forces. Edward Cooke, D. D., was the second president of Lawrence University. He was one of the ablest men who ever occupied this position. In 1853, at the age of forty, he became head of the univer- sity, and thus continued for a. period of six years. He came here with the ripe experience of eighteen years in principalship of eastern sem- inaries and in pastorates at Boston and other cities of the east. His lectures, orations and sermons were replete with eloquence and grace. His work here left an indelible impress upon the minds of those with whom he came in contact. Rev. Russell Zelotes Mason, LL. D., was president of Lawrence University from 1859 to 1865. When he came here there was no railroad at Appleton, and he found an indebtedness of $20,000. Through his masterful efforts the indebted- ness was paid off and $20,000 for endowment purposes was procured. He was an able educator, a Christian in all his walks of life and a man of unusual force and character. George McKendree Steele, D. D., LL. D., who died January 14, 1902, was president of Lawrence University from 1865 to 1879. His influence upon the students was unmeasured. No fair and open-minded student-came under his influence without attaining higher ideals. He was, perhaps, the ablest instructor in the university during his time. Elias DeWitt HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 539

Huntley, D. D., LL. D., during his presidency of Lawrence Univer- sity, from 1879 to 1883, accomplished much good in raising the standard of education and in directing toward the university a large fund for its use and betterment. His health broke under the strain of the administration, but he lived to rejoice in the successes which crowned the later years of the life of the institution which occupied a warm spot in his affections. Dr. Charles W. Gallagher, D. D., was a native of Boston, Massachusetts, and of early New England ances- try. He was graduated from Chelsea High school in 1865 and from the Wesleyan University in 1870. Prior to entering the Methodist ministry he was principal of the Austin Academy at Austin, Nevada. He was a preacher of the Methodist faith in Connecticut, New York and Massachusetts, and served as presiding elder from 1887 until 1889. In the latter year he became president oi Lawrence Univer- sity and served until 1893. His work, like that of his predecessors, was for the general good and has contributed in placing Lawrence University among the leading educational institutions of the west. He was an author of note and a man of the highest character and achievements. Samuel Plantz, D. D., Ph. D., president of Lawrence University, was born at Grovesville, New York, June 13, 1859, son of James and Eliza Plantz. Parents moved to Wisconsin in 1860. Samuel attended public schools of Rock county, Milton College and in 1880 was graduated from Lawrence University with the B. of A. degree; then took a three-years' course in the theological department of Boston University, winning the S. T. B. degree of that institution. In 1886 was graduated fromn the School of All Science of Boston University with the Ph. 1). degree. In 1890-91 studied at Berlin, Germany. Served as a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church for a number of years. Married Myra Goodwin September 16, 1885, and has two daughters, Elsie and Florence. Became president of Lawrence University in 1894 and has since served as such. Was one of the organizers of the Epworth League. Is a member of Victoria Institute, London; Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, and is the Wisconsin State Director of Religious Assocition of Amer- ica. Was appointed a. trustee of the $10,000,000 fund established by Andrew Carnegie for pensioning retired college professors. The public school system of Appleton had its origin in the fall of 1851, when the town of Grand Chute was organized into a school district, known as No. 1. W. S. Warner was first clerk. It was determined to have a free school in the winter of 1851-2. Daniel Huntley was put in charge of this school-in a rude building at Oneida street and College avenue. He taught singing school, in the evenings. He was paid $28 per month and boarded himself. He had' about 60 pupils. Rev. W. H. Sampson was their town superintendent of schools. The city, and therefore the schools, grew from three points-Grand Chute, Appleton and Lawesburg.. The latter took advantage of the university school, but the former founded a new district in 1852, which afterward became the Third district. James Gilmore was the first teacher, in a building at Lawrence and Elm 540 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY streets. Joseph Rork succeeded Mr. Huntley in 1853-4. The first woman teacher was Mary Hillard, in 1853-4. A school house was built on the site of the old Hercules, which burned in 1854. Mr. Whitman, as teacher and superintendent, served eleven years; Mr. Conkey served as superintendent twelve years; Mr. Schmidt was principal for fourteen years; Mr. Burke worked as as- sistant six years and as principal more than a. dozen years. Emma E. Bailey served in the schools twenty-two years; Annette C. Purdy served twenty-one years; Bertha A. Strong served twenty years and others for long periods. "In respect to schools Appleton is more highly favored than any of its sister towns. In addition to three excellent common schools, we have a high school and the Lawrence University; all of which are amply supported. The university now has some seventy or eighty students. The main college buildings will be erected during the ensuing summer and fall. . . The high school, under the charge of Rev. Jabez Brooks, was designed to fill a vacuum which by many was felt to exist."-(Crescent, February 17, 1853.) The Brooks I-igh school was taught in Presbyterian hall. The apportionment of school money for this county, as reported by the state superintendent in the spring of 1853, was as follows: Ellington, $16.20; Freedom, $45.90; Greenville, $18; Grand Chute, $144; Hortonia, $32.85; Kaukauna, $138.15; Lansing, $15.75; total, $410.85. The High school closed the spring term in 1853 with a literary exhibition. "Caution.--All persons are cautioned against- purchasing of the Lawrence University lots on any portion of the 'Thirty-one Acre Tract' situated between the village plats of Appleton and Lawesburg, as the said university has no right or authority to convey the same. -George W. Lawe, Appleton, June 4, 1853." "The brick for the college is now being hauled into town from the brickyard about two and one-half miles distant. The college contract calls for 400,000; the outer walls and main subdivisions being built of stone."-(Crescent, July 16, 1853.) By January, 1854, Lawrence University had already furnished over twenty teachers for the commlon schools in this and. other counties. This fact was fully appreciated by the early pioneers be- cause of the lack of competent and experienced teachers in the settlement. So rapidly grew the attendance at the university that the leading hotels of the town were transformed into boarding houses. The Edgarton, Crescent and National hotels were thus transformed into dormitories for the students. Bowen's hotel was destroyed by fire. It was now declared that a new hotel was needed in Appleton by the traveling public. "The Eclipse.-President Cooke has erected a large telescope on the college grounds and many will take a good look at the sun this Friday afternoon."- (Crescent, May 27, 1854.) Late in April, the number of students registered at Lawrence University was 207, an increase of forty over the preceding term. "The state university, with the power, influence and money of the HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 541 state to support it, cannot show one-sixth as many students, and as to 'the literary reputation of the two institutions, it is only necessary to remark that the Lawrence University is universally acknowledged to be much superior to any high school, college or university in the western states."-(Crescent, April 13, 1854.) In June, it was announced that the building for another colle- giate department of the university would be commenced immediately and completed in about twelve months. Already stone was on the ground. The site selected was ten or fifteen rods north of College avenue and opposite the new college. The capstone of Lawrence University was laid May 27, amidst the cheers of a large crowd and the inspiring strains of the Appleton Saxhorn band. The cornerstone of this building was laid eleven months before. On July 28, the schools of Appleton assembled in the grove near the central school house under the direction of their teachers, Miss Marian Ellis and Miss Myra Boynton and duly celebrated the day. The former had in charge 126 scholars and the latter over 50. These teachers acquitted themselves during the past year entirely to the satisfaction of parents and pupils. The exercises were conducted under the direction of Joseph Rork, superintendent of the town of Grand Chute. Rev. Elmore Yocum delivered the principal address. Prof. James M. Phinney read a communication from Samuel Ryan, Jr., who had been invited to speak, but could not attend. The picnic dinner was all that could be desired and gave great satisfaction to the children. By the middle of July, the chapel of the university was nearly finished and on the following Sunday was occupied for the first time. In August, the two district schools of Appleton gave a cele- bration, on which occasion 150 children were present and marched to the grove, where they enjoyed 'a picnic dinner prepared by the ladies. The central village school numbered 126 scholars. At this time there were three district schools in the villages. In October, 1854, it was announced that 220 students were in attendance at the university. Accessions were afterwards made from day to day until there were about 250 in attendance. It was boasted by the Crescent that the faculty of the university was undoubtedly the ablest in the state. It was stated that if the finances of the insti- tution could be made sufficient, the growth would be still greater. From the report of the state superintendent of 1855 it is learned that there were in Outagamie county 23 school districts and five partial districts reported in 1854. There were reported by the clerk a total of 1,245 students between the ages of four and twenty years. The number between those ages attending county schools was 871. This was considered a large percentage for a backwoods county. The average wages paid male teachers was $19.81; female teachers, $10.94. The amount of money received for school pur- poses was $2,121.95. There was expended for wages of teachers, $1,432.87; value of school houses, $2,710. The amount appropriated in 1853 was $410.85; in 1854, $702. It was realized that this report 542 HISTOtY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY was not as full an account as it might be, and therefore only approxi- mately correct. At this date the number of students attending the university was over 300. At the election for officers of the Second Ward school district in September, 1855, John F. Johnston was chosen director, Winfield Scott clerk, and Perry HI. Smith treasurer. The district finances were in excellent condition. A special tax was voted to pay teachers, and school the coming year was to be taught ten months, five months by a male teacher with a female assistant, and five months by two female teachers. The sum of $30 was allowed for contingent ex- penses. Two Webster's unabridged dictionaries were ordered bought for $80. The school children in this district numbered 226. The legislature authorized the school districts of Appleton and vicinity to unite with District 6 in the erection of a large scho,ol house and the establishment of a union school. In May, 1856, J. S. Prescott and Rev. W. H. Sampson were engaged in a spirited controversy in the columns of the Northwestern Christian Advocate concerning the business methods of the Lawrence University!` In their discussion these reverend gentlemen used ex- tremely plain language. The Crescent said: "As both are ultra-abo- litionists, the public will feel relieved. Such abolitionists must be forever quarrelling about something, so it is better for the people of the community that they should amuse the crowd by nlllaking mouths at each other." The Second ward school house was. commlenced in the fall, was soon completed two stories high, was built of brick and cost $3,000. A tax of $2,000 was previously voted for its construction. In the fall the school officials of the First ward of Appleton were as follows: Director, Joseph Stowe; treasurer, R. R. Bateman; clerk, J. M. Steb- bins Second ward: Director, T. M. McCaughey; treasurer, P. White; clerk, Anson Ballard. In October, M. L. Martin and Edgar Conklin of Green Bay, and Anson Ballard, Edward West and A. B. Jackson of Appleto3, were elected trustees of Lawrence University. The election of these mene meant that new efforts would be made to place the university on a. better financial basis. Late in 1856, what was called the "Cling neighborhood," in Appleton, made prepara- tions to build a new school house for their own use. They previously occupied a poor structure which did good service, but which was now out of date and a better one was demanded. In December, it was announced that Outagamie county con- tained twenty-five schools, with several more il process of erection. "This speaks well for a county only six years old." In February. 1857, the First ward school house, a building which cost about $600 but was worth much less, took fire and burned to the ground during the night. It was an unsightly edifice and a. blot on a beautiful part of the village, and its destruction was not seriously regretted. Early this year the authorities of Lawrence University made preparations to erect a new building adjacent the college, to be used by the females in attendance. It was announced that $25,000 would have to be raised by subscription. The previous building occupied by the HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 543 ladies had recently been destroyed by fire. After the destruction of the first building the young ladies recited in the main building, while rooms for them were secured in adjacent residences. The new building was known as the preparatory department building. Luck- ily, when the building burned, all the young ladies who had rooms therein were at church and therefore no lives were lost. The build- ing, except its stone basement, was of wood. The students lost about $700 worth of clothing, goods, etc. "The real estate owned by Law- rence University was exempt from general taxation. In the spring of 1857 the trustees of the university platted and recorded an academy block in the Second ward and sold several lots. A portion of the block was reserved for university purposes. The Normal Institute was located thereon, but this block was not reserved. It was duly taxed, whereupon the county board, in order to free the university, appropriated a sufficient amount to pay the tax on the property. Late in July, the citizens of Appleton proposed to raise a. sub- scription of $10,000 with which to endow a chair of civil engineering in Lawrence University. At the first meeting they subscribed over $3,000. Other new chairs were to be endowed and the Methodists throughout Wisconsin were expected to raise the necessary funds. About the middle of August, the Second ward school house, the bank building, and the county office building, all large brick structures, were nearly completed. In addition, large buildings were in process of construction by Adkins, Parrish, Blood, Carhart, Phinney and others. It was proposed to open Bingham & MTcillan's large stone quarry during the winter of 1857-8. Builders w\ere wait- ing this event because they needed the stone. There was complaint over the condition of the school territory within the corporate limits. Neglect to appoint a. city superintendent had ruled, and the separation of the city from the town left pa'rts of school districts lying in both sections. A re-organization of the city school districts was demanded. There was too much.politics in: school affairs, it was declared. The Crescent stated that political trick- sters were handling the city school affairs much to their own profit and advantage. The following were the school directors of Appleton in 1857: First ward: Director, Isaac Beidlerrma:; clerk, T .. Hudd: treasurer, Wait Cross. Second ward: Director, T. M. MIcCo.uglhey; ,clerk, Anson Ballard; treasurer, Peter White. Third ward: I)irector, L. L. Hulce; clerk, John Bonner; treasurer, George Rlor-k. It was stated in April, 1858, that schools and school houses were then to be found in every neighborhood in Outagamie county. Even in neighborhoods where the settlement was almost wholly of foreigll- ers, schools had been started and usually school houses had been built. In the spring of 1859 the new school library law was'.-Iput in operation in this county. The various towns made little effort to raise money to purchase books that should serve as a start for the library. At this date Lyman C. Draper was state superintendent of schools. Miss H. A. Carroll opened a select school in the First ward in a building situated at the corner of Washington and Union streets. The term was advertised to be twelve weeks in length, and 544 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY the tuition $3 per term. This school was for small children. It was started to supply the want of a building which had been destroyed by fire. The First ward was at this time without a schoolhouse and Miss Carroll undertook to supply the want by starting a select school. Work on the Second ward schoolhouse in 1859 languished and a special meeting was called to adopt measures to finish the building; the increased attendance demanded the completion of the structure. During the summer of 1859 the ward schools held extra terms of fourteen weeks and 121 scholars were enrolled. Two facts were brought out at this time, viz.: that the parents showed greater inter- est in the schools than ever before and ,ma.ny of the scholars attended constantly during the term. In July Prof. R. Z. Mason was chosen acting president of Lawrence University by -the board *of that institution. Governor Randall was president of the board of trustees at that time. Aside from the lack of cash capital the university was in better condition at this date than ever before. It had a better faculty and a better curriculum than at any previous time in its history. In July it was intimated that Appleton should have a high school. It was suggested that the different wards should unite in a union system with graded schools in order that the city could organize from all a high school for advanced pupils. About the middle of November the second story of the Second ward schoolhouse was com- pleted. This building was now pronounced one of the best school structures in the state. The building was used during the winter of 1859-60 for a high school; one of the first in this portion of the state. A teachers' institute was held in Appleton commencing October 10, 1859, and was continued for one week. The meetings were held in the College chapel. Various educational questions were discussed and the professors of the university every day gave addresses to the assembled teachers. The institute, though the first, was pronounced a success.- Each day a different chairman presided, Professor Powers being the first. J. J. Fuller served as secretary for all the meetings. A. J. Craig of Palmyra lectured on "Our Common School System." C. H. Allen spoke on the subject of common schools. Messrs. Loomis. Davies and Seaman were a committee to select question for public debate. At the second meeting topics in arithmetic were explained. Mr. Gaylord of the Oshkosh high school spoke on school government. This day a class in grammar was conducted by one of the professors of the University. Professor Mason addressed the institute on school government. On the second day Mr. Davies read an essay on teachers' institutes which was well received. Mr. Allen conducted a class in geography. The subject of spelling classes was discussed by the institute. Dr. Brainard, chancellor of the State University spoke on the subject of public instruction. 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HtISTORY OF OUT-AGAMIE COUNT'Y 545 grammar, etc. The exercises were interesting and instructive, and at its close the first institute was pronounced a success. 'Our Second ward school will bear comparison with that of any city in this famous state of schools. The First ward is erecting a handsome and spacious edifice. The Third ward will soon follow this elaborate example; then Appleton means to challenge all Wisconsin to excel her in educational facilities.'-Motor, July 1860.) Early in August, 1860, Mrs. Burt opened the second term of' her select school in Appleton. B. 1K. Seaman was superintendent of the First ward public school. He was a graduate of the New York State Normal School. The Second ward public school was: superintended by Prof. J. F. Fuller, who had been previously at the head of similar institutions elsewhere. By September the new First ward schoolhouse was nearly completed. It was about 30 by 40 feet in the clear inside and was capped with a steeple. It was built with a large basement to be used if necessary for furnaces and ultimately for heating with hot air. The cost of the building completed was estimated 'at $2,000. Bates and Williamson were the builders. This insignificant building was regarded as an imposing structure in those days. In the First ward school district in the fall of 1860 a tax of $1,200 was voted for the ensuing year; of this amount $200 was to, be used to furnish seats or desks for the new building. It was determined to hold schools nine months during the year. An inter- mediate department was added at this time. The new house was one of the handsomest in this portion of the state. The children of this district numbered about 250; in the Second ward school district a tax of $700 !was voted in 1860; of this sum $400 was required for teachers' wages. It was announced that school would be kept ten months. There were primary, intermediate and grammar depart- ments. The number of school children in this district was 535. In the First ward school in December, 1860, the higher depart- ment had 47 scholars and the primary 68. The latter was under the supervision of Watson Seaman, a young man of Appleton. In March, 1861, Dr. Edward Cooke, who had so long served as president of Lawrence University and who had greatly endeared himself to the students and the citizens, resigned the presidency in order to take up arduous duties in another field connected with the Methodist church. Resolutions deploring his departure were passed by the students and by the citizens in several meetings. At the August session of the board of trustees of Lawrence University, Professor Mason was unanimously re-elected president. This action met with the approval of the students and citizens. "General Appleton Dead.-This distinguished citizen died on the 5th inst. He had been considered one of the most liberal wealthy men of the country. He gave $10,000 to establish the library of Lawrence University, in consideration of which this' place was named Appleton. His death will be mourned by many throughout the country."- (Crescent, June 8, 1861.) .546 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

In the spring and summer of 1863 the students of the university formed bodies and made great improvements in beautifying the grounds. They set out trees, cleared away the rubbish and leveled down the ridges. It was not generally known to the people that in Outagamie county there were large tracts of forfeited school lands which could be secured by settlers on very easy terms. These lands comprised many of the best tracts for farming purposes in the county. As soon as it became generally kniown there was a great rush to secure this valuable property. In November, 1862, Mr. Gerrits, county superintendent of schools, furnished the following statistics: Outagamie county was divided into 64 school districts and 6 parts of districts; it had 20 log schoolhouses, 37 frame schoolhouses and one brick schoolhouse. The lowest valuation of any one of the buildings was $10, the highest (in Appleton) was $5,500; the total valuation 'of all school- houses in the county was $19,313. The number of school children over four and under twenty years -of age was 3,982. Appleton reported 953 children, Bovina 110, Buchanan 137, Center 174, Dale 235, Ellington 273, Freedom 313, Grand Chute 396, Greenville 494, Hortonia 318, Kaukauna 367, Liberty 54, Maple Creek 107, Osborn 31. There was an average of about 57 school children to each school district. The average monthly wages paid to male teachers was $22.88, to female teachers $13.63. The amount received for teachers', wages was $4,885. The amount received fdr erecting schoolhouses was $1,877. There were 13 schoolhouses without blackboards and 40 without outline maps. The district school libraries numbered 282 volumes, of which 187 were loaned out during the year. The superintendent reported that although many of the teachers had resigned and gone to the army their places had been filled without serious injury to the schools. He stated that school boards were co-operating with him in securing better conditions and facilities. Persons licensed to teach in Outaganie County in 1862: Hortonia--John D. Axtell, A. F. Tucker, J. D. Van Vleck, John Ross, R. W. Logan, Miss C. A. Sperry, Miss M. F. Waterman, Miss Rosanna Jack, Miss O. M. Whitman, Miss Julia Kelsey, Miss McMurdo and Miss Sarah E. Clark. Maple Creek-H. S. Lyon, Miss Margaret Stewart, Miss Mary J. Spence and Miss Jane Houston. Stephensville-S. L. Main,'A. G. Ware, Miss J. A. Barclay, Miss Kate-' Hammond, Miss Alestia Gurney, Miss Ellen Kethroe, Miss E. H. Ware and Miss Melissa L. Hoskins. Grand Chute-Clarence A. Heath, Miss Flora A. Broggins, Miss Celia L. Earle, Miss' Effie L. Robinson, Miss L. M. Scarboro and Miss A. 0. Lanphear. Freedom-Miss E. E. Wolcott, Miss Josie B. Marston and Miss Permelia J. Fashway. Little Chute-John Jannsen and Mr. Smith. Appleton-J. F. Fuller, B. K. Seamani, R. W. Seaman, Milo Bloomer, J. L. Bloomer and Misses M. A. Pratt, L. A. Sanborn. A. B. Sherwood, A. E. Aiken, E. L. and H. A. Bates, A. E. Talcott, HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE C(OUNTY 547

N. M. Phelps, Hattie and Helen Merriman, Carrie White, H. C. and Emily Beach, N. A. Gilbert, M. S. Galpin, E. S. Lanphear and E. L. McNeill. Five of the persons secured their educations in the Second ward school, Appleton, under the instruction of J. F. Fuller. Early in 1864 Superintendent Driscoll visited every school district throughout the county and endeavored to secure a uniformity in methods and classification. In this he was assisted by the teachers. Late in March the county superintendent made a full report .on the condition of the schools in the county. He stated that there was a total of 68 schoolhouses attended by 2,994 pupils during 1863. In the 68 schoolhouses 47 schools were taught by female teachers during the past winter with a success equal if not superior to those taught by men. He regarded as unjust that such wom'en should be paid less than men for the same services. He spoke particularly of the excellence of the.schools taught by Messrs. Cooke and Boggins, and by Miss Whitman, Miss Blaizdell of Hortonville, Miss Scarboro and Miss Lanphear of Grand Chute, and Miss Webb of Appleton. He pronounced these schools excellent. He said that the greatest hindrances to the advancement of the schools of the county were, first, a multiplicity -of textbooks; second, ill-furnished and incommo- dious schoolhouses; third, the frequent change of teachers; fourth, the irregularity of attendance; fifth, neglect of visitation, and sixth, multiplicity of -cheap teachers-those who taught for the money and cared little or nothing for the advancement of the pupils. In July this county contained 4,220 school children between the ages of 4 and 20 years. It was noted at this time that there was a preponderance of young women over young men, and it was presumed that this was caused by the enlistment of so many young men in the army. The county superintendent in August announced that there would be held a teachers' institute in this county during the fall in order to give teachers an opportunity of improving themselves for the winter schools. All were requested to attend in order to fit themselves more fully for their duties as instructors. The county board at the August session passed a resolution recommending the act passed August, 1863, in relation to the city's being exempt from the county under the county school superintendent system. The teachers of the county assembled in September and were examined and drilled by Col. J. G. McMinn, agent of the State Normal school board. The exercises proved efficient and instructing. The session continued for one week and all the better teachers of the county were present. Lectures on educational subjects by promi- nent educators were delivered in the college chapel to the assembled teachers. The county superintendent in his report in October, 1864, stated that he believed no county in the state could boast of a corps of teachers that gave such universal satisfaction during the past season as the teachers in this county. The schools were largely conducted by females owing to the fact that the young men in the county had 548 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

mostly enlisted in the army. He spoke particularly of Miss O. M. Whitman of Iortonville, and stated that she had worked a complete revolution in the schools of that village. He also named Miss 0. A. 'Lanphear, Miss M. Phelps, Miss C. Calhoun, Miss Tichnor and Miss Weed of Appleton; also Miss L. Scarbourgh, Miss Barns and Miss MI. Pearson of Grand Chute. All of these teachers he recommended highly and said their schools were far above the average. He reported that there were very few school libraries in the county, and complained about the irregularity of attendance and the attempts to teach sectarianism in the schools. He stated that the latter question was a delicate one, but that sooner or later he believed all religious instruction would have to be excluded from the public schools. A special meeting of the board of education called by J. F. Fuller, city superintendent of Appleton, was held in the council chamber April 24, 1865. The meeting was called for the purpose of adopting uniform textbooks to be used in the public schools. After deliberation the following list was agreed upon: Wilson's readers to the fourth reader, Robinson's arithmetics, Monteith and MicNally's geographies, Quackenboss's Five Lessons in Composition, Clark's grammar. At this and subsequent meetings it was determined to hold three terms of school each year in Appleton. Among the reso- lutions adopted were the following: "The morning exercises of each department shall commence with the reading of the scriptures without word of comment, and that exercise may be followed by repeating the Lord's prayer and by appropriate singing." In 1865 Miss 0. Lanphear was teacher in district No. 7, town of Grand Chute. She had taught a year and gave general satisfaction. Miss H. Johnson taught in district No. 5, same town. In the town of Buchanan, Miss Mary Phelps. taught in district No. 6. and Miss Clark in district No. 3. County Superintendent C. Driscoll reported in April, 1865, that during the past winter he had visited every school except two or three in the county, and found they surpassed'his most sanguine hopes. Parents took a deeper interest; teachers were better prepared and more efficient; children showed more interest and advanced with greater.rapidity, and the petty quarrels of the neighborhoods over school affairs had almost wholly subsided. The superintendent expatiated on the efficiency of the teachers of the county. What he particularly noticed was the fact that they had a graded system and a better classification of studies and had separated children of different ages and qualifications. He spoke particularly of the schools taught by C. Cooke in the town of Greenville, Philo Root in the town of Dale, Miss Whitney in the village of Hortonville, the Misses Earle, L. Lanphear, Heath, Webb and Scarboro in the city of Appleton. He complained that the school libraries were still missing and urged that they should be commenced in every district at the earliest possible moment. He lamented that in two schools sectarianism had spoiled the sessions during the winter. He stated that the trouble was caused by the teacher introducing his or her own religious opinion in the schoolroom. He insisted that this was HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 549 beyond the province of a teacher and requested that such conduct should cease in the future. A school for the education of the Catholics was opened in the Third ward of Appleton in September. They made immediate prep- arations at this time to build a schoolhouse near the church. The attendance of this school within a few weeks reached over one hun- dred. At this time also the Catholics made preparations to double the capacity of their church by enlarging it. It was stated that not more than one-half of the congregation could be accommodated with seats. There was a great demand in November for school teachers who were competent and who would remain permanently in the county. Too many school boards were obliged to import teachers whose capacity were wholly unknown, or else to employ local men or women who had not received suitable training. "Our opinion is unchanged as to the inexpediency of the Agri- cultural College scheme. We prefer to ask Congress for authority to transfer the agricultural grant to the school fund. Farmers, like other people, prefer to educate their sons at colleges of their own denomination or location preferably. A state institution of the, kind will not, from the very nature of things, prove a success, but cer- tainly will entail a yearly expense of twenty to thirty thousand dol- lars upon tax payers. It will be cheaper to support the dubious faculty out of the poor fund of their respective localities."-(Cres- cent, January 27, 1866.) In the spring of 1866 J. F. Fuller, superintendent of the city schools, reported 135 pupils enrolled in District No. 1 in Appleton, in District No. 2 there were 184, in District No. 3 there were 92, and in District No. 4 there were 36. The per cent of daily attendance was very low, varying from 73 per cent to 87 per cent. The teachers in District No. 1, were'A. F. Cleveland and M. N. Hill; in District No. 2, Mrs. H. H. Bacon, L. M. Whittlesey and M. J. Walker; and in District No. 3, G. E. Stowe and A. B. Sherwood; and B. M. Strom in the 4th District. Later Miss E. J. Damon succeeded A. F. Cleve- land, and Miss J. E. Kinney succeeded Mr. G. E. Stowe. The city superintendent of schools of Appleton issued a state- ment in June, showing that the number of scholars in attendance during the first term of the school year was 526; the second term, 547, and the third term, 529; the percentage of attendance was only 72 in the first and second terms and 85 in the third. The number of visitors in the first term was 171; in the second term, 260, and in the third term, 640. The annual school meetings were held in every ward of Apple- ton late in August. In the First ward the citizens voted $1,500 for wages, etc.; in the Second ward the citizens voted $1,650 for wages and incidentals; in the Third ward they voted $960. This ward was scored by the newspapers for not building a respectable brick schoolhouse costing from $6,000 to $8,000. In the Fourth ward the tax voted was $410; this was a small ward and needed no large amount. 550 I-ISTORY O OFOUTAGAMIE COUNTY In the fall of 1866, John Stephens, county superintendent, took definite steps to improve the condition of the schoolhouses of the county. Many seats were too narrow; others had no backs, and he demanded improvement in these respects. He insisted that desks suitable to write upon should be procured for each schoolhouse in the county. He stated that they could be so arrang6d that the front of one desk would serve as the back of another. He noted that not one in five of the children who attended the summer schools was advanced beyond reading, spelling and mental arithmetic. He asked that better teachers and severer drill should be provided for the sum- mer schools. He suggested many improvements in the methods of teaching and recommended a general increase of wages paid to teachers. IHe further stated that it was his desire to improve the qualifications of teachers generally in the county. He announced a teachers' Normal Institute to be held in Appleton in October. At this time he also published his dates to appear in different parts of the county for the purpose of examining teachers. In the fall the teachers in Appleton were: S. J. Damon, M. A. Borroughs, H. H. Bacon, L. M. Whittlesey, M. J. Walker, J. E. Kenney, A. R. Green and Elizabeth Walker. The number of scholars in attendance in all the four wards of the city was 451, and the per cent of attendance varied from 70 to 90. During the term 375 visitors saw the.schools in operation. At a special meeting of the citizens of the Third ward of Apple- ton in September, they voted almost unanimously to build a brick schoolhouse to cost about $6,500. They appointed a committee to select a new and ample location for the new house. James Gillmore, S. M. Barker and Alexander Ross were this committee. Their ap- pointment, it was said, meant the success'of the undertaking. The county superintendent, Mr. Stephens, 'was charged with being too strict and exacting; had spoken ill of many good teachers; had unjustly charged others with incompetency, etc. These charges had become quite general. A card was published in the Crescent and Post signed by twenty-eight of the best teachers in the county, denying the charges and speaking highly of his services as super- intendent. They said among other things, "We have seen him at his institutes laboring from morning till evening and during the evening, sick or well, from day to day and week to week, his whole soul absorbed in the improvement of the members and after having given two months of his time for our good' and the good of the schools, receiving nothing in the way of compensation, not even being willing that he should make public our thanks for his service. He has introduced improvements into the schools of this county which, when they shall have been fully carried into effect by the teachers, will double the efficiency of teachers-improvements which we be- lieve would not have been introduced by any other superintendent. He has clothed the noble profession of teaching with a dignity and importance far greater than it had appeared to us before to possess, and if there is anything good in our teaching he is entitled to much of the credit for it. After having done all this with but a meager, HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 551 nay, niggardly salary, it pains us to hear him charged with a design to speculate on the school books of the county." It was noted in March, 1867, that the Second ward schoolhouse in Appleton was filled to overflowing with children and that a separate building for the primary department was imperatively needed. The assessed valuation of the property in the ward was about $300,000, equivalent to a real valuation of $900,000. There was thus no reason why the ward should not have, if necessary, a schoolhouse costing $15,000. Talk of a high school was indulged in at this date. Many believed it should be started immediately. There was some talk of using the old Second ward schoolhouse tem- porarily for a high school. The Teachers' Institute held at Kaukauna under the supervision of County Superintendent Stephens ended its session early in April, 1867. The examination of teachers commenced on the 4th and con- tinued until the 6th. The session was an excellent one, there being many teachers in attendance and every day the exercises were in- teresting and instructive. The teachers were aware of the fact that in many of the common schools the method of instruction failed to awaken properly the minds of the pupils and that they cared tittle whether they attended or not. Mr. Stephens was given great credit for arousing these dormant conditions of the mind through his methods of instruction shown teachers at the institute. In July, 1867, Prof. H. A. Jones was elected city superintendent for the ensuing year over J. F. Fuller, incumbent. The Crescent urged the new superintendent to revise the blue laws which had crept into the, school rules of the city and to obliterate those which perhaps violated the constitution and laws of the state. Evidently this was int6nded to apply to colored children who were sent to the public schools. The teachers in Appleton in June, 1867, were- M. Richardson, M. Burrows, H. H. Bacon, L. M. Whittlesey, M. J. Walker, C. Bailey, A. R. Green, E. A. Fitch. The total attendanue, at the spring term was 543; the average daily attendance was 79; per cent; total number of visitors was 444. Four departments; were) greatly reduced in attendance owing to the prevalence of a Wco- tagious disease. In 1867 the citizens of Appleton taxed tllemselves for the sup- port of public schools in the sum of $10,885.81. This expenditure did not include the amount received from the state. Still rmany' children, it was noted, did not attend school at all. It was suggested! that a law compelling parents to send their children to school wouldi be a good move in Appleton. The legislature passed an act requiring all district school boards to secure a series of school books on or be-- fore the first of June, which books should not be changed for three? years. The act also prohibited the county superintendent from offi- ciating as school book agent or peddler. The Outagamie County Teachers' Associationi met at the school house in Hortonville in December at 10 o'clock in the forenoon. The proceedings began with an address by the president, Lynan J. Nash, followed by an essay by Miss A. A. Stevens. Then came a dis- 552 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY cussion on various educational topics, followed by more addresses, essays and general discussions. John Stephens was chairman of the executive committee and J. Hicks, secretary. The Teachers' Association which met at Hortonville late in January. 1868, was attended by the usual large number. The prin- lcilpal question discussed was that of corporal punishment. Those who took part in the debate were Messrs. Hardaker, Logan, McStay and Gardener. An essay was read by Miss E. A. Stevens In the afternoon T. H. Earle addressed the teachers and was followed by Miss Addclie Works with an essay. A. general discussion followed in regard to suggested school subjects. The Teachers' Institute of the county was held at the courthouse •at Appleton in October, 1868. The meeting was called to order by ISuperintendent Brothers, a.nd officers were elected as follows: Prof. J. M. Phinney, conductor of exercises; J. M. Stephens, secretary; J. P. Waldron, treasurer. One of the first questions discussed was: ."Should physical culture be introduced in our schools?" This lead tto a spirited debate. The next day, "Should Rewards and Prizes be .Given for the Best Scholarship?" was discussed by six or eight of. the teachers present. During the forenoon of the first day Mr. Buchanan of the Appleton Post entertained the speakers with an instructive speech, for which he received their thanks. Professor Jones of the Lawrence University gave a profound talk on the elementary founda- tions of the English language. Later, exercises in reading, vocal ilmusie, spelling, etc., were conducted. Another question discussed was: "'S'hould Corporal Punishment be Used in Our Public Schools?" 'This created a lively debate. Another question was: "How can TWhispering Be Abolished in Our Schools?" Another was, "What Is the Best Method of Teaching History, Arithmetic, Grammer, Etc., In the Common Schools?" The question, "Should Public Exhibi- -ions Be Introduced In Our Common Schools," showed a difference ,of opinion among those present. The Institue was addressed by Dr. -R. Z. Mason and Dr. J. M. Steele. "The Good of Our Schools," was the subject of an essay. This proved to be one of the most interesting sessions of the institute ever held in the county. There was a large .attendance and great good was accomplished. During the early fall there was considerable discussion in Outa- gamie county concerning the schoolbooks used throughout the county. It was noted that many outrageous swindles concerning schoolbooks had been perpetrated upon a confiding public and an investigation, it was believed, would result in sending a number of the swindlers to the penitentiary. The prices were altogether too high, and it was alleged that school officers perhaps were interested in the sale of some particular book. A reform in this regard was demanded. The teachers in Appleton in the winter of 1868-9 were: M. Rich- ardson, M. Burroughs, Mirs. H. H. Bacon, ,M. E. Rork, E. Walker, N. J. Walker, C. N. Bailey, E. Preston, F. A. Bailev and 0. W. Pond. The entire number of scholars enrolled in the city was 1,723; the. average per cent of attendance was 79; number of visitors 373. HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 553

The school tax in the city of Appleton in 1866 was $6,123. In 1867 it was $9,111. In 1868 it was $4,783. It turned out that the levy for 1868 was too small by $3,895, which shortage was made up by the tax of 1869. The act of March 11, 1869, consolidated all the school districts and parts of districts of the city of Appleton into one district and the directors of the several districts were lmade members of the board' of education until April, 1870, when one school commissioner for each ward and a city superintendent for the whole city was to be elected. This act made full and ample provision for the new order of school affairs. The commissioners and the superintendent were styled the "board of education" and were constituted a corporate body. By this act Appleton was exempted from the provisions of the act creating the office of counfty superintendent of common schools approved April 6, 1861. In 1869 an act in relation to the co-mmon schools of Appleton passed in 1869 was repealed anld sub-chapter 10 entitled "public school system" was revived anld re-enacted. All state and county school moneys belonging to the common schools of Appleton on hand was ordered apportioned to the various city school districts; also all moneys raised by taxation for 1869 and 1870 yet unexpended was ordered paid to the several school districts of the city in proportion to the taxable property of each. The several school districts were -reorganized as they were before the repeal. In January, 1869, the school children in the Second ward num- bered about 800, and had greatly outgrown the capacity of the build- ings then standing. There were two schoolhouses, but both were full to overflowing. The ward was growing rapidly and it was real- ized that in less than.a year it would contain more than 1,000 chil- dren. Plans for a new building were prepared at once. It was thought that a building to cost at least $2,500 was required to meet present needs and provide for future growth. In the fall the teachers of Appleton were as follows: Mr. Fuller, superintendent; Miss M. Richardson, assistant; Miss M. F. Jones, Miss E. Preston, P. D. Bullock, Misses C. A. Mason. C. Bailey, H. Spencer, F. Bailey, M. Burrows, Mrs. M. P. Whitford, Mr. 0. W. Palm. The salaries of the teachers were as follows; Assistant in granm- mar, $500 per year; first department in ward schools, $450; second and third grade teachers in ward schools, $400. The superintendent's office was in the Central block second floor. In September a county school picnic held on the border between Greenville and Hortonia, was attended by over 800 children. Perrots beautiful grove was filled with the children. There was an immense attendance of adults and all enjoyed a. splendid feast in the deep woods. The following statistics was prepared by the school authorities of Appleton in September, 1869: Total number of residences in city, 748; total number of families residing in 'the city, 811; total lnumbler children between ages 4 and 20, 1,526: total population, 4.093. 554 HISITORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

The county superintendent reported late in February, 1870, that all the schools of the county during the previous year. as a whole, made noble progress. They were in charge of energetic and compe- tent teachers, many of whom strove to keep a high standard and succeeded. But the work of development and classification was nec- essary to be continued. Many new buildings and many old ones improved, appeared during the year. Numerous schools were sup- plied with maps, charts and globes. The superintendent reported that he visited all the schools in the county once, and all but four twice, during the year, and was pleased as a whole with their progress and condition. J. F. Fuller, city superintendent of Appleton, re- ported tt rradical al changesan aade i n thatthe Appleton schools. During 1869 the district lines were obliterated a.nd one district now included the whole city, and was under the direct management of a board of commissioners elected by wards at the same time and in the same manner as other officers. There were four grades: Grammar, first, second and third. When circumsta.nces should warrant, higher- grades and lower grades would be instituted. The aim of the sys- tem wTas to inculcate in the child a love for school duties and attend-- ance, and hence third grade was provided for very small children. In the grammar department were three grades: First, second and third. In addition there were two mixed schools that were not yet graded. There was created a perfect uniformity as regards wages, terms, vacation, text-books, rules, government, etc. Twelve teachers were employed in the city and the pupils enrolled numbered about 800. In February, 1870, there were 83 school districts in the county. 'All but one of these made reports. There were in the county, be- tween the ages of 4 and 20 years, 6,899 children. Of that number 2,251 did not attend school during the year, ninety-five teachers were employed. Male teachers were paid an average of $44 per month; females were paid an average of $28 per month. There were 87 school houses in the county valued at $48,273. The amount of school money received for the county during the year was $36,660; the amount spent was $30,350. Two teachers had first grade certifi- cates; four, second grade; 39, third grade; and 83 teachers were females with third grade certificates. Miss Mary Pratt conducted a private school'in the front room of her residence and had about 30 scholars enrolled in December, 1870; the term was twelve weeks; tuition $3. The Germans of Appleton in 1870 had a separate school in their own language. The school being in debt a fair was held, to which 600 tickets at 25 cents each were sold, for the purpose of clearing the incumbrance. The fair was held at Bertschy hall and was a suc- cess, both socially and financially. Mr. Alexander addressed the audience in German. Singing and supper were excellent. The prizes were interesting. The Appleton Collegiate Institute was incorporated in 1870 by David Smith, George I. Brewster, George C. Jones, James W. Hut- chinson, R. Z. Mason, W. H. Lanphear and Charles L. Fay. The HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 555 object was the education of the youth of both sexes. By fall it was in full operation and popular. In 1870 the state superintendent was authorized to apportion to the town of KIkakauna $72.85 to cover a deficiency. "The opinion is gaining ground that the Appleton Public School System is next to no system at all. In due time the bulk of those who oppose progress in school matters will see their error and wel- come a change for the better. The district system is too antiquated and old foggish for an enterprising people to tolerate in any city."- (Crescent, November 19, 1870.) In July, 1870, A. H. Conkey, a comparatively newcomer in Appleton, was appointed superintendent of city schools. He came highly recommended and was a brother of the well-known and prom- inent Colonel Theodore Conkey. .In the summer Miss M. Burroughs was granted the right to open a select school in the building lately known as the Edgarton I-ouse. It was designed to be a select school during vacation to supply the wants of those children who had been unable to attend at other times during the year. The German Catholic school of the Third ward was also in charge of two Catholic Sisters at this time. It was held in the base- ment of the church and about 90 scholars were in attendance. Eng- lish was taught one-half of the day and German the other half. 'A free German school was taught in the Second ward. This was started by those parents who insisted that their children should have a thor- ough training in the German language. Mr. Myer was the first teacher; he taught both English and German. The County Teachers' Institute was held in the courthouse at' Appleton in April, 1871, there being present from all parts of the county seventy-seven teachers. Robert Graham of Kenosha, agent of the Board of Regents of Normal schools, was present to conduct the exercises. Classes in every branch taught in the county were conducted by competent teachers. The Institute was addressed by General Samuel Fallows, state superintendent; so did Professor Jones of the University. Leading citizens of Appleton spoke to the teachers. County Superintendent Brothers was active and prominent. It was one of the best sessions ever held in the county. A. IH. Conkey, city superintendent, was also active at this session. The number of children between 4 and 20 years, August 31, 1871, was as follows, by wards: First, 294; Second, 646; Third, 456; Fourth, 220; total 1,616; attached was district No. 11 with 30 more. The total increase over 1870 was eleven per cent. In 1872 the old National Hotel property was purchased and prepared for the use of the Collegiate Institute. The city concluded to assist with $5,000 to remodel the building under certain provisos. A workshop and gymnasium were provided. The Teachers Institute of the county met in the Third ward schoolhouse in September, 1873. The following officers were elected: A. H. Conkey, president; H. P. Tormey, vice-president; D. S. Catlin, secretary. Among those to take part, in addition to the'above were Messrs. Smith Barker, Professor Graham, Dr. Land, Strong, Schmidt 556 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY and Misses Strong, Hosford, Bailey, Fitch. Rev. Mr. Tilton spoke on "The Theory and Practice of Teaching.' Numerous model classes in various branches were conducted and criticized. "Citizens of Appleton.-Has not the time fully arrived for the establishment of the Union or general city system of our public schools? Must the old fogy district system continue to prevail just to please a professor or two in our University and a few of its bigoted friends. We suggest to all intelligent thinkers who have the good of the city at heart to sit down and examine the status of our public system and then decide whether the time for a forward and progres- sive movement has not fully come."-(Crescent, June 21, 1873). The Appleton school children between the ages of 4 and 20 years were as follows at this time:

WARD. 1870. 1874. First ward ...... 256 364 Second waracd ...... 596 987 Third ward ...... 421 610 Fourth ward ...... 202 280 Joint District No. 10 ...... 16 39 Joint District No. 11 ...... 20 37

Totals ...... 1,511 2,391

In June, 1875, all four wards were opposed to the proposed Union school proposition. The First ward voted $2,250 for school purposes; the Second voted $7,824; the Third $1,800 and the Fourth $1,400. In all the wards the school year was fixed at nine months. In the Second ward were the Amicus and Hercules schools, "TWe presume that nine-tenths of the opposition to the Union school sys- tem is in consequence of want of knowledge about its workings and benefits."- (Crescent.) Under the charter of 1876 the supervision of public instruction in Appleton was vested in the board of education consisting of the mayor and the director and clerk of each school district- the city superintendent was ex-officio member of the board. In 1876 the Second ward established a high school, the other wards refusing to assist or join the movement. It was made a high school district and thereafter received $500 annually from the state. The following statistics are for the scholastic year ending June 8, 1877:

No. Per Cent of No. No. Pro- DISTRICTS. Pupils. Attendance. Days. motions. Ward 1...... 257 61.8 28,286 126 Ward 2 ...... 793 66.0 94,301 392 Ward 3 ...... 327 67.5 33,945 161 Ward 4 ...... 148 64.0i 17,085 120

Totals...... 1 ...... 176,617 799 HISTORYl OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 557

The enrollment of 1,525 was 194 over thalt of 1876. Superin- tendent Conkey reported that many of the departments were too crowded and imperfectly graded thus crippling the efforts of the teachers and retarding the advancement of the pupils. Five years before this date the school board adopted a set of text-books for the use of the public schools and the period now expired. The superin- tendent recommended that little change should be made in the books. At this date the separate departments numbered 25, with three or four more to be added soon. "The question arises, have not our public schools acquired sufficient importance as a public interest to require the services of a. superintendent for at least one-la.lf of his time. Your rules require him to visit each department once a month; besides he is called upon to take charge of and conduct the various examinations that occur in each department during the year, making an amount of labor which few men could efficiently accom- plish without giving at least half of his time."-(Report of Superin- tendent Conkey.) At this date the Third and Fifth wards corm- posed one school district; the schoolhouse in the Fifth ward was now being finished; it was decided to borrow $1,000 from the state to complete this improvement. The Fourth ward made preparations to- build a new schoolhouse. In March, 1877, there were enrolled in the Amicus school, Ap- pleton, a total of 162 scholars; in the Hercules school 302, and in the High school 113; total enrollment in the Second ward 571. In the Hercules school were seven grades and in the Amicus, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh grades. In the High school were three classes and a commercial department. R. 1-. Schmidt, M. Burk and F. Bowman were the teachers in the High school. In the spring of 1877 0. A. 'Curtis of Lawrence University won the state oratorical contest at the assembly hall, Madison. His theme was "Satan and Mephistopheles." Later he won the interstate con- test with a general average of 88 4-5 per cent. Upon his return here he was-given a magnificent reception. A large procession was formed and was led by the mayor and followed by the fire department, a band, many citizens and the entire student body; the latter lighted bonfires, brought out the old cannon and made it speak often and in a loud voice; in fact, the students, figuratively speaking, upset the whole city. F. W. Harriman, J. B. Murphy, W. P. Verity, George S. Thompson, Margaret L. McCormack, Delia E. Grimes, Lillie E. Turner, Eula Putnam, Emma Mory and Flora Randall were the first graduates of the high school in 1878; Professor Schmidt was principal. In 1878, in the Second ward, Hercules school, there were eight departments and an enrollment of 363. At the Amicus school were four departments and an enrollment of 170. At the Germania school were 2 departments and an enrollment of 106. A committee appointed for the purpose, after investigation, recommended the following school books for Appleton, to be used for five years: Harvey's readers, White's arithmetics and Eclectic 558 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY geographies. The high school board also at this time adopted ned text- books,. Norton's philosophy, Brown's physiology, Andrews' consti- tution, Eclectic geography, Schuyler's algebra and geometry, Thal- heimer's history, White's register and Harvey's grammar. In September, 1878, a school census showed the following con- dition of the schools of Appleton-children between four and twenty years: INCREASE WARDS. ENROLLMENT. IN 1 YEAR. First ...... 408 23 Second ...... 792 14 Third ...... 492 28 Fourth ...... 282 2 Fifth ...... 281 21 Sixth ...... 219 11

Total ...... 2,474 118 The same by school districts was: INCREASE DISTRICTS. ENROLLMENT. IN 1 YEAR. First ...... 408 23 Second ...... 1,011 25 Third ...... 773 48 Fourth ...... 782 21 Total ...... 2,474 118 R. M. LaFollette won the Wisconsin state oratorical contest in 1879. "His production was a remarkable analysis of the character of Iago. It would have been remarkable under any circumstances- a credit to the ablest Shakespearean critic and especially notable to a young student. It showed unusual familiarity with Coleridge, Schlegel and other able commentators and a delicacy of analysis that we look for only in maturity. The Madison Shakespearean essayist, Judge Braley, should confiscate this young man."-Mil- waukee Sentinel, May, 1879.) In 1879 the compulsory school law went into effect. The Fourth ward schoolhouse was burned to the ground in September; a new building was immediately planned to cost $5,000 and com- menced. President Steele having resigned from the presidency of the university, was given a parting banquet, at which mutual regards and regrets were passed. The new Catholic schoolhouse was designed to accommodate about 600 pupils and was finished in December, 1880. It was dedi- cated November 7. Mrs. Jennie B. Dickinson opened a private school in the old National building in September, 1880; tuition $4; for small children. The act of March 24, 1881, provided that all the territory within the corporate limits of Appleton and all territory which might thereafter become a part of the city should constitute one HISTORY OF. OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 559 school district. Two school commissioners were to be chosen in each ward, each to hold office for two years, and together they constituted the board of education. In 1881 a new schoolhouse to cost $10,000 was being erected in District 1. Prof. M. J. Burk was principal. Seven departments or grades were taught here. In District No. 2 plans to build a new house to cost $19,000 were in hand and work was soon commenced. The First and Second wards were coextensive with Districts 1 and 2, but District 2 also embraced the Sixth ward. In this district was the high school under Prof. R. H. Schmidt, principal. The Third and Fourth wards were embraced in District 3; C. W. Greenfield was principal. District 4 was coextensive with the Fourth ward; Prof. A. B. Whitman was principal. Each of the grammar schools had seven grades. The high school principal had three assistants and a teacher of German. In 1881 Mrs. G. C. Jones, Miss Hutchinson and other ladies petitioned the council to establish evening schools. At this time great efforts to change the district system to a union system were made. The city had 2,946 children of school age. The new Second ward schoolhouse was completed in April, 1883. At that time it was undoubtedly one of the finest common school buildings in the state. For the year ending 1883 J. A. Leith, county superintendent, reported as follows: Number of institutes held, one of two weeks; teachers enrolled, 108; three had first grade certificates; three had second grade certificates; and 112 had third grade certificates; average wages of women teachers, $24; of men, $37.24; number of schools, 117; number of schoolhouses in good condition, 83; number of schools with two departments, 5; total number of children of school age, 8,735; money spent on schools, $33,806.75; Appleton was not included in these figures. At this time Mr. Schmidt claimed to be city superintendent of schools, but this was denied by the council. The office was declared vacant and finally A. B. Whitman was elected. The Third ward in 1884 planned a, schoolhouse to cost $20,000; the Third and Fifth wards comprised District 3. The city enroll- ment in 1884-5 was 3,726; in this number were 122 high school students. The County Teachers' Institute in 1884 was a fine success, there being in attendance 76 teachers; they assembled in Ryan high school and listened to expert teachers and participated in valuable professional exercises. This institute continued to be held every year as required by the law of the state. County Superintendent John W. Flanagan reported in No- ,vember, 1885, that the number of school children in the county was 9,594; number who attended school, 4,281; number of schoolhouses. 116; visits by the superintendent, 178; days institute was held, 5: teachers enrolled at the institute, 104; applicants for examination. 247; third grade certificates, 37; second grade certificates, 3; first grade certificates, 2; number certificates issued, 93; teachers' wages. $24,488.55; average wages, male teachers, $65.50; average wages. female teachers, $25.40. The schools were sadly deficient in a.p- 560 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY paratus; generally the schoolhouses were comfortable and well built; the old back-breaking and child-deforming benches were nearly all gone; as a whole the country schools were in good condition.

APPLETON SCHOOL EXPENSES, 1886-7. District No. 1 ...... $6,586.25 District No. 2 ...... 16,563.02 District No. 3 ...... 8,690.10 District No. 4 ...... 5266.30

Total ...... $37.105.67

An industrial exhibition in the Ryan High school building by the scholars was an interesting event in February, 1883--botanical specimens, penmanship, fancy work, carpentry, art work, models of buildings. Professor Stewart opened the exhibition and City Super- intendent Whitmean addressed the children. Judge Ryan and Rev. Mr. Faville spoke also. In 1886 Miss Bell conducted a. kindergarten and had quite a large attendance; her school was encouraged by the board of educa- tion. The city school population in 1886 was 4,070. The report of county school superintendent in November, 1887, was notable in many respects, he said, "Let me say that I deem our public schools in very poor condition, attributable to ignorance, in- difference, selfishness and hostility, and with regret I do admit that unless there is a revival of interest or a general uprising of enthusiasm in behalf of our public school system, it will soon fall into general contempt." He showed that the former reports of this county to the state superintendent were full of glaring errors. The number of teachers required to supply the schools was 170, but in order to secure that number out of the candidates, the standard per cent of qualification was forced first down to 60, then to 50. Necessarily many of the teachers secured were incompetent. The wages paid were ridiculously low; a number receiving only $16 per month, out of which they were forced to pay their board. Superintendent Schmidt recommended radical changes. APPLETON WARDS IN 1888. PUPILS. TEACHERS. First ...... 353 9 Second ...... 395 9 Third ...... 318 9 Fourth ...... 237 6 Fifth...... 127 3 Sixth ...... 145 4 Ryan High ...... 161 7

Totals ...... 1,736 47

County Superintendent Jervis Muttart reported for the year ending June 30, 1888, 9,459 children, and for the following year HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 561

9,393, showing a loss of 66. The numbers attending for those years were 5,263 and 5,601, showing an increase of 338. There were 111 districts. Kaukauna with two districts was withdrawn from the county system. There were required 120 teachers; 90 teachers held third grade certificates. It was necessary to issue limited certificates to supply the schools with teachers; 34 of such were issued. Nearly all had blackboards, maps and Webster's unabridged dictionaries. Nearly 100 teachers organized an institute at Appleton in April, 1890, at Ryan high school building. Prof. L. D. Henry and Miss Rose C. Schwartz of Oshkosh were the leaders. This was one of the best sessions ever held. In 1890 Appleton was asked to raise $9,000 for the University observatory. Prof. O. H. Ecke succeeded Prof. Schmidt as principal of the high school. The library of the University had 11,896 volumes this year. Prof. Underwood raised $17,274 for the University in seven weeks-all for the observatory; it was named in his honor. A union high school was urged at this date. The corner stone of the observatory was laid in June, 1891; the addresses and ceremony were notable. In December, 1891, the Third District determined upon a high school which was immediately prepared. J. S. Ritchev. county superintendent, reported 8,244 children enrolled with an at- tendance of 5,321; 121 school rooms in the county were occupied; there were 112 school districts. In 1892 there were two high schools-Second District and Third District; the teachers numbered 51. Supt. I. N. Stewart recom- mended the establishment of a city high school. In July, Mrs. M. R. Winslow was elected city superintendent of schools. Rev. Reeder Smith died in January, 1892; these pages show the usefulness of his life. The Sixth ward planned a new school- house to cost $21,911. The teachers' institute was held in Ryan high school. Dr. Samuel Plantz became president of Lawrence about this time. The Sixth ward schoolhouse was dedicated in January, 1894; it was named Columbian and cost a total of $28,278. A commercial and an art industrial course were added to the high schools. A new school district was established at combined locks. All the wards were getting new schoolhouses about this time. Miss Carrie Morgan be- came city superintendent in July, 1904, vice Mrs. Winslow, re- signed. A new science hall for Lawrence was planned in 1895. The field day contest at Lawrence university in 1893 was wit- nessed by a large assemblage; Lawrence won 61 points and Ripon 55; Farley of Lawrence was the best runner and jumper. In 1893 Appleton had 9 school buildings, 43 school rooms and 8 recitation rooms. In the Second District a building to cost $28,000 was going up. The teachers numbered 54-43 being women. The Appleton Astronomical Society was the outgrowth of the erection here of the observatory. The observatory was found by Prof. Underwood to be in longitude 5 hours, 53 minutes and 35.865 seconds west of Greenwich. It was found that Appleton time was 6 minutes and 24.135 seconds faster than Central Standard time. The 562 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY latitude of the observatory was found to be 44 degrees, 17 minutes and 24.26 seconds north. The old schoolhouse in the Fifth ward, built with so much pride in 1876, was burned down in October, 1895-loss about $7,000; insurance $4,500. The Southwestern Teachers' Association met at Hortonville in November, 1895, there being present about a score of teachers. Lydia A. Leppla was secretary. A full program of exercises was carried out. The adverse attitude of the Catholic church toward the American public school system was considered by this, community in the sum- mer of 1893. This attitude was revealed by the address of Mgr. Satolli delivered in December, 1892, and by subsequent addresses of the various Catholic archbishops and bishops including Bishop Messmer. Their views were promptly combatted by the Protestants and by the friends of the American school system. "These schools of Freedom and Little Chute are not independent of the Catholic church and are taught by nuns. Still these districts desired to have a share of the state school fund. To enable these dis- tricts to draw this money for the support of their schools and to give the whole scheme a legal aspect, in the reports of the state superin- tendent, some of the former county superintendents have under private examination granted certificates to nuns of the churches at Freedom and Little Chute. Thus equipped the nuns were legally qualified to teach in the common schools of the county; the schools of Freedom and Little Chute were taught by legally qualified teachers. There arose much dissatisfaction. For nine years in Free- dom the pretended public school of that district was conducted by the nuns in the parochial school building of the Catholic church; at present there are three nuns teaching in that school; the public schoolhouse there was dilapidated and deserted. In the nuns' school they performed religious ceremonies and gave religious instruction; they then took up their studies and lessons. Prayers were offered and on the walls were pictures significant of the Catholic religion. I saw vases of holy water of which the children made use before leav- ing the school. This cannot be called a public school. At Little Chute the state of affairs is similar. It is a private and not a public school. The district clerk of that school has acknowledged that fact before me in my office. There are two nuns employed in this school. Many o'f the Catholic families in the surrounding districts near Freedom and Little. Chute prefer to send their children to these parochial schools and hence the children are sent from a great dis- tance instead of to the public school near home where they belong." -(G. D. Ziegler, county superintendent, Post, November 7, 1895.) In October the county superintendent revoked the certificates of the Catholic Sisters who had been teaching in the public schools of Freedom and Little Chute. He did this on no other ground than that the schools taught by the nuns were really private schools. These schools though really private had used public school money for many years, so it was contended by the Post, ,uperintendent and many citizens. HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 563

"These schools were organized as non-sectarian district schools and are a part of our common school system and till this presumption that they are non-sectarian public schools has been overcome by a pre- ponderance of evidence in a court of justice they must be treated as non-sectarian public schools. This rule of law may be harsh, but it is the best known. * * * It will require more than the candid statement of an interested law breaker to overcome this presumption, until this question is presented by the proper parties in the proper place how can the question with us be whether these schools are secta- rian or not. We have the facts on but one side of the case and those came from one who is a confessed lawbreaker in this matter. The mere fact that these sisters are still teaching in these schools and that these school districts will continue to receive state aid until it shall be proved by a preponderance of evidence in a court of justice that they are sectarian, is proof positive that our superintendent acted outside the letter and the spirit of the law and that the issue of sectarianism has not been joined. * * * Beyond the shadow of a doubt the issue now is: Had Mr. Ziegler the legal right to annul those sisters certificates?"-(Thomas H. Ryan in Post, November 14, 1895.) "We regard the action of the superintendent as only important in focusing public attention upon an abuse of our state school system which has 'existed in two districts of this county for a half score of years more or less. The manifest purpose of the superintendent is to correct that abuse. The abuse mentioned is that our public edu- cational system has been perverted in the interests of sectarianism at Little Chute and Freedom. In the latter town the public school buildings have been abandoned and the money derived from the district and the state has been used in the maintenance of an out-and- out parochial school. Indeed, we are informed that the title of the building for school purposes used is even vested in the Catholic church. * * * If Mr. Ziegler was wrong and the Post was wrong in the 'plan of campaign' adopted, neither should be above changing it. The only point if importance is the correction of the abuse of our public educational systems." (Post, November 14, 1895.) Mr. Ziegler restored the certificates to the nuns and told the school officers of those districts to banish all sectarianism from those schools. The district board of Little Chute promptly excluded all religious instruction from its schools, but the objections in other localities had not been removed by February, 1896. The law of 1895 provided for an assessment of $1 on all appli- cants for teachers' certificates in any county, the money to be used for county institute work. With this fund Superintendent Ziegler planned in 1896 to hold four one-day institutes in different times and places in the county. One was held at Seymour, February 20, 1897, conducted by S. Y. Gillan and J. E. Riordan, and a lecture was delivered by William H. Smith. People of Appleton could scarcely realize the wonderful growth of the city schoolls in 1897. Late in the seventies the Hercules building was the best and costliest, but in 1897 was sold for $265 to make room for the new Lincoln. When the Hercules was built 564 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY there were three other fair buildings. Now in 1897 there were six costing fronm $25,000 to $35,000 each. The attendance, system, progress and equipment were equally as wonderful. Daniel Huntley died in 1897. He came to Appleton in the spring of 1850. He taught one of the first public schools in the city. He was well educated, prominent, high-minded and useful. The Good Citizenship League considered the union school system at this date. The new schoolhouse to be called Lincoln and to take the place of the old Hercules building. Stephenson science hall was projected. By the middle of January, 1898, the subscriptions to Stephenson's hall amounted to $20,000; there was yet needed $10,000. The new Lincoln schoolhouse was dedicated in December, 1897, with much ceremony. Addresses were made by Mayor Erb, Principal Pringle, City Superintendent Miss Carrie Morgan, Rev. John McCoy, F. W. Harriman, secretary of the school board, and W. H. 'Chandler, state inspector of schools. In 1898 the school children of the city numbered 5,134. In the First, Fourth and Sixth wards were four kindergartens with an, enrollment of 330. In private schools were 845 children between seven and thirteen years; there were 5 in school for the deaf. Stephenson Hall of Science was dedicated in June, 1899. Prof. T. C. Chamberlain of Chicago University delivered the principal address. The building cost in round numbers $40,000. There was yet needed $5,000 for equipment. A gymnasium was at once talked of. In November, 1899, there were in the county 9,429 children between the ages of 4 and. 20 years, of whom 5,395 attended school. There were in the county 86 third grade teachers, 55 second grade and 15 first; total, 156 teachers. In January, 1900, the high schools of Appleton, Neenah and Kankauna organized the Fox River Valley High School Association, consisting of four schools, and the object was to hold athletic contests on tracks exclusively. In August, 1900, the County Teachers' Institute had an attend- ance on the first day of 76 and of nearly 100 for the session. It was held in Ryan high school and continued three weeks. The conduc- tors were G. H. Landgraf and I-. E. Bolton. Miss Elizabeth Wilson lectured. APPLETON SCHOOL CENSUS, AUGUST, 1900. WARDS. MALES. FEMALES. TOTALS. First ...... 453 487 940 Second ...... 353 439 792 Third ...... 558 587 1,145 Fourth ...... 315 328 643 Fifth ...... 458 463 921 Sixth ...... 387 396 783

Totals ...... 2,524 2,700 5,224 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTYi 565

In 1901 the compulsory school age was changed from 7-13 to 7-14, but during the year 15 children attended no school. The enrollment was 5,182, of whom 2,512 were males. The enrollment in the kindergartens was 429, and that in the high schools was 248; average daily attendance, 1,962; school decoration was begun. The number of books in the city school libraries was 6,591. A school for the deaf was maintained with an enrollment of 7. Manual training was maintained in the high school. The city superintendent was Miiss-,Carrie E. Morgan. In December, 1901, pursuant to law, the board of libraries for Outaganie county organized and elected the following officers: W. F. Saecker, president; H. T. Buck, vice-president; Carrie E. Morgan, secretary. No appropriation was made by the board of supervisors, because it was expected that public spirited citizens would donate $50 libraries to the various towns and villages. Accordingly, Decem- ber 20, such-donations had been made to Black Creek, Shiocton, Stephensville, Maine, Hoxrtonville and Seymour. The library at Shiocton was promptly increased to 100 volumes and that at Seymour to 250 volumes. The new board took steps to establish such a library in every town and village in the cohunty. Part were to be "traveling libraries." In 1902 Lawrence University officials purchased the old John- son House property,, then occupied by C. W. Jones, just west of Ormsby hall; they also contracted for the Marsh property near. School savings banks were talked of in 1900. There was a textbook fight about this time. The high school building at Seymour was burned in 1903. Nellie P. Whitford, after 45 years of continuous teaching in this state and 35 years teaching in Appleton, died in March, 1904. She began teaching when she was fifteen years old. In January, 1904, Ryan high school building was wholly destroyed by fire, the total loss being about $50,000. Everything in the building was burned-textbooks, libraries, manual training appa- ratus, physical laboratory and all the late improvements. Immedi- ately steps to build an immense union high school were taken. Mass meetings were held and soon all the best citizens joined the move- ment. The plan was to establish a central high school and a union school system in place of the district system. The question was finally submitted to the electors. By unanimous votes the taxpayers of the Second and Third school districts decided to abolish their existing high schools, pro- viding the electors decided on the new system. This was a step pre- liminary to the vote in March to establish a Union high schoiol. A high school building to cost $75,000 was planned before the election, so eager were the friends of the movement. The special election cost $400; about 800 ballots were deposited and the majority in favor of a Union high school was overwhelming; 862 votes were cast, of which 715 were in favor of the new system. The Fourth ward voted against it by 2 majority. Immediately after the election the board of education met to take steps to carry into execution the new plans. 566 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

A site was selected and the amount to be expended was fixed. R. WT. Pringle, who had been principal of Ryan high school, was chosen to take charge of the new Union high. The Ryan high school site enlarged was selected. The cornerstone of the Union high school was laid late in August, 1904, by Mayor F. W. Harriman. Addresses were made by the mayor and Humphrey Pierce. The last old log schohoolhouse in the county disappeared when the one in Black Creek iwas replaced by a frame building about 1904-5. In 1905 there were 604 children between 7 and 14 years who did not attend schoiol the length of time required by law. Exclu- sive of Appleton and Kaukauna there were 9,513 children in the county between 4 and 20 years. Superintendent Meating in 1905 urged that teachers should be paid higher wages. The Appleton Teachers' Association was organized at Lincoln school in November, 1905, with Miss Margaret Comerford as presi- dent. The necessary committees were appointed. In May, 1905, Andrew Carnegie named President Samuel Plantz of Lawrence University as one of the twenty-five trustees to supervise the distribution of the income of the $10,000,000 Carnegie fund for retired instructors. The offer of Mr. Carnegie of $50,000 to the Lawrence library was accepted. The law of 1905-6 required an annual joint meeting of the various school boards; the county superintendent was required to call them together; great good was expected of this step .and actually resulted. The dedication of the college library in 1906 filled Apple- ton with scholars from abroad. In September, 1906, the high school registered 314 scholars. This year Mr. Rockefeller offered $50,000 to Lawrence College upon condition that it should raise $150,000, which was done. The convention of county school officers in December, 1907, was the largest and most successful ever held. In 1905, when the law first became operative, the attendance was 250; in 1906 it was 232, and in 1907 it was 275. State Rural School Inspector L. W. Wood was present. The state tax apportioned to Outaganie county schools in 1906 was $13,552.08; in 1907 it was $56,560.93. It was at this time that Mr. Meating planned to have the school children of the county plant and care for gardens or crops olf their own. He made an exhibit of the work of the county schools at the state fair and won 26 prizes in 1907. Drawings and stories were among those winning prizes. Of the 9,411 children of school age in the county, 1907, outside of Kaukauna and Appleton, only 5,013 attended public schools; about 1,000 of them attended parochial schools, however. The total expenses were .$73,075.52; there were 146 school districts in the county, 130 of them observed Arbor day and planted 313 trees. In 1907 the new compulsory law went into effect and doubled the work of the county superintendent. At this time Mr. Meating planned and carried into execution as fast as possible many great advances in rural education, for which he deserved and received great HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 567 praise. He asked for a training school and planned to have the children write a history of the county. "Trade schools" was the slogan. The law made the county sheriff a truant officer. As shown by the report of Superintendent Meating, the new school law in 1908 caused the attendance in the county of 65 boys and 35 girls who would not have attended had there been no such law. "Children were returned in every case before prosecution became necessary," said the superintendent. During the school year 1907-8 he issued certificates to 15 male and 124 female teachers; 101 were third grade; there were 115 graduates from the county common schools. There were 4,728 children between the ages of seven and fourteen years, of which number 2,950 attended the public schools, and a total of 1,400 of the same age attended the parochial or private schools. There were employed 15 male and 137 female teachers. The total disbursements were $77,805.17. There were added to the school libraries 1,482 volumes, making the total number of volumes in the libraries 22,916. Twenty-four districts furnished free text- books. Arbor day was observed by 127 schools and Memorial day by 86 schools. On April 30, 1909, a spelling and adding contest was held throughout the county, the contestants meeting at a central school- house in each town and proceeding under rules prepared by Super- intendent Meating. The winners of first, second and third places in each town were eligible to compete. in the county contest held at Appleton, June 12. At the same time commencement exercises for the rural schools were held. This was the first of such commence- ments. A county training school was voted down by the county board 24 to 10 in January, 1909. In May, 1909, R. W. Pringle, who for twelve years had been connected with the city public schools and been principal of the Appleton Union high school, resigned and was succeeded by Paul G. W. Keller. There was general regret at the departure of Mr. Pringle. In 1908 Lawrence College was worth $996,513.12. The construction of the boys' dormitory, to be called Brokaw Hall, was commenced in 1909. The Peabody music hall was dedi- cated in April, 1910, Judge Ryan, Neil Brown and Rev. Wescott being the principal speakers. It was the gift of George F. Peabody. The tenth annual northwestern Wisconsin interscholastic track meet was held at Appleton in May, 1910. In July the Appleton school children numbered 5,721. This year Superintendent Meating awarded prizes to school children for the best dorn and barley grown. The Peabody music hall was dedicated April 13 and 14, 1910. The growth of Lawrence Conservatory of Music in 1.910-11 was so gieat under Dean William Harper that it was necessary to secure several large houses near for dormitories and other houses were rented. The two best country schoolhouses in the state are No. 3 Kau- kauna and No. 2 Black Creek; the latter is brick 28x48, heated with furnace; in the basement is a play room besides the fuel and furnace 068 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

room; it cost $5,000; the entire basement floor is of cement. The former has a concrete covering, has a furnace heating plant, is about 35x40 and cost $3,800. Dolton T. Howard of Appleton, a senior at Lawrence University, won second place in the oratorical contest at Waukesha in March, 1910. Lew R. Saretsky, a Polish student of Beloit college, won first place in the state oratorical contest in March. Spencer Woodworth of Lawrence was a close second. The winning oration was entitled "The Leaven of the American." The fourth semi-annual convention of the Wisconsin School Arts and Home Economics Association was held in the Appleton high school in April, there being in attendance about 100 teachers from all parts of the state. The work of students in manual training, drawing and domestic science was exhibited to about 600 people; in- teresting sessions were held. The seventh annual Wisconsin high school basket ball tourna- ment was held here March and April; the teams represented were those of Madison, Fond du Lac, Janesville, Appleton, La Crosse, Superior, Sheboygan ,and Mondovi. Appleton won first place, La Crosse second, Janesville third and Superior fourth. The high school physical education department rendered a visitors' day program in May that proved a surprise and success. At this time commencement recitals of the school of expression were given in Peabody hall. Late in May the Appleton high school graduated forty-three students who held their graduation exercises at the theater May 31. This year the largest class in the history of the institution was grad- uated from Lawrence. In May, County Superintendent Meating was exonerated from blame by a special committee which found his office work so burdensome that he was unable to visit all the schools of the county; he was authorized to employ a clerk at $30 a month for six months each year to assist him, the first to begin after Sep- tember 1. As a matter of fact Mr. Meating was doing remarkable advancement work against low wages and other insuperable obstacles. The election of national, state, county and city officials occurred at the Appleton high school in May, 1911, girls as well as boys vot- ing with a voting machine borrowed of the city clerk. The contest was between the People's Party and the Progressives. About 268 students voted. The People's Party won by a small margin. At this time plans for a study and recreation center here during vacation were formulated; registration blanks were distributed to learn what instruction was desired. Gymnasium, social, literary and scientific courses were planned free. Among the leaders in this movement were Paul G. W. Keller, George H. Packard, William H. Kreiss, Carl A. Feuerstein, Mrs. James S. Reeve, Carl Maeser and others. From time to time as the years have passed additional depart- ments have been added to Lawience college-academic, liberal arts, commercial, musical, painting and drawing, military, university ex- tension, special,- correspondence, psychology, pedagogy theory of education, etc., and has added different buildings-preparatory, uni- versity proper, gymnasium, observatory, Ormsby, Stephenson, HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 569 Brokaw, etc. Savings banks were established in the school in 1.910-11. At this time the Twilight Club and other assemblages advocated making all schoolhouses the centers of civic and social improvement; evening schools were recommended in numerous places so that students would not have far to go. In July, 1911, the school chil- dren of Appleton numbered 5,776. In June, Judge Goodland decided that the property of Lawrence College not used strictly for educational purposes was taxable. In June, Rev. Gunsaulus addressed the graduating class of Lawrence. The students of that college spent here each year from $150,000 to $200,000; this fact merited liberality from the business interests of the city. An unknown donor gave the college $50,000 this year of which $25,000 was to endow a chair of arts; $50,000 was raised by October. A donation of an additional $5;000 for Brokaw hall was received. In June, 1911, there were in the public schools 5,722 children of school age; boys, 2,800; girls, 2,922; teachers employed 104, of whom 93 were women; 113 children were graduated from the eighth grade; there were eight in the school for deaf; 8,419 volumes in the school libraries. Physical training and medical inspection had been introduced for some time. The new law of 1911 taxed teachers one per cent of their salaries annually for a teachers' pension fund for ten years, but not for more than $15. KAUKAUNA AND -SURROUNDINGS.

K AUKAUNA was first visited by French explorers in 1634 or 1638, after which date white traders were here more or less continuously to secure the furs collected by the Indians. An account of these early visitations will be found elsewhere in this volume. In 1780 Capt. J. Long with twenty French Canadians and thirty-six Fox and Sioux Indians under Wau- pasha, went from Mackinac to Prairie du Chien where they found Captain Langlade guarding 360 packs of furs; he brought back 300 of the packs and burned the rest to keep them from falling into the hands of the English. This expedition passed along the Lower Fox river. Dominique Ducharme, a French Canadian, located at Kau- kauna in 1790 or 1793 and established a trading post with the Me- nominees and Chippewas; but sold out several years later to his brother Paul Ducharme. The following is the form of the deed given Dominique by the Indians. "In 1793 were present Wabisilpine and Tobacnoir who have willingly abandoned and released to Donii- nique Ducharme the land from the Portage of Big Kaukauna to the end of the prairie below forty acres in length and on the other side opposite the mentioned Portage four acres in width following the length; which the granters are contented and satisfied to least for two barrels of rum and in witness thereof make their marks." The old Wabisipine being blind the witness made his mark for him. This is followed by the. sign of Wabisipine-a crudely formed figure in- tended to represent an eagle; also the sign of Tobacnoir his son, a design representing a leaf of black tobacco, the English translation of the son's name. The witnesses were C. Hanmson and L. Ma.cabey. The deed then continues as follows "But other parties having claimed the Portage have also sold their share and give security from all trouble by accepting the payment of five gallons of rum, for which they are content and satisfied; in which faith they make their marks." Then followed the marks of Pa-sa-mis, meaning Young Eagle, son of Wabisipine; Old Eagle, signed as before. Also the mark of Ches-mes-bitte no doubt another claimant. Following the signature are the words-"Testified at the Portage of Kaukauna in the year of our Lord, 1793, 31st day of August." Then follow a record of subsequent payments-"In 1797, August 8, for part of Portage one gallon of rum; in 1798, July 16, to satisfy his sons one barrel of rum; in 1799, to satisfy the difference between themselves one barrel of rum for medicine." Then follow the closing signatures of the parties to the contract, being D. Du Charme and Du Castor, the latter with his mark, and again the signatures of Tobacnoir, Wachitte, Wabisipine and Tribun. The instrument closes with. 570 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 571

"Recorded on Thursday, the 18th of December, A. D., 1828, at 10 o'clock. Robert Irwin, Jr., recorder."-(Green Bay Advocate, 1905.) It appears that Dominick Ducharne, Paul Ducharme and Au- gustin Grignon were the first three permanent white settlers of Outa- gamie county. Dominick was the son of Jean and had two brothers; it is generally understood that he located at Kaukauna in 1790, through his deed from the Indians was signed in 1893. Three or four years after Dominick located there he was joined by his brother Paul. Dominick built a. substantial log house and began trading with the Menolinees and Chippewas who resided near there to the number of about 1,500. A cut of this old log house, somewhat changed by subsequent owners, is shown herein. In 1803 Dominick returned to Montreal, after which Paul had full management of the trading station, and still later became sole owner of the property. He became indebted to Judge Lawe, to whom he' finally sold the property and returned to Green Bay. Augustin Grignon settled at Kaukauna in 1817 or 1818; he located on the lower rapids where he owned about 1,000 acres on which stood the old Ducharme log house which thus became his property. He built an addition to it and his home became famous to all travelers in this portion of the country owing to his genial and splendid hospitality. He soon built a sawmill and probably a rude grist mill. Grignon owned many cattle, sheep, horses and swine and a large frame barn; also a large frame store building. Across the river on the south side were the fields of the Indians. In 1825 Daniel Whitney built a sawmill there, but finding it did not pay abandoned it, erected an ashery and carried on a large trade with the Indians. In 1835 James M. Boyd, associated with Paul Beau- lieu, bought the old Whitney mill and began to operate it. It was about this time that Kaukauna began to be designated "The Lion of Fox River Valley." In 1850 Mr. Lawe made the first plat of the village-about 17 blocks on the north side; four years later Mr. Spencer made another plat. In 1814 Colonel McKay and Captain Thomas G. Anderson, with a force of 65 soldiers passed from Mackinac to Prairie du Chien -going up Fox river, they came back the following year. This was an expedition of the War of 1812. In 1827 Grand Kaukalin, mean- ing this whole section, was credited with a white population of 31 of whom 4 were aliens. Joseph J. Porlier was a lieutenant in the War of 1812; afterward he engaged in the fur trade at Green Bay, but finally came to Kaukauna where he died in 1839. J. B. Bergeon settled there in 1837; he died in 1872 aged 92 years and was be- lieved at that date to be the oldest person in the county. Ephriam St. Louis settled here in 1835. "Proceeding three miles we came to the beginning of a six mile rapid the greater part of which Lady Bartram and I had to take dry land to overcome in order to relieve the canoe of surplus weight as the men had to wade and carefully avoid the rocks in dragging the canoe up this toilsome obstruction. The slow process of working up the rapids gave 'time for splendid fishing sport. Black bass were 572 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

very abundant and I caught enough for supper and breakfast for all on board. Having at length overcome all the rapids, the water being low, the men were all tired and I said 'camp.' Lady Bartram pre- pared the supper. Now, reader, you may take a peep at our party, all squatted flat on the mats, Mr. Anderson (the writer) presiding, with Lady Bartram on the right, Sir Bartram on the left ready to bring the tea kettle, and then Master and Miss Bartram in front, scrambling for the fish eyes in the dish, at which their progenitors exult to witness their activity. * * * My help consisted of men for oarsmen and one for steersman; and using a paddle they no longer craved for soup, pork and biscuit; but the more nutritous hulled corn and tallow replaced them. One quart of corn with two ounces of tal- low for seasoning with nothing else, being a day's rations for each man and on this though their work was severe they fattened like pigs."-(Narrative of Captain Thomas G. Anderson 1800; Wiscon- sin Historical Cols., Vol. IX.) In 1817 the Indian agent at Green Bay reported the follow- ing concerning 'this county. "The Minominees or Folls Avoines estimated at 500 warriors; they reside during the summer on the Follivoine river, Kautong, Green Bay, Little Kackalin, Big Kacka- lin, Winnebago Lake, River de Loup, Butte des Morts, Vermillion Island and scattering villages on the islands and rivers of the bay." The Winnebagoes were on Fox river, probably the upper portion. Chippewas are intermingled with the Menominees. IKacalin, 23 .November, 1817. Mr. La-we: Sir and Friend: I received the honor of your letter in which you advise me of the position of Mr. Jacobs and that he had not yet notified my brother. I believe that it will be best for you to send some one immediately to recolmmend to him not to extend our credits for our creditors have as much as they can pay. In regard to Mr. Lusignan you tell me that you have not been able to get a reply from Colonel Boyer. I will send therefore some of my men soon to the Fond du Lac to see what.is occurring there and on their return I will tell you what occurs there for about that time I mean to go to La Baye (Green Bay). It is certain from ap- pearances that he is about to do us much harm for the savages draw more to his side than to ours,' or to speak.more accurately they do not come tous at all especially those I expected. I beg you not to be rebuffed but to try again with Colonel Boyer for it is better to-stop him now than in the spring. I beg- you to assure Mr. Caron of my respects. Nothing else to speak of except to beg you to believe me to be for life your very humble, obedient servant and friend. AUGUST GRIGNON, Per L. Fily. Addressed to Mr. Lawe, merchant at La Baye. "I passed two springs strongly impregnated with sulphur 'and at night stopped at a rapid of the river called Kakalin, being the last HISTORY OF OUTA4GAMIE COUNTY 573

house and the last whites I expected to see for the distance of 250 miles."-(Samuel S. Starrow, 1817.) "There was a trail on either side of the river; that on the east side ending at the Rapides des Peres; that on the west side continued on to the Grand Katukalin, where Mr. Augustin Grignon was set- tled and had quite comfortable buildings. There was not a cabin of any kind between Depere and Grignon's and from thence to the Wisconsin portage not a house, though Mr. Griglnon built a couple of small cabins two years after at La Grande Butte des Morts."- (Albert G. Ellis, September, 1822.) "At Grand Kaukalo they had to unload and cart the goods about one mile and the Indians going into the water, pushing, lifting and hauling the boats over the rapids; then reloading and poling them up to the .Grand Chute (where Appleton is now situated). There they had to unload and carry the goods up a hill and down the other side above the Chute which was a perpendicular fall of three or four feet. The Indians would wade in, as many as could stand around the boat, and lift it over while others had a long cordelle with a turn around a tree above, taking up the slack and pulling as much as they could. When the boats were over, they were reloaded and then pushed ahead and poled from there to Fort Winnebago."-(Daniel Whit- ney's Narrative, 1821.) Mrs. Mary Ann Brevoort Bristol said,"At that time (1824) there was nothing between Fort Howard and Fort Winnebago but Grand Kaukauna where stood one house, occupied by Augustin Grignon where I was invited to attend his daughter's wedding. She married Ebenezer Childs; quite a large party attended; all came in a large boat called a botteau. The bride was dressed in white muslin; on the table for supper were all kinds of wild meat-bear, deer, musk- rat, raccoon, turkey, quail, pigeon, skunk and porcupine with the quills on. Her mother was an Indian woman." This was no doubt the first marriage of white persons in what is now Outagamie county. In 1829 Ebenezer Childs was appointed poastmaster at Grand Kakalin, but he resigned after serving one year.-(Wis. Hist. Col., Vol. IV (Reprint.) The first annuity paid the Menominee Indians was paid at Grand Chute about 1829, Augustin Grignon was a eap- tain in the Blackhawk war; he commanded a body of M.enominees. In 1824 when Henry S. Baird moved to Green Bay there were only two or three families living at Grand Kaukauna.-(Wis. Hist. Col., Vol IV.) In 1828 John Y. Smith came from New York and began car- penter work at Kaukauna among the Stockbridge Indians; he built the second frame house and flouring mill in this section. "About 1830 Augustin Grignon erected buildings and estab- lished himself at Grand Butte des Morts and left his place at Ka- kalin to the care of his sons. His chief attention was given to the Indian trade though he opened a farm as he had done at Kakalin. The natives held him in the utmost reverence; in fact he was the only man in the trade who could ever cope in the least with John Lawe in influence with the Indians. He spent much time in the 574 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

Indian country and spoke little English. He was noted for his almost princely hospitality. No man, woman or child ever met a frown at his door or went hungry away. He would invariably say, 'Only let us reach Augustin's before dark and we shall be happy.' His house was often crowded at night with travelers to the great incon- venience of himself and family, but the cordial welcome, the bland smile and the bountiful good cheer never failed and all without fee or reward. He died in 1860, aged eighty years."-(Albert G. Ellis' Recollections. ) "At the Great Kakalin, about twenty miles up Fox river, a mis- sionary establishment succeeded in bringing many of the Menom- inees in clear land, build comfortable cabins and practice the art of husbandry. Some half-breeds occasionally preferred a hut to a wig- wam and raised a little corn and a few potatoes. With these excep- tions this interesting tribe existed in a state of worse than savage wretchedness."-(Col. Charles TWhittlesey, 1832; he made a trip up the Fox river.) "Having engaged Hamilton Arndt as a guide, we mounted and pushed up the river to Depere where we crossed in a scow and fol- lowed an Indian trail up the river to the Grand Kaukalo as it was called, where we staid over night at Augustin Grignon's, a very com- fortable place. Here we found the two sons, very pleasant and agree- able young men, having English educations."- (Henry Merrell, 1834, Wis. Hist. Cols., Vol. VII.) At Kaukauna before 1835 were Augustin Grignon, Charles A. Grignon, Paul Ducharme, Jacques Paullier, Paul Beaulieu and Rev. T. J. Van den Broek. Ephriam St. Louis arrived in 1835 and settled at Petite Chute. A schoolhouse, the first, was built near Little Chute in 1844. In 1840 Mr. St. Louis cut a road from that place to what is now Appleton. In 1848 Holland emigrants began to arrive. In 1852 Mr. St. Louis operated the first threshing machine in the town. George W. Lawe was born at Green Bay in 1810. He said that in 1823 the Stockbridge and Munsee Indians occupied the south side of Fox river at Kaukauna. In that year the Episcopal mission was established among them with Rev. Mr. Cadle in charge. The Indians carried on farming, raising large quantities of corn, potatoes and small grain. Rev. Jesse Miner succeeded Rev. Cadle, but died soon. His grave was on the farm of Mr. Brill and was marked by a stone slab. In 1835 Rev. Vanden Broek arrived and established a Catholic mission at Little Chute among the Menominees. In 1835 a treaty was held at the Cedars, there being present 4,000 Menominees, Chip- pewas and Winnebagos. A large tract of land in Brown, Oconto, Outagamie, Winnebago, Fond du Lac and other counties was secured by the government. In 1839 Mr. Lawe moved his family from Green Bay to Kaukauna, where he resided almost continuously down to 1879. When he arrived he found the following families residing at Kaukauna: Charles A. Grignon, Ephriam St. Louis, James Porlier, Joseph Lamure, Paul H. Beaulieu and a few Germans. Mr. Beau- lieu had a saw-m'ill and grist-mill in operation on the south side of the river. In 1843 Mr. Lawe as Indian agent under President Harri- HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 575 son, moved the Indians from Little Chute to Lake Poygan; in 1850 -they were removed to the Reshene reservation in Shawano county. About 1847 Rev. Vanden Broek visited Holland and upon his return was followed by many immigrants among whom were Jacob Apple- man, C. A. Hamer, Martin Gerrits, Merman Johnson, Theodore Johnson, J. C. Van Niel and Fred Spiel. Captain Joseph Houle who died recently at the residence of his son, was said to have been 113 .years old. Mr. Lawe recollected him in 1815 as a gray headed man at Green Bay. "In the year 1825 my father (Mr. Lawe's) got short of certain goods to carry on the Indian trade and sent Joseph Houle in the month of January to Mackinac after a supply. He started with a horse and sleigh alone upon the ice and reached Mack- inac in safety and safely returned. This is the first instance of which there is any record of a, white man making the trip in that way and at that time of year. Again in the winter of 1826-7 he was sent from Green Bay to Fort Crawford or Prairie du Chien with a load of goods for Daniel Whitney, making his way through the woods and across the prairie with nothing to guide him but the trail of the Indians. IHe is supposed to have been the first white man to make this trip across the country."- (George MT. Lawe in Crescent, March 1, 1879.) The act approved March 8, 1839, provided as follows: "Town- ships nineteen, twenty, twenty-one and twenty-two in ranges 18 and 19 shall be a separate town by the name of Kakalin, and the elec- tions in said town shall be holden in Grignon's trading-house. The district of country as follows, to-wit: Surveyed townships 91 and 22, ranges 18 and 19; and township 21, ranges 20 and 21, south and east of Fox river in the county of Brown; and the district of country on the west and north of said river, bounded as follows, to-wit: On the west by the range line extending north between ranges 17 and 18 east, on the north line to the grant to Eleazer Williams extending northwestwardly until it intersects said range, line last mentioned and on the east and south by the Fox river, are herby de- clared to be and constituted the town of Kaukaulin in said county." Approved April 1, 1843. The act of January, 1847, divided the town of Grand Kau- kaulin and set off the following as the town of Lawrence: Township 22, range 19 and the "Williams grant" of land so called and all that part of the town of Depere in township 22, range 20 and township 23, range 20 and township 23, range 19. In 1845 John Lawe, with nearly $9,000 in silver in a wooden chest went with four men in a Mackinaw boat from Poyagan down Fox river past Oshkosh, through Lake Winnebago, down the lower Fox, running the rapids between Little Butte and Depere during the night. "A smart ride of half an hour brought us to the Kaukalulin, of which place everybody knows all about, or ought to know, long since' -famed for beauty, prominence and bountiful hospitality. The progress of the improvement here will soon set the proprietors at work upon the foundation of a. town-indeed I was shown a very hand- 576 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

somely drawn plat of.the town of Kau-ka-na. I have always regarded the point as one of the very best on the river and present appearances seem to confirm that opinion."-(Ed. Cor. Green Bay Advocate, September 6, 1849.) "Kaukalin.-We are told that this beautiful place is beginning to improve rapidly. Since a town plat has been laid out'numbers of lots have been sold and preparations are making for building to a considerable extent. A dam has been constructed, a new mill com- menced and very soon the saw and the hopper will add their music to the pleasant song of the rapids. A new tavern is now opened and at the lower landing the Messrs Whitnev have constructed a large stone warehouse. Before this place begins to occupy much attention in print, we hope something will be settled in the spelling of its name. Awful as it is to one not acquainted with the twists and turns of Western names, it is rendered doubly so to the novice by the various phases which it takes with the various pens which put it upon paper. Kakalin, Kackaloo, Cacolin, Cackalo and the innumerable other ways, all suggestive of the cackling of a setting hen, are some of the ways in which it is spelt. We have headed this article with the name as spelt commonly, but believe it is not correct. Those who ought to know about such matters say that the Indian signification of the name is 'the place where the fish stop,' and the above singular spelling of it is only adopted to the French pronunciation. Kaukau, it is said, means fish.; na pronounced naw signifies in the connection a stopping place, so that if the name is spelt Kaukauna giving the last a the long accent, it will be correct."-(Green Bay Advocate, August 8, 1850.) At Kaukauna in about 1850 were George W. Lawe, Charles A. Grignon, Alexander Grignon, David P. Meade, Alfred Aspinwall. Reuben Donit, George N. Koutz, Peter Martin, Patrick Hunt and Lemuel Brothers, and near Kanukann, a were Ephraim St. Louis, G. W. Kelso, Truman Tuttle, Thomas Armstrong, M. B. Lemento, William H. Spoin, who was a surveyor, R-ettete Grignon, Ben I. Craft, Mr. Rogers, Mr. Kavanaugh, B. B. Murch, Obed Boynton, Hector McKay, Alexander Ross, John Samuel, Seth Childs, AWil- liam Veritz. The act of February 26, 1851, authorized Theodore Van Den Broek, Ephraim St. Louis and M. P. Caulfield to build a bridge across Fox river "at some convenient point on the rapids at Little Chute in the county of Brown," avnd in March George W. Lawe, David P. Meade and Cla'rk Knight were authorized to build one across the Fox at Grand Kaukalin. The act of March 11, 1851, changed the name of the town of Grand Ka.ukalin in Brown county to Kaukauna. The Crescent of April 26, 1862, announced the death of Charles A. Grignon, one of Wisconsin's pioneers. He died in Kau- kauna on the 18th inst., after an illness of only twenty-four hours. His father was the first settler of the county. STREET SCENE APPLETON STREET SCENE, APPLETON

HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 577

In the summer of 1861 a new and large flouring mill was erected at Kaukauna by Cord & Gray, the building was 35x45 feet, four stories high, and had two run of stone. In the early days Peter Martin kept tavern at the old Kaukauna village; later the same spot was occupied by a hotel and owned by Mr. Naylor. The famous sulphur spring was under the bluff near the house. It was so strong that it was humorously stated to come from Beelzebub's factory. A new stave factory at Kaukauna owned by Mr. Nichols was totally destroyed by fire in June, 1868. There was little or no insur- ance. The owner immediately began rebuilding, even before the embers were dead. In 1870 Mr. Reith kept a hotel in Kaukauna. Nichols & Co.. conducted a stave factory, they had invested about $20,000; their .capacity was 18,000 staves and 16,000 heads finished ready for hoops. John Stovekin conducted a grist-mill there; it was a building three stories high and had two run of stone; the capital invested repre- sented $12,000. Deidrich conducted a saw-mill there which had a capacity of 30,000 feet in twenty-four hours. Reuter Brothers owned a spoke factory, and had invested $10,000. An immense busi- ness was done at this time in Kaukauna in hard wood logs and rail- road ties; 20,000 ties were marketed there in the winter of 1868-70. all made by the woodman's ax. Late in February there'were piled ui there about 1,000,000 feet of white-oak and maple logs. Charles Green was railroad and express agent at Kaukauna.. Mr. Hunt con- ducted a large store. The school was attended bv bout 40 children. and was taught by Miss Bailey. The Roman Catholics had the foundation laid for a large church. The boats of the Lake and River Transportation Company were laid up at Kaukauna during the winter. The water power at Kaukauna was excellent. Several important factories were there in 1870. An ax-handle factory was planned in 1870 to be started soon. Some eight or ten new buildings were in process of erection in July. Captain Edwards invested in the river islands as well as in other neighboring property. The paper mill was built at Kaukauna in 1873-4; the main building was 50x50 feet three stories high; machine room 26x80 feet: it was built under the supervision of John Stovekin; three water wheels were used, the steam boiler had about 70 horse power; four boiling tubs were kept employed all the time, in sections of two. By February, 1874, the Kaukauna and Little Chute swing bridges had been let to contractors. The old bridges had been a serious burden to the towns and very expensive. Kaukauna town at this time had the following bridges: Two canal swing bridges; three river bridges; 14 Appleton creek bridges and three bridges on the old plank road; besides there were many culverts and bridges over small streams; the town had 13 road districts. Kaukauna town grew rapidly after the settlement of the land difficulties which kept many from locating there. It was. an attract- ive spot and in 1873 was growing rapidly. 578 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

In 1873 Deacon Brewster and Lobieski Shawvan, a University- s-tudent, started a Sunday school at Kaukauna. In March, 1874, a Congregational mission church was organized there, over which Rev. Mr. Williams became pastor; also over a chapel in Freedom; he remained about a year and eight months. In March, 1877, Revs. Doe, Little and Gale induced Deacon Jackson Tibbits of Appleton, to go regularly and hold religious services at Kaukauna and he was duly licensed to preach. During the succeeding fall he urged the members to erect a church and they began to raise funds and were assisted by all the citizens-the Catholics and Lutherans helping. The result was a fine church which was dedicated October 6, 1878, by Rev. F. B. Doe in an eloquent sermon. The sum of $215 was raised, which was almost sufficient to pay the remaining church debt. In December, 1873, the town of Kaukauna voted to raise $3,000 to rebuild the bridges at Little Chute and Kaukauna. Buchanan was interested in these bridges and was just as prompt in raising the means and doing the work. In 1874 the town of Kaukauna was authorized by the legislature to borrow on the credit of the town a sum not exceeding $5,000 for the purpose of building and repairing bridges. A tax was provided to meet the bonds and interest. Otto Runte was merchant at Kaukauna in November, 1875; Rademacher & Eiting conducted a meat market; Tom, Dick and Harry had gone to the pineries; the Smith boys shot and killed a deer five years old; Mr. Bautermore leased the Mundinger hotel property; J. Stovekin & Co., hired several teams to haul straw to his paper mill; Konrad's Hall was a popular resort for dancing parties; Weinfeldt shipped car loads of sheep to market; Hilgenberg had a store there; Framlbaugh & Co., conducted a dry goods store; Supple's boot and shoe store was burned. Mike Radema.cher kept the National House at Kaukauna in 1875; Albert Greves was tinsmith; the Canada thistle grew in abund- ance on the streets of Ka.ukauna at this time. John Hunt was form- erly a merchant at Kaukauna; the cranberry crop was a failure. Rev E. Hackel, pastor at Buchanan and Kaukauna, visited Europe; Dr. O. G. Lord conducted a drug store. H. B. Berendsen cond-ucted a meat shop at Kaukauna early in 1876; John Kavanaugh was a blacksmlith. At Kaukauna in 1875 were Reuter & Bros., Hub and Spoke factory; Stovekin's sawmill, Fred Mundinger's hotel; Colonel Kid- der, U. S. engineer in charge of the public works; Hannah Deid- rick an old settler of Kaukauna, died at this time: the new and fine drawbridge was going up. In the summer and fall of 1875, Day & Call, contractors, had at work on the improvements at Kaukauna., from 150 to 400 men. The dam was built by Knapp & Gillan and was 14 feet wide and 580 feet long. John Stovekin was making in September three tons of straw paper per day. At his saw mill he was turning out large quantities of lumber for the dams at Little Chute and Cedars; he made large quantities of oak felloes. John P. Deitrich rebuilt the HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 579 bridge from the island to the Buchanan shore. At -this time the town was erecting a new schoolhouse with tower and bell, all to cost $2.000. George MT. Lawe's park of about four acres was a popular resort. The Good Templar's lodge at Kaukauna numbered 'about 50 members late in 1876. Captain Houle was born in 1767 and died in 1879, in Kau- kauna, so it was alleged. Madame Leurieux, the mother of William the king of the town of Buchanan, said the captain was an old man when she was a girl. She was now about 90. lie was about 113 years old. Lady Angeline Bergeon was very old also; she recently died aged 93 years. Mr. Stovekin's new flouring mill at Kaukauna was almost ready in November, 1878. John Stovekin's flour mill was burned in 1871 and the next year the Frambach and Stovekin paper mill was started. The Bank of IKaukauna was founded in 1878 by Henry Hewitt, Jr., William P. Hewitt and P. D. Norton. In 1881 they sold out to Peter and Alex- ander L. Reuter who did a private banking business under the name of Reuter Brothers. In 1883 they incorproated under the state with a capital of $30,000; Peter Reuter was the first president. The new Congregational church in Kaukauna was dedicated in October, 1878; the sermon being delivered to a goodly audience by Rev. Mr. Doe. Previous to this date Dea.con Tibbits of Appleton had cared for the society for some time. In July, 1878, Ward Patterson was instantly killed by the bursting of a whirling stone in Fram- bach & Stovekin's paper mill. In the village school September 1, 1879, there were enrolled 90 pupils and the average attendance was 53.4. A few weeks later 25 withdrew in order to attend the German school yhich had been re- organized. On October 1 there were enrolled 65, with an average attendance of 45.7. In February, 1880, Jeanne Scott was teacher of the primary department and Charles D. Conkey of the grammar department. About this time 20 pupils withdrew and joined the Catholic parochial school. In May, 1880, Bishop Krautbauer of Green Bay, assisted by six clergymen, administered the sacrament of confirmation to about 80 persons at the Catholic church in Kaukauna. A long procession received the bishop at the depot and escorted him to the church, which was beautifully decorated. Splendid music graced the occa- sion. The ceremonies were solemn and impressive in the extreme. The exercises of the day closed with a stirring temperance appeal from Father O'Mally of Oshkosh. The Kaukauna Water Power Company was incorporated in 1880 by H. G. H. Reed, J. P. C. Cottrill and A. L. Cary, the so-called traffic committee of the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad Company. On September 17, 1880, the first number of the Kaukauna Times was issued. There was quite a contest to see who should get the first copy from the press. Many afterward claimed they had it. 580 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY This was the first newspaper issued at Kaukauna. It was issued by Hopkins & Gates. It was devoted to the interests of Kaukauna and Altamaha. The Appleton Daily Post made its first appearance in September, 1880. It was in 1880 that a new era opened bright for Kaukauna. The Chicago and Northwestern Railroad arrived in 1862; and ten years later the Milwaukee, Lake Shore and Western came. The Lake Shore officials launched the first great boom in 1880 when they located there their shops. The Meade-Edwards water power was well in hand by 1881. The big paper and pulp mill of Col. Frambach was in operation. So was the Phillips grist-mill; but both were burned in August entailing an estimated loss of $80,000. The Bank of Kaukauna was in opera- tion this year and before by Hewitt Brothers and a building was erected at Wisconsin avenue and Canal street. The Kaukauna Wood Paper and Pulp Company and the Kilso Paper & Pulp Company were carrying on a large business. At this time immense improve- ment was being made in the water power. M. M. B. was post- master with office on the south side. The Lake Shore Traffic Com- pany was presumed to be the same as the Kaukauna Water Power Company. The Kaukauna Times was established in September, 1880, by Hopkins & Cates. In 1881 Mr. Hopkins died and H. A. stone became connected with the sheet. In 1882 E. C. Bidwell secured an interest, but in 1887 it passed to C. E. Raught & Com- pany. The famous Meade-Edwards water power finally passed to the Green Bay & Mississippi Canal Company. The location of the Lake Shore shops here insured the great improvement of the village. Rus- sell Brothers' flour mill began operation in 1880. John Lawe joined Charles Bidwell on the Times in 1884: at this time the name was Kaukauna and Ledyard Times. In August, 1883, there was a break of 200 feet at Little Kaukauna, but the damage was soon re- paired. There was a $10,000 fire in December this year. On June 20, 1884, thirty-eight citizens of Ledyard petitioned the court for a village charter; these petitioners represented a popula- tion of 934. The petition was granted. There were about 335 voters in Ledyard at this time, but only 235 were polled at the elec- tion of officers. The first officers were as follows: John Hickey, president; A. Mill, A. Kern, C. A. Walker, A. Finegan, T. M. Solar and John Haupt, trustees; John Dietzler, clerk The city embraced about 746 acres and was divided into two wards. Various com- mittees were appointed, a seal was adopted, licenses were granted, school children were ordered vaccinated and the village board bor- rowed a small sum from the bank to pay current expenses. The thirty-eight names signed to the petition were as follows: W. T. Abers, F. M. Charlesworth, C. G. Roehr, M. D., H. J. Mulholland, L. M. Solar, R. Zeismer, Nick Gerend, P. J. Hayes, Max Rahr, A. A. Kern, T. H. Taylor, Louis Kuhn, John Hoberg, J. M. Delaney, Peter Nettlekoven, Finnegan Bros., L. Lindover, Julius Kuehn, Albert Gates, J. H. Hayes, Henry Webb, John Lukow, A. E. Parton, H. Baurngartner, Jacob Rluppert, August MAill, J. Kutley, Louis Gau- HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 581 ther, C. Reible, Anton Galmbacher, Frank Schreiner, Wm. Hall, J. Daily, George Kromer, John J. Millbach, Matthias Yiingling, Peter Hurtenbach, M. Donahue. State of Wisconsin, circuit court, Outagamie county, in the matter of application to incorporate Ledyard. now come the under- signed residents of the territory and oppose said application and earnestly remonstrate against granting the order, basing their oppo- sition and remonstrance on the following grounds. First, that the population is largely transient, there being not to exceed fifty families having a fixed home and habitation therein. Second, that the busi- ness and industrial interests are mostly controlled by one corporation and while it is presumed the interest referred to is now, and forever will be, in harmony with the interests of the people, yet it is be- lieved to be unwise to place the controlling power over a young and growing community within the grasp of a foreign corporation. Third, that the village of Kaukauna, so called, though not incorporated, is situated near and immediately joins upon the territory proposed to be incorporated; that in fact the two places and the people thereof are inseparably linked together, their interests common, and that to separate them by incorporating one, would be a great detriment to both, create a distructive rivalry and neutralize the energies of both. Fourth: That incorporation would heavily increase the cost of gov- ernment. Fifth: That if incorporation is advisable in any case, by joining the two in incorporation the expense of government would be borne by a larger amount of assessable property, avoiding heavily increased taxation. Sixth: That the assessed valuation of the pro- posed corporation does not exceed $45,000. Seventh: That the in- terests of said territory do not demand any such change. Seventy- nine signatures were attached to this remonstrance. "The legislature on Wednesday passed an act incorporating the villages of Ledyard and Kauk!auna as one city. This news was re- ceived with delight and celebrated with enthusiasm by the people on both sides of the river. Wednesday evening cannon were fired, whis- tles and bells were sounded, speeches were made, all testifying to the delight of the people in the wise and timely movement now happily consumated. *The corporate name of the united villages will be the city of Kaukauna. The act will be effective March 25 and officers will be elected ten days later."-(Post,March 5, 1885.) The act of March 7, 1885, incorporated the city of Kaukauna. "All that district of country included within the following bound- aries shall comprise said city and shall be divided into five wards as follows: Named respectively, First ward, Second ward, Third ward, Fourth ward and Fifth ward. For Municipal or other purposes the First and Second wards shall be known as North Kaukauna and the Third, Fourth and Fifth wards shall be known as South Kaukauna, the center line of the main channel of Fox river shall constitute the dividing line: Commencing at the point of the intersection of the east and west center line of section 18, town 21 north, range 19 east, with the northwest line of private claim 33; thence south 40 degrees east, along said northwest line of said private claim 33 to the north 582 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY bank of Fox river; thence in a southwesterly direction across said Fox river to the northeast corner of lot 1 in fractional section 1, on the south bank of said Fox river in town 21 north, range 18 east; thence due south 57.17 chains to the quarter post on the southeast corner of said lot 1, fractional section 21; thence due west 50.98 chains to the east line of lot 1, fractional section 22; thence south 10.6 chains to the southeast corner of said lot 1, fractional section 22; thence due west 32.23 chains to the southwest corner of lot 5, fractional section 22; thence north 11.9 chains to the southeast cor- ner of lot 6, fractional section 22; thence due west 12.31 chains to the southwest corner of lot 7, fractional section 22; thence due north to the center of the highway known as the Green Bay and Menasha. plank road; thence south 60 degrees west along the center of said highway 14.59 chains to the southwest corner of lot 1, fractional section 23; thence north 53.24 chains to the northwest corner of lot I, fractional section 23 on the south bank of Fox river; thence. north along said north and south center line of sections 23 and 14 in said town and range to the center post in section 14; thence due east across private claims 1, 35, 34 and 33 to the place of beginning. It was provided that the officers of Kaukauna should consist of mayor, two aldermen from each ward, one supervisor from each ward to serve as a member of the county board; cierk, assessor, treas- urer, attorney, two marshals, one for each North and South Kau- kauna; two street commissioners, one fire chief, two justices, five constables, etc. The city was divided into two election precincts, corresponding to the two sides. The mayor, clerk, assessor, treasurer and justices of the peace were to be elected at la.rge; the aldermen, supervisors and constables by the wards; and all others were to be appointed by the council. Elections were ordered held the first Tues- day of April in each year. Ample provision lor the complete organiz- zation and conduct of the city was made. A fire department was proposed. The city was allowed to use the county jail until other provision could be made. The city was constituted two road districts, one on each side of the river. The towns of Kaukauna and Bu- chanan could hold their town meetings within the limits of the city of Kaukauna. South Kaukauna succeeded to all the money, prop- erty, duties, liabilities, obligations, etc., of the village of Ledyard. "The officers of the city of Kaukauna at present or in the future are hereby restrained and restricted for the period of ten years, i. e., the year of our Lord, 1895, to lay out a highway, or to build a bridge over the south channel of the Fox River below the bridges now constructed over said Fox River in the said city of Kaukauna, and this section shall not be repealed, amended, altered or modified within the term of ten years from the passage of this act." Tt was further provided that the plats of the village of Kaukauna and the additions thereto previously executed and recorded, should be the plats of the city of Kaukauna, and the lalnd not yet platted could be described as lots and blocks. After March 25, 1885, the city of Kaukauna was wholly separated from the town of Kaukauna and the town ' of Buchanan. The common schools were to continue under HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 583 the control and supervision of the school district boards the same as before. The town clerks of Kaukauna and Buchanan were to appor- tion the school fund as before. The engine house. council rooms and city lock-up were located in the Fifth ward. The act thus creating the city of Kaukauna was presented to the governor for his signature, was not returned by him duly signed within the time prescribed by law, and hence became a law- without his approval. At the time of the incorporation of Ledyard there were many residents who felt that the best interests of the community would be better conserved by a union of the north side with the south side. Others thought such union impractical. This feeling arose, no doubt, from the wide river which made close communication between the villages difficult, and up to that period each had ignored the existence of the other or had viewed each other with more or less envy. About the time of Ledyard's organization, north side business men remarked to men from the south side, "Vv'hy should there be two corporations here, each at rivalry with.the other, when by a union of the two villages a vigorous municipal growth might be effected.?" The reply was, "There is no reason against such a union, but many in favor of it." It was about this time that the roller skating craze swept over the county and a large skating rink was built by D. J. Brothers, Tom Solar, John Shaw, Frank Hayes and Hugo Mills, and to make it readily accessible to both villages it was built on the island. Intimate association and acquaintance here effected a social union and when a mass meeting was held in the rink to discuss the conditions, great enthusiasm was manifest. When an election was held to determine the question of incorporating all as one city the sentiment was practically unanimous in its favor. On April 14, 1885, the first meeting of the common council of the city of Kaukauna was held at Duggans' Hall, pursuant to the call of his honor, Mayor Frambach. Steele, Vandenberg, Sullivan, Lang- lois, Mitchell, Walker, Kribs, Beck, McCarty and Jansen were alder- men. The first year was of necessity a year of beginnings, and in only a slightly lesser degree one of accomplishment. Ordinances were framed and passed. Streets, alleys, sidewalks, drainage, fire and police protection received prompt attention, each involving a thousand details. A special road tax of ten mills on the dollar was levied. On September 30 an election was held "to determine whether $20,000 in bonds should be issued for building and furnishing an engine house, council chamber and city lock-up ($3,000); purchasing a fire engine and apparatus ($4,300)"'; the remainder to be used for grading, graveling, draining, filling, opening and otherwise improv- ing the streets and alleys of the city. Ten bonds were to be issued, the first to be paid ten years from date of issue, and one each year thereafter until all were paid. Of 400 votes cast, ' 272 favored the bond issue and 128 were opposed. On October 24, a proposition by B1.L. Gilmore to take $10,000 bonds, drawing siv per cent interest, and principal payable at Kaukauna, at one and one-eighth per cent. 584 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY premium, was accepted, and the first five bonds were ordered issued November 3. On the same date the council approved the bill of M. Weyenberg for sewer construction. On November 23, they let the contract for building six fire cisterns and on January 5, 1886; directed the purchase of hook and'ladder apparatus and instructed the chair- man of the finance committee to negotiate the sale ot two more bonds of $2,000 each. Doctors Connors, Tanner and Lord were candidates for city physician; the former winning. The Times was made the official paper of the city. The liquor license was fixed at $200. It was decided to buy a fire engine and to borrow $2,000 to meet current expenses. A little later steps to build a council house and fire engine room were takeil; this structure was built by T. M. Solar for $2,105, contract price. A poormaster was appointed and cisterns for the fire department were built in 1888. The total city receipt-; for the fiscal year 1885-6 were $45,932.02; total expenses, $39,011.80; on hand April, 1886, $6,920.22. Retail liquor licenses brought $4,- 735.52. The first seven $2,000; city bonds brought $14,204.83. Mr. Reese became mayor in 1886 and Dr. Tanner city physician. A stone crusher was bought this year and extensive grading and macadamizing were commenced; a lock-up was provided. Dr. Tan- ner suppressed many nuisances in the city this year and the next; he made 36 visits to poor persons and wrote for them 20 prescriptions. In 1887 Peter Reuter became mayor. In 1849 a school was taught on Oakley street on the north side by Mr. Spayne; two years later a. regular schoolhouse was built. Earlier than this school was taught in the old log house near John Brill's on the south side; and for many years the mission school at Little Chute had been taught. In 1885, Col. I-. A. Frambach and others founded the Manu- facturers' Bank of Kaukauna. The Kau'kauwa Sun was established in July, 1885, by 1-I. D. Wing and L. A. Cates; the latter was city editor of the Appleton Post. In the spring of 1886 Wing bought out Cates, but in October the concern passed to a stock company. The fire department was fully organized in 1885 and had two divisions; William Klumb was chief. The Island opera house was built for a skating rink in 1884; in 1886 it was fitted up for other entertain- ments. Electric lights were established in 1890 by the Kaukauna Electric Light Company, which was incorporated for $30,000 About this time an efficient police system was established. The Union Cornet band was organized in 1889 with seventeen members. In 1890 the Driving Park Association secured grounds one mile north, enclosed the same and erected buildings and built a race track. The Congregational Church on the north side was established in 1876; a few years later one of the same denomination on the south side was founded. The Lutherans began about 1887. In 1885 the Metlodists organized and first met in Odd Fellows hall; their church built the next year, cost $4,000; Rev. W. ). Ames was pastor. A lbridge was built across the river and canal in 1881 and another in HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 585

1884. The First and Second wards were on the north side and the Third, Fourth and Fifth on the south side. The Badger Paper Company began operations about 1885; Klein's flour mill about 1883; Outagamie mill 1887; Ruse paper mill 1888; Kause fibre mill 1889; Thilmany's paper mill 1890, Shartle paper mill 1890-1; Kaukauna machine works about 1891. In 1887 John Hoberg bored an artesian well 235 feet deep and secured a good flow of pure water; others followed his example until by 1891 there were nine such wells in the city. In 1889 the city bored a well on each side of the river for the use of the fire depart- ment. A depth of 625 feet was reached--clown to the Potsdam sandstone. At all times the city has had an excellent supply of Galena limestone. The vast water power at Kaiukauna is its chief asset. Really, Kaukauna with its historic importance and its splen- did water power should have been the county seat, and would have been but for two circumstances: 1. The lack of enterprise of its citizens in the '40s and '50s; 2. The fact that the Methodist Church chose Appleton as the site of Lawrence University, thus giving an immense building boom to that spot. In 1886, while workmen were excavating to the depth of eight feet on Third street, 'Kaukauna, they ran upon the ruins of an ancient building of stone. The stones had been polished and laid in walls and showed good woikmanship. An immense heap of ashes (about twenty bushels) was discovered near on the same level. Near this was another wall, with stones finely faced and several blackened as if by fire. All this work was found but a foot or two above bed rock. This was understood to mean that the Fox River valley was inhabited by a race of human beings, presumably the so-called mound builders, before the glacial epoch which deposited the surface soil upon all this region. There was much excitement in 1886-7 at Kaukauna particularly over the reported discovery of valuable coal beds in Buchanan and near Kaukauna. Several companies were formed-Kaukauna Ex- ploring and Coal Mining and Gas Company, Dundas Exploring and Mining Company. Ai great variety of reports was circulated About this time a farmer in Freedom while drilling a well struck a large block of nearly pure copper. Coal was found on the Ballard farm. The Kaulcauna Times was issued as a daily during part of 1887, but was suspended in January, 1888, as it did not pay, owing to the death of Mr. Bidwell, who had occupied the editorial chair. The most important water power transfer ever effected in the Fox River valley was carried out in January, 1887, when the Kau- kauna Water Power Company acquired Meade's interest in Islands 1, 2 and 3, except the platted part; Edward's Islands; Hunt's Island No. 2; including nearly all the famous Meade & Edwards power. This purchase was brought about by litigation against the Kaukauna Water Power Company by the Green Bay and Mississippi Canal Company, the Union Pulp Company and the Fox River Paper and Pulp Company, to restrain the former from using any water from Fox River for hydraulic purposes. By the above purchase the 586 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

Kaukauna Company secured permanent and immensely valuable rights. The price was about $75,000. George W. Lawe brought suit of ejectment against the city of Kaukauna for occupying two lots at the north end of the bridge claimed by him; his attorneys were Pierce & Moeskes. In the end he won the suit. During the '80s Kaukauna was the center of a movement to secure natural gas, oil, coal, artesian water and other natural prod- ucts. Quantities of nearly all were found. A gas well was bored on Everett Sanders' farm. Gas wa.s found in the Spaulding well. Late in the '80s Kaukauna had three newspapers-Tinmes, Sun and Volksbote. In 1889 in a vote on the question of issuing $25,000 or $30,000 bridge bonds, Kaukauna polled 144 votes in favor of the issue and 168 votes against it. The Thilmany Pulp and Paper Company was established in 1889 by Oscar Thilmany; it was first a ground wood pulp mill and later a paper mill with one machine. Additions were made until now the mill has five machines. It now uses both water and steam power and occupies 300 to 400 feet on the water power. The com- pany now makes thirty tons of paper per day-in specialties, and employs about 190 persons. Its goods are marketed in all parts of the United States. MA.A. Wertheimer is president; J. E Thomas vice-president; C. W. Stribley secretary and treasurer. In 1902, Mr. Thilmany sold out to the present company. In 1889 the supervision of public instruction in Kaukauna was vested in a board of education consisting of the mayor and the direc- tor and clerk of each school district. The city superintendent of schools was ex-officio a member of the board. At this time changes were made in the wards and the city boundaries. Changes were also made in the elective officers. Portions of the towns of Buchanan and Kaukauna were attached to the city of Kaukauna for school purposes, and the Kaukauna school district was: declared forever exempt from the provisions of the act creating the office of county superintendent of schools. Since that date th, city has erected several excellent public school buildings and one for high school pupils. In 1891, the works of the Kaukauna Paper Company burned down, entailing a loss of $75,000; it was built as a flour mill and converted into a paper mill. It was burned in 1881. The Y. M. C. A. building was projected in 1892-3 and a structure was erected. In June, 1893, the two banks at Kaukauna were subjected to a severe run, but both withstood all assaults and paid all money de- manded at call. The American Protective Association had a large and rapid growth at Kaukauna in 1893, when 200 persons became members in a short time. The feeling between them and the Catholics became so bitter as to interfere with business. Major Simms spoke at Kaukauna on the doctrines of the A. P. A., and his strictures on the Catholics were so severe that a riot resulted. The hall was stoned and an effort was made to do him HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 587 bodily harm. Mayor Reuter finally ordered the lecture to stop and the crowd to disperse, neither of which was obeyed. The meeting was finally broken up, in disorder. Mr. Simms and his friends barricaded themselves in the hall, which was riddled with stones. The mayor telephoned for the sheriff to send assistance, which was done, and after much effort the mob was dispersed. When Mr. Simms and his friends came out they were follo;wed, but the crowd was stopped at the bridge by the officers. On the south side another mob stoned the Simms party, and Simms himself was injured by a stone The next day he was escorted to the depot by men armed with Winchesters. The act of the mob was everywhere denounced as an interference with the right of free speech. Some time afterward, while Mr. Simms was on his way to lecture again at Kaukauna, he was arrested, charged with libel against Mayor Reuter, but was released on bail. He came from Osh- kosh with 250 followers and a band with the announced determina- tion to speak in the south side Baptist church. The libel suit, it was declared, was instituted to prevent his speaking. There was much feeling over this unfortunate chain of events. The Catholics seemed determined to prevent his attacks on them, and he seemed determined to carry the war into the Catholic districts and was sustained in his course by the State A. P. A. Society. In March, he again spoke, but was not seriously molested. The acts of the Kaukauna city authorities must be condemned as an interference with the rights of free speech. George W. Lawe died in December, 1895, at his home in Kau- kauna. He left a widow, a son, John D., and a daughter, Mrs. Capt. D. J. Brothers. He was called the "Father of Kaukauna." He was born in Green Bay in 1810; he moved to Kaukauna in 1839; in 1850 he made the plat of Lawesburg one of the three plats of Appleton. In 1895 the city council by a vote of 7 to 2 passed an ordinance to build water works and to spend as high as $150,000 for the same. The matter was taken into the courts on the ground that the tax would be above the five per cent. legal limit. Judge Goodland sus- tained the ordinance, but the case was taken to the supreme court. The Kaukauna Driving Club held excellent races in 1894-5-6. The base ball club was making a name for itself (see elsewhere). Corina de Vivaldi Corencz began suit against the Outagamie Paper Company claiming $300,000 worth of property at Kaukauna under an old claim. She was the niece of George W. Lawe. She did not win. In 1897 the democrats elected their mayor, clerk and assessor, and the republicans elected their treasurer. McCarty (D.) was elected mayor. Majorities were less than fifty. In April, 1898, the city election resulted as follows: C. E. Raught (R.) 143 majority; L. C. Wolf (R.) 214 majority; Will Gray'(D.) 101 majority; John Merbach (R.) 2 majority. The fiftieth anniversary of the landing oft three shiploads of Hollanders bound for Little Chute was celebrated on a large and 588 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY imposing scale by that village June 14, 1898. There were parades, religious services and secular addresses. Many from Appleton, Kau- kauna and elsewhere were present. The shrine of Father Van den Broek was embowered in flowers. In 1899 F. M. Charlesworth (R.) was elected mayor; L. C. Wolf (R.) city clerk; William Klumb (R.) treasurer. William Eitung (D.) was elected assessor. In the celebrated water power case the supreme court decided in 1901 that the water power company should pay the canal company $70,000 for water used unlawfully. Soon after this date the canal company absorbed several large concerns-worth all told over $200,- 000. In the case of the Electric Light Company against the city the- courts decided that the city's act to annul the contract with the company was illegal. Judge Goodland held that the city need not pay rentals until the company should comply with its contract. The final judgment of $104,627.36 in one of the famous Kau- kauna water power suits was rendered by Judge Goodland in, Jan- uary, 1903 ; it was the suit of B. A. Sands against several companies which eventuated in the suit of the Green Bay & Mississippi Canal Company vs. the Kaukauna Water Power Company. The case was complicated and had been pending for years. In early times there were on the Grignon plat at Kaukauna about thirty well-defined and good-sized Indian mounds varying in size from ten to thirty feet in diameter and from four to six feet high, nearly all round in form, though a few oval. By 1905 all except six had been dug into and more or less destroyed. The Kaukauna Commercial Club was organized in March, 1907, to promote the business and commercial interests of the city; its presi- dent was J. J. Martens, and its secretary and treasurer W. J. Tesch. In March, 1910, about one hundred business men and citizens of Kaukauna assembled at the Fox Club, listened to speeches by Messrs. Raught, IHayes, Becker, Delbridge, Tesch, Weisenbach, Towsley and McCarty, and organized a business men's assocation to conserve the interests of the city particularly with reference to taxa- tion, water power. At this meeting the following posters were dis- played: "We like Kaukauna, do you?" "Kaukauna, not South Kau- kauna nor North Kaukauna, but just Kaukauna." "Is Kaukaluna Still the Lion of the Fox?" and others. In December, 1910, the council called a special election to de- termine whether 'the city should buy the Iaukauna Gas, Electric Light and Power Company's plant. About this time the rate com- mission directed that company to.give the city better and proper service. By a vote of 544 to 52 Kaukauna decided on December 27,. 1910, to buy the electric light plant; much interest was taken and shown by the large vote-about 66 per cent of the vote of Nover:ber, 1910. Ephraim St. Louis' daughter, Mary Z., married Peter J. Filia- treau; she was yet living in 1910. HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 589 At Brokaw Memorial church in September, 1910, the followinl. officers of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society were elected: Mrs. H. S. Cooke, president; Mrs. S. M. Engholdt, secretary; Mrs. Walter Cooper, treasurer. The Epworth League and the Advance- ment Association were active in 1909-10. Edwin T. O'Brien was editor of the Sun and president of the Democratic club. It was de- cided in 1910 to buy Klein's Park on the south side for city pur- poses; it comprised fourteen acres valued at $4,500. Charles E. Raught, postmaster, resigned in October. The Park and the Nicolet schools were in splendid condition at this time-as thorough and efficient as any in the state. L. P. Bunker was city superintendent in 1910. John H. Roemer of the railroad commission heard the complaint cases here in 1910; this year the city water works commis- sion laid the mains through the streets. The Woman's Relief Corps and the public library were prominent features this year. 'The law. which forbids a saloon to be conducted within 300 feet of a public school caused trouble in 1911. The present city officers are as fol- lows. Mayor, John Coppes; city clerk, L. C. Wolf; treasurer, R. H. McCarty; assessor, H. Weifenbach; president of the council, Jos. J. Jansen; city attorney, F. M. Wilcox; city physician, Dr. W. N. Nolan; chief of fire department, Henry Schubert, nightwatch, N. S., Jas. McFadden, nightwatch, S. S., John Hiting; street commissioner N. S., Theo Schmaltz; street commissioner, S. S., Geo. Coppes; justice of peace, N. S., N. D. Schwin; justice of peace, S. S., H. J. Mul- holland; engineer water works, Wm. Iyland; electrical inspector, Wm. D. Kurz; pound master, F. Reichel; bridge tenders, John Killa- wee, F. Werner; teamsters, Owen E. Roberts, Henry Rauens; poor master, H. J. Mulholland; sewer committee, Frank Loope, 1912, G. E. Haas, 1913, M. Ristau, 1914; water committee, Jos. J. Jansen, 1912, H. E. Thompson, 1913, H. S. Cooke, 1914; board of aldermen, First ward, Frank A. Kern, T. W. Armstrong, Second ward, J. B. Delbridge, Jos. J. Jansen. Third ward, Jos. Hendricks, B. W. Hayes, Fourth ward, Jos. Lehrer, M. A. Raught, Fifth ward, Otto Mueller, F. J. Hilgenberg; county supervisors, First ward, Herman Pauli, Second ward, Chas. Wendt, Third ward, Jac. Feltes, Fourth ward, J. W. Dougherty, Fifth ward, Fred Reichel.

BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCE

C APTAIN JOSEPH H. MARSTON, one of the old and hon- est citizens of Outagamie County, Wisconsin, who for many years has been closely identified with the business and public interests of the city of Appleton, has a distinguished record for service during the great Civil war. Captain Marston was born June 1, 1829, in Deerfield, New Hampshire, and is a son of George H. and Lucretia D. (Hilton) Marston, natives of New Hampshire of English descent. The family came to Wisconsin in 1843, by the Erie Canal and Great Lakes, and George H. Marston pre-empted one-quarter of a section of land near Kenosha, at a time when the Indians in this region were more plentiful than white men. In April, 1850, Mr. Marston, Sr., came to Appleton, where he engaged in painting, and for many years up to the time 'of his death served as justice of the peace. He died in the faith 'of the Baptist Church, when seventy-eight years old. In politics he was a Democrat. Nine chil- dren were born to George H. and Lucretia Marston, namely: Dr. S. L., a graduate of Rush Medical College and for many years a med- ical practitioner. Dr. S. L. Marston was surgeon of the Twelfth Wisconsin, and was with Sherman in his march to the sea. Resi- dence, Hartford, Wisconsin; now deceased. Captain Joseph H., Ap- pleton; Eliza and John, residing in Omaha, Nebraska; Adelaide, residing in Denver, Colorado; Susan, residing near Seattle, Washing- ton; Ro'bey D., who died at Roanoke Island while in the marine serv- ice during the Civil war; Josephine, who is deceased, and Martha, who is residing at Butte, Montana. Joseph H. Marston received his education in the public schools of Kenosha county, came to Appleton in 1852 and enlisted in May. 1861, in Company E, Sixth Wisconsin Infantry, "The Iron Brigade," he being commissioned second lieutenant, being later made first lieu- tenant, and, September 17, 1862, after the battle of Antietami, cap- tain, with which rank he was mustered out of service, March 19, 1864, on account of disability. Among the many bloody battles il which he participated may be mentioned Second Bull Run, South Mloun- tain, Antietam, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. He was wounded by a gunshot in his head at South Mountain and 'was reported among the killed, notice being sent to Appleton to that effect; at Gettysburg a shell exploded at Captain Marston's feet, but the only injury he sustained was a sprained ankle, although he was thrown into the air; and at Antietam he was wounded in the leg. In addition, his experi- ences included being captured at Gettysburg and escaped with 'others after the three days' battle. 591 592 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

The following is an extract from a letter received from Col. R. R. Dawes, commanding the Sixth Wisconsin Regiment at the bat- tle of Gettysburg: "My Dear Captain Marston: I notice that you are appointed with others to go to Gettysburg to locate the monument for the 6th Wis. Reg't. I can at this time see your tall form and firm step as you pressed Co. E forward on a charge through that fearful storm of death. How they failed to kill you has always been a mystery to me. I expect to meet you at Gettysburg." The color guards formed a part of Captain Marston's Company in this battle, in which he lost more than half of his men in killed and wounded. It was in this charge that the 2d Mississippi Regi- ment was captured by the 6th Wisconsin. After completing his service, he returned to Appleton, where he engaged in the manufacture of wagon stock in company with R. Z. Mason, former president of Lawrelnce University; an enterprise in which he is still engaged. In 1854 Captain Marston was united in marriage with Miss Louise B. Belding, who came to Appleton from IHardwick, Vermont. with her brother, and she died in 1892, having been the mother of five children: Quincy, who is in the coal business in Appleton with his brother Charles, Cora, Russell and Myrtie, deceased. Captain Marston is a member of WavTerly Lodge No. 51, and Appleton Chapter No. 47 of the Masonic fraternity, and is an honored comrade of George D. Eggleston Post No. 33, Grand Army of the Republic, having been one of the incorporators of the Wisconsin Soldiers' Home, and for ten years a trustee thereof. He has held numerous public offices and for two terms served as mayor of Appleton.

ALBERT M. SPENCER, a prominent member of the Outagainlie legal profession, who is actively engaged in practice in the city of Appleton, was born July 26, 1856, in Bovina township, Outagamie county, Wisconsin, and is a son of Blanchard and Emily (,Curtis) Spencer. Blanchard Spencer came from New York to Wisconsin in 1850, where he engaged in lumbering, and the rest of his life was. spent in this locality. After attending the public schools, Albert M. Spencer went to, the Ryan High School, and then read law under Judge Harriman and Sloan & Bottenscher, being admitted to the bar in 1883. During the next year he was elected to the office of district attorney and was re-elected in 1886, but retired from that office in 1887 and went to Superior, Wisconsin, where he remained eight years. In April, 1896, he returned to Appleton, after having taken a trip through Colorado and Arizona, and he has been here to this time, having served in the office of city attorney for three terms. He has a large and lucrative practice, and is well and favor- ably known both in his profession and as a public-spirited citizen and official. In November, 1887, Mr. Spencer was'united in marriage with Helene Sherwood, of Green Lake county, Wisconsin, and she died in 1896, having been the mother of two children: Harold, a mid- HISTO.RY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 5)39 shipman of Annapolis, Maryland, connected with the United States Diplomatic Service in Africa; and Lora.ine, who is attending the University and residing at home. Mr. Spencer is a Republican in his political views.

WILSON S. PATTERSON, president of the W. S. Patterson Com- pany, contractors for plumbing and heating, and jobbers of pipe, fittings, valves and steam supplies, at No. 737 College Avenue, Apple- ton, Wisconsin, is .one of Appleton's well known business men. He w-as born at Omro, Winnebago county, Wisconsin, September 6, 1856, a son of Abraham and Josephine (Shaler) Patterson, and a grand- son of Major Ephriam Shaler, who at one time had charge of Fort Howard. Abraham Patterson was' born in Rochester, New York, and came to Wisconsin in the '40s, locating in Appleton in 1886, after he had conducted hardware stores in various places, and here both he and his wife died. They had five children, all of whom are living. Wilson S. Patterson first established his present business in 1886, and it has been successful from the start, now occupying two-story factory 26x140 feet, in which are employed twenty-seven hands. The officers of the company are W. S. Patterson, president; Conrad Verbrick, vice-president, and H. C. Getschow, secretary and treasurer. The product of the company includes plumbing and heating fixtures, pipe, fittings and steam supplies, and the Atwood vacuum cleaner apparatus, and goods are shipped all over the sur- rounding country. Mr. Patterson was married in 1884, at Hortonia, Wisconsin, to Letitia Lily Cuff, born October 11, 1862, daughter of Alexander and Maria (Ouffe) Cuff, farming people of Hortonia township, Outa- gamie county. Ten children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Pat- terson, five sons and five daughters. Mr. and Mrs. Patterson and their children are members of the Congregational Church. He is a Republican in national politics, but in local affairs votes inde- pendently. His fraternal connections are with the Equitable Fra- ternal Union and several other fraternal societies. For some years Mr. Patterson served as secretary of the Wisconsin Master Plumbers' Association.

SOLOMON R. WAGG, superintendent and secretary of the Fox River Paper Company's mills at Appleton, Wisconsin, has won a reputation that is international as an inventor of paper making machinery, and has been intimately connected, with the business of paper making for a long period of years. Born in Cumberland, Maine, January 2, 1846, he moved at three and one-half years of age to Yarmouth, Cumberland county, Maine. Mr. Wagg is a. son of Elbridge, G. and Hannah (Reed) Wagg, and a grandson of Samuel Wagg. The family was founded in 1750, in which year the first to settle in this country came from England to the New Eng- land States. Samuel Wagg was a, soldier during the Revolutionary War, in which he served seven years, and his pension papers, signed by John C. Calhoun, are kept as valued family possessions by his. 594 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

descendants. E'lbridge G. Wagg was born in Auburn, Maine, and in November, 1844, was married at Cum'berland Center to Miss Hannah Reed, daughter of William and Margaret Reed, farming people of that section. Mr. Reed was also a seafaring man, .and his father, William Reed, was a man of much means, loaning money to the Federal Government during the Revolutionary War, which, it is claimed, was never repaid. Elbridge G. Wagg was a farmer and schoolteacher, was superintendent of schools of Cumberland county for ten years, and was twice elected to the State Legislature. He was a cousin of ex-Governor and Later Congressman Dingley of Maine, through his mother, who was a Miss Dingley. Of the eight children of Mr. and' Mrs. Ellbridge G. Wagg, Solomon R. was the oldest. Solomon R. Wagg worked on his father's farm during the sum- mers and attended the schools of his district during the winters until he had attained the age of seventeen years, at which time he accepted a position as railroad baggagemaster, and after two years began learn- ing the trade of papermaker in a mill at Yarmouth. In 1871 he went to Adams, Massachusetts, entering the employ of the L. L. Brown Paper Co., with which he continued seven years, during which time he learned every detail of the business. After -workingin other mills in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio and New York, Mr. Wagg in 1884 came West to Wisconsin, locatiing in Neenah, irhere he became superintendent of the Kimberly, Clark & Company's mill, but after two years resigned to take a like position at the Fox River Paper Company's mills, where.he has since been employed. The great store of knowledge which Mr. Wagg had accumulated during his many years of experience in paper mills of every size and kind in the country, assisted him in making this mill one of the finest in the United States, its growth under his management being little short of phenomenal, while his inventions were also great helps in increasing the capacity of the plant. In 1887 he patented a sulphide digestor lining, and later inventions were a Jorden engine, which has been sold all over the, world; a stone lining for a paper engine, a big improvement over past methods, which is already in use in numerous mills, and about twenty improvements and patents on paper making 'engines. He is an honorary member of the Academy of Science, Paris, France, which membership was granted him as inventor of certain articles used in the art of paper making. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and in politics he is a Republican, but he has never desired to attain public preferment. He has, however, devoted a great deal of time to temperance work, being associated with Father Fitzmaurice and others. In 1873 Mr. Wagg was married to Sarah Ling, who was born in Odletown, Province of Quebec, Canada, daughter of Abram and Elizabeth Ling. Four children were born to' this union; namely: i Angie, Frederick, William and James. Frederick died from typhoid fever, August, 1900, aged 24 years. HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 595 ABE 0. DANIELSON, clerk of the Circuit and Municipal Courts of Outagamie county, who was for many years engaged in business enterprises in Appleton, was born at Neenah, Wisconsin, November 9, 1862, and is a son of George and Anna (Olson) Danielson, the former of Christiana and the 'latter of Bergen, Norway. George Danielson was born June 14, 1834, and received a common school education in Norway. At the age of twenty years he came to the United States, settling at Neenah, Wisconsin, where he remained until 1856, and in that year removed to Rock county. In 1861 he returned to Neenah, where he was extensively engaged as a mill- wright, contractor and manufacturer of pulp, and was there elected town treasurer in 1872, city treasurer in 1873, 1874 and 1877, and 1904 to. 1906, alderman one term, school commissioner two terms and assessor one term, and in 1892 was sent to represent his district in the State Assembly. He died September 5, 1909, and Mrs. Daniel- son followed him to the grave, August 13, 1910. They had a family of six children, as follows: Isabelle, born July 18, 1861, residing in Denver; Abe O., Daniel O., born February 18, 1864, who is en- gaged in traveling; Martin J., born May 3, 1865, engaged in con- tra'cting; Josephine, born April 3, 1867, residing in Portland, Ore., and Mattie L., born March 4, 1869, also living in Portland. Abe 0. Danielson received his education in the public schools, and from 1889 until 1894 was engaged in contracting with his father. During the latter year he became connected with Shattuck & Babcock, at De Pere, where he remained for two years as bookkeeper, and from 1896 until 1905 was in the retail lumber business on his own account, and later with the Appleton Lumber and Fuel Company. .From October 28, 1907, until April, 1909, Mr. Danielson was with the WTorden Lumber Company, and on May 22, 1909, he was appointed clerk of the Circuit and Municipal Courts by Judge John Goodland. receiving the election to that office November 8, 1910, for a term of two years. On April 21, 1887, Mr. Danielson was married to Tina Rhode, a daughter of Michael and Elizabeth Rhode, farming people of Portage county, and one son has been born to this union, George N., who is deputy clerk 'of the courts. Mr. Danielson's wife and son attended the Congregational church. While he, is not a member of any especial denomination, he is always ready to support movements of a church or charitable nature, just as he has always given of his time and means to further movements which have had for their object the business welfare of his community. His politics are those of the Democratic party, and fraternally he is connected with the E. F. U.

JOHN A. MORSE, a prominent business citizen of Shiocton, Wis- consin, who has been engaged in the lumber business in Outagamie county during a period covering forty-fovr years, was born in New Hampshire, March 31, 1848. Early in.life he decided that better opportunities were offered the ambitious young man in the West, and he came to Wisconsin, in 1867, locating in Outagamie county and engaging in the lumbering and logging business, in which he has 596OHISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY been engaged to the present time. He was married in 1870, to Miss Effie J. Main, who was 'born in the Dominion of Canada in 1850, and they have had a family of three children, namely: Glen, who met an accidental death in 1909; Clifford, of Shiocton, who is mar- ried and has two children, and John F., residing 'on a. fruit ranch in Idaho. Mr. Morse is a member of the Masonic fraternity and in politics he is a Republican, but he has never aspired to public office. With his wife he attends the Congregational church.

ALEXANDER LAIRD, who has been closely identified with the ag- ricultural interests of Outagamie county for a number 'of years, is now living retired on his fine farm in Ellington township, which is being operated by his son. He was born January 11, 1840, near Belfast, Ireland, and received his education in that vicinity, although he had to leave school at the age of fourteen years to take charge of the home farm, his father, William Laird, having died. When he was seventeen years of age he left the Emerald Isle and caime to the United States with his mother, brothers and sisters, and from Fond du Lac, at which city the road stopped, the little party walked to Ellington township. The mother purchased land in Bovina town- ship, Outagamie county, and Mr. Laird worked on that property for twelve years. In 1868, Mr. Laird returned to Ireland, where he was married to Agnes Jamison, a native of that country, and on their return to the United States they settled on Mr. Laird's present home in Ellington township. For many years Mr. Laird was engaged in mixed farming and dairying, but he has now given up active work and is living a quiet life, enjoying the fruits of his early labors. He has lived to see the country grow from a. vast stretch of wilderness to a flourishing, prosperous country, and his own farm develop from so many acres of heavy timber to one of the finest farming lands in Ellington township. In 1906 he erected the present hand- some residence, and other good buildings grace this tract. Mr. Laird has been a member of the township board for several terms. He and Mrs. Laird are, consistent .members of the Congregational church, and have been the parents of seven children, namely: Elizabeth, Agnes, William L., Letta, John, Alexander and Katherine. Alex- ander Laird is now operating the old homestead farm.

CHARLES WUNDERLICI, one of Ellington township's substan- tial citizens, and the owner of a well cultivated tract of farming land, was born on his father's farm in Ellington township, October 22, 1864, and is a son of Christopher Wunderlich. Christopher Wunderlich, who was a native of Germany, came to this country at the age of twelve years with his parents, the family settling first in Milwaukee, in which city he grew to manhood. During the '50s he came to Ellington township, purchasing wild land, which he cleared from the timber a.nd cultivated into an excellent farm. For many years he was engaged in farming here, and in 1905 he retired from active life and went to Appleton, in which city he and his wife now reside. Charles Wunderlich received a good district school HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 597 education, and began to learn the rudiments of farming when still a small boy, assisting his father and brothers in cultivating the home place. He has always worked in this district with the exception of a few years before his marriage, when he was engaged in cultivating some land he owned in Minnesota, but he eventually returned to the home farm. He rented the property here until 1906, when he pur- chased the farm he now owns, and he carries on general farming along scientific lines. Mr. Wiunderlich is well versed in crop rota- tion and an advocate of the use of the latest and most highly im- proved farming machinery, and the appearance of his property gives evidence of excellent management. In November, 1905, Mr. Wun- derlich was married to Miss Martha Discher, who was born in Neenah, Wisconsin, inlMay, 1881, and they have had two children, namely: Harvey, who died at the age of one and one-half years, and Howard. who was born in March, 1909. Mr. and Mrs. Wunderlich are faith- ful members of the German Lutheran Church of Ellington.

JOHN SPEARS, who carries on general farming operations in El- lington township, and makes a specialty of breeding high grade Guernsey cattle, is a native of Outagamie county and a son of John Spears, who was born in England. John Spears, the father, came to America when twenty-five years of age, and during the ten years that followed he lived at various places in the' United States. He came to Outagamie county in 1858, buying land in Ellington town- ship, on which he resided for many years, but eventually sold and moved on the farm now owned by his son, and here his death oc- curred in 1905. He was married in 1868 to Elmira Elliott, born in 1842, in Wisconsin, of English parentage, her father having been a participant in thei War of 1812, and she died on the farm in 1895. Mr. Spears enlisted for service in the Federal army during the War of the Rebellion, and at its close received an honorable discharge. He and his wife had three boys and two girls, all living except one, who died in infancy. John Spears was born in 1869, on his father's farm, and he received his education in the district schools of the neighborhood, his youth being spent much the same as that of other farmer's boys of that time. He continued to work on his father's farm until he was twenty years of age, at which time he started out to make his own way in the world and took charge of his father's property, which he purchased in 1896. He does general farming and dairying, making a specialty of Guernsey cattle, and he is a prominent member of the Guernsey Cattle Breeders' Association. He is progressive in his political views and has served for upwards of fifteen years as road commissioner. His religious connection is with the Congregational 'Church of Illington, in which he is deacon and superintendent of the Sunday school. Mr. Spears has never married.

JOHN JAMES NIELAND, who is operating a tract of 135 acres in Grand Chute township as a general and dairy farm, is one of this section's good, practical agriculturists. 'He 'was born in Greenville township, Outagamie county, Wisconsin, August 15, 1871, and is a 598 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

son of John and Rachael (Burr) Nieland, natives of Germanyy, the father born in Mecklenburg, September 15, 1834, and the mother in Preisen, September 17, 1834. John Nieland came to the United States with his parents in 1857 and located at Manitowoc, where Mr. Nieland worked in a sawmill until the family removed to Dale town- ship, Outagamie county and located on a forty-acre farm. He worked for farmers in this vicinity until his enlistment, in August, 1862, in Company I, Thirty-second Regiment, Wisconsin Volunteer In- fantry, and with this organization he served two years and ten months, being mustered out of the service at W'ashington, D. C. Mr. Nieland had an excellent war record, and was never w;ounded nor confined to the hospital. He had married in May, 1862, before going to the front, and after his services were completed he returned to his home and soon thereafter settled on a farm in Greenville town- ship, on which he remained about nine years. He eventually sold this and bought a farm in Dale township, and on this eighty-acre tract he continued to live twenty-one years, when he sold out and retired to Appleton, where he now lives in his residence at No. 1265 Oneida street. Mrs. Nieland died November 5, 1909. They were the parents of seven children: Ernest and John, who are deceased; Carrie, wife of William Schroeder, of Greenville township, a farmer; Henry, married, a resident of South Division street, Appleton; John James, married; Louis, a resident of Maple street, Appleton, and Frederick, who lives with his father. John James Nieland received his education in school district No. 2, Dale.township, and at the age of twenty years took charge of the homestead farm, which he conducted for four years. He then en- gaged in a sawmill business at Hartland, Shawano county, for about two years, when a disastrous fire destroyed his plant, and during the next eight years he worked for others, trying to recuperate his losses. At the end of this period Mr. Nieland rented a farm in Grand Chute township for about five years, since which time he has operated his present 135-acre tract as a general 'and dairy farm. He keeps a num- ber of fine dairy cattle, and his property is fitted with a full comple- ment of up-to-date equipments. He has given his entire attention to his farming operations, and is now considered one of Grand Chute township's substantial agriculturists. Mr. Nieland is fraternally connected with the Modern Wioodmen at Appleton. On September 16, 1896, Mr. Nieland was united in marriage with Miss Anna Haefs, 'who was born December 27, 1877, in Ke- wanee county, Wisconsin, daughter of Herman and Gusta (Krueger) Haefs, natives of Pommerin, Germany, where the father was born June 1, 1855, and the mother December 10, 1859. Mr. Haefs came to the United States when he was fourteen years of age, and located at Mayville, Dodge county. He grew to maturity on his father's rented farm in Shawano county, where he later became a land- owner, and he is still residing there on a farm, although he has prac- tically retired from farming activities. Mr. and Mrs. Haefs had a family of children as follows: Anna, who married Mr. Nieland; Charles, a farmer of Montana; Hulda, who married Frank Hiller, HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 599 a farmer of Hartland township, Shawano county; August, a lum- ber grader of Gresham, Wisconsin; Mary, who married Peter Hop- pensberger, a watchman in the paper mill at Combined Locks; Ben- jamin, a tinner of Bondwell, Shawano county; Elmer, who resides in Gresham, and one who died in infancy. To Mr. and Mrs. Nieland there have been born five children: Hazel Myrtle, born August 24, 1897; Chester Harold, born November 17, 1899; Lucile Bessie, born March 24, 1905; Ivor Charles, born December 21, 1907, and Ethel May, born May 28, 1909.

FRANK PETERS, who is cultivating a fine farm of 100 acres in Greenville township, Outagamie county, has been engaged in various occupations since reaching years of maturity, and has now settled, down to an agricultural life in which he is having much success. Born in Center township, Outagamie county, May 7, 1871, Mr; Peters is a son of Fred Peters. He attended public school in Apple- ton, and district school in Center township, and at the age of twenty years he learned the butcher business in Appleton, following that occupation for about one year in that city and then going to Minne- sota, where he spent a like period working for others. Returning ts Appleton, he was engaged in tending bar for one year, and he was then married and moved to Kaukauna, where he was engaged in ras- road work for about a year, after which he operated a fan i'm Greenville township for a period of five years. At this time he bou'ght a general merchandise store at Greenville Station, but after less han two years was burned out, and he then rented a building and engaged in the saloon business for six months, when he went to West Bloom- field, Waushara county, and for the two years that followed was thea proprietor of a hotel. At this time Mr. Peters came to his present; location in Greenville township, where he, has an excellent geera[i dairy and stock farm of 100 acres. He was married May 30, 1894, to Miss Mary Knaack, who was born in Ellington township, Sep- tember 23, 1876, and they have had the following children: Ervin P., born December 10, 1894; Louis, born July 6, 1896; Loreta, born October 15, 1897; Celia, born October 21, 1900; Chester, born Aprill 25, 1902; Viola, born June 14, 1905; Lulu, born October 11, 1907; Victor, born April 18, 1909; and Harold, born October 19, 1910. All of the children are living at home with the exception of Victor, who died June 18, 1909. The family is connected with the Lutheram Church. WILLIAM MEWS, one of the self-made men of Greenville. township, who is operating a farm of ninety-two acres, is a native, of Pomerania, Germany, where he was born March 16, 1855, a son] of Gottlieb and Caroline Charlotte (Yokes) Mews, natives of the? Fatherland. The family came to America in 1856, and located imn Milwaukee, where Mr. Mews worked on railroad construction work for a few years and later moved to Alma, Wisconsin, thence to Hud- son Prairie, and subsequently to Dunn county, where he resided until 1881. Mr. Mews was well and favorably known in Dunn county and served in various public offices. He and his wife hadl 600 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

nine children, of whom William was the fourth in order of birth. William Mews received but a. limited education in the schools of Dunn county, and in 1881 left home and went to Neenah, where he worked on a farm for one year and in a paper mill for ten months. He then came to Maine township, Outagamie county, buying a farm in the. woods, and during his eight years' residence there cleared the property and developed a good farm. Selling this land, he removed to Ellington township and spent one summer on a rented farm, after which he came to Greenville township and for five and one-half years rented al farm situated two and one-half miles south of his present property. He then rented the farm he now operates for one year, at the end of which time he purchased it, and he now has one of the best farms of its size in this part of Greenville township. He devotes himself to general farming, and also does some dairying, disposing of his milk to the cheese factories of his neighborhood. Mr. Mews is a member of the Evangelical Association. In politics he is independent, and while a resident of Maine township served as a member of the school board. On October 30, 1879, Mr. Meews was married to Miss Margaret Stroebel,.who was born in Hebron township, Jefferson county, Wisconsin, August 12, 1857, daughter of Fred and Barbara (Lang) Stroebel. Fred Stroebel was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, July 27, 1824, and his wife in Byern, Ger- many, March 17, 1838. Mr. Stroebel came to America as a young man, in 1852, and located in Jefferson county, where he purchased a small tract of land and engaged in farming. In 18,64 he became a minister of the Evangelical Association, and after he retired went to Blooming Grove township, Dane county, near Madison, from whence he went to Fort Atkinson and there died, November 19, 1906. His widow still resides there. Mr. and Mrs. Stroebel had ten children, Mrs. Mews being the second in order of birth. To Mr. and Mrs. Mews there have been born three children: Samuel Benjamin, who married Miss Tillie Gall, is farming in Dale township; Anna Bar- bara is the wife of Frank Zahrt, an agriculturist of Ellington town- ship, and Edward William is single and resides at home.

RUDOLPH J. TELLOCK, the owner of a farm of 140 acres in Greenville township, has also been identified with the grass matting business in this section for a number of years. He was born in Dant- zig, Pomerania, Germany, March 20, 1861, a son of John and Doris Tellock, who'came to the United States in 1867, locating in Wolf River township, Winnebago county, Wisconsin, where Mr. Tellock was engaged in farming until his death in 1891, his wife having passed away in April, 1888. They had a family of eight children, Rudolph J. being the fifth born. He attended school in Wolf River township, and when only sixteen years of age went to work on the river, where he worked for twenty years, rising to the position of crew manager. He then began working for the Oshkosh Grass Matting Company, with which firm he continued seven years, and in 1888 he moved to Winchester township, where he had a farm of 100 acres, which was being operated by his sons. He continued to re- HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 601

,side there until 1909, when he sold out and came to Greenville township, where he operates a dairy farm of 140 acres. He is still engaged in the matting business to some extent, being employed by the Waite Grass Carpet Company of Oshkosh, having charge of the cutting and baling of the grass, which is shipped from Minnesota to the factory. Mr. Tellock is a member of the Lutheran Church, and in politics an independent Republican. On October 8, 1882, he was married to Ottilia Becker, who was 'born in Wolf River town- ship, July 4, 1866, daughter of Carl and Ernestina (Schmidt) Be'cker, natives of Pomerania, Germany, where the father was born December 26, 1822, and the mother March 12, 1832. They were married in Germany, and were among the first settlers of Winne- bago 'county, settling there at a, time when the nearest point for supplies was Oshkosh, then a small village, whence they went in a little canoe. Mr. Becker was one of the first la.nd owners in Winne- bago county, and built the first house in Wolf River township. Carl Becker died in that township in'March, 1889, his wife having passed away the month previous. Thirteen children were born to them, of whom two survive: Mrs. Tellock, and Emil William, a resident of Oshkosh, in the employ of the Paine Company; Mr. and Mrs. Tel- lock have had nine children, namely: Frank Elmer, born February 16, 1884; William Amil J'ohn, born March 23, 1886, a cheesemaker of Menasha, Wisconsin, married Alma Pyratz; Lydia, born May 8, 1888, died April 18, 1889; Emil Henry, born February 20, 1890 Alfred Carl, born April 23, 1892; Edward Henry, born July 6, 1894; Erwin Ferdinand, born December 17, 1896; Albert Otto, born April 26, 1899, and Gladys Joy, born August 31, 1902.

HENRY ANTON BESSING, who devotes his attention to dairy farming on a tract of sixty acres in Grand ,Chute township, has been a resident of this section for a long period, and is known as one of his township's reliable citizens. He was born at Buffalo, New York, January 17, 1854, a son of Bernhard and Katharine (Sunderman) Bessing, natives of Prussia, Germany. The parents of Mr. Bessing came to the, United States about 1842, and located first in Detroit, Michigan, but after a short period removed to Buffalo, New York, where Mr. Bessing followed his trade as moulder until his death there in 1864. Two years later Mrs. Bessing married Bernhardt Doing and came to Appleton, Mr. Doing purchasing a farm near the present property of Mr. Bessing, and here he died some years later, Mrs. Doing then returning to Buffalo, where her death oc- curred January 19, 1892. Five children were born by her first marriage: Henry Anton, Frank, who is deceased; John, a resident 'of Buffalo, and Bernhardt, also living in the Bison city, and Rose, who died in September, 1908, the wife of John Guelff, of Grand Chute township. Mrs. Doing had four children by her second union, namely: William, a soldier in, the -regular United States army; Tilly, who is' deceased; Joseph, who resides on State street, Appleton, an engineer in the paper mill, and Minnie, who is deceased. 602 IStITORYF OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

Henry Anton Bessing received his education in the public schools of Buffalo, New York, and worked on the home farm in Grand Chute township until he was twenty-one years old. He then started working out as a hired man among the farmers of that vicinity, and when he had accumulated enough money he invested it in the farm which he now operates, a first-class tract of sixty.acres which he devotes to dairy farming. He has erected a number of new, substantial buildings, fitted with modern equipment, with im- provements to insure cleanliness and hygienic conditions, and he has a fine herd of dairy stock which he feeds on well kept pasture land. Mr. Bessing is a member of the Roman Catholic Church at Appleton. In political matters he is an adherent of the principles of the Democratic party, and he has served one term as a member of the town board. On November 11, 1884, Mr. Bessing was married to Mary Hei- man, who was born in Oconto, Wisconsin, June 22, 1865, daughter of Henry and Anna (Jochanmen) Heiman, the former born in Hol- land in 1832, and the latter in Westphalia, Germany, October 8, 1842. Mr. Heiman came to America when about twenty years of age, and for about eight years thereafter he followed his trade of baker. After his marriage he became proprietor of a boarding house in Ooonto, Wisconsin, but after three years bought a farm in Grand Chute township, which he operated until 1905, at which time he re- tired and moved to Appleton, where his death occurred one year later. His wife had passed away in 1905. They were the parents of ten children: Henry, who is deceased; Mrs. Bessing; Lena, the wife of William Liethen, overseer of the paper mill, residing on Walnut street, Appleton; Anna, the wife of Frank Hooyman, a farmer of Freedom township; John, residing on the old homestead; Frank; and Francis, deceased; Antone, a Grand Chute township farmer; Margaret, the wife of Matt Jackels, a retired farmer of Story street, Appleton, and one child, which died in infancy. Mr. and Mrs. Bessing have had six children: Cecelia, born November 22, 1884, died February 5, 1906; John, born May 16, 1887, who died December 8, 1894; William, born February 17, 1890; Anna, born May 23,' 1892; Raymond, born August 31, 1894, and Agnes, born February 16, 1896.

CLYDE MAIN, whose forty-acre farm in Grand Chute township is producing excellent crops, is one of Outagamie county's scientific agriculturists. Mr. Main was born at Shiocton, Wisconsin, August 25, 1878, and is a son of Perkins and Mary (Crowley) Main, the former born in New York state in 1857, and the latter near Ripon, Wisconsin, August 21, of that year. Perkins Main was reared on a farm in New York, and as a young man was engaged in horse dealing. He came to Wisconsin when he was about twenty years of age, and first engaged in running a stage, line between Appleton and Shawano, but after some years went to Chicago, where he en- gaged in a teaming business, his death occurring about eight years later, in 1899. His widow now resides with her son Albert, a farmer HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 603

of Grand Chute township. Clyde Main attended the schools of Ap- pleton and Chicago and after his father's death came to Stevens- ville, Outagamie county, with his mother and brother, and rented a farm for two years, when they went to Shiocton and spent a like period on a rented farm. Returning to Stevensville, they remained for one year, and in August, 1908, Mr. Main came to Grand Chute township and purchased the farm of forty acres which he is now cultivating. He gives his entire time and attention to his farming and stock-raising interests, and specializes to some extent in cabbages and potatoes. In political affairs he is an' adherent of the principles of the Republican party, althou'gh he has never found time to en- gage actively in public matters and has never aspired to public preferment. Mr. Main was married August 14, 1901, to Florence Brooker, who was born January 26, 1879, in Waupaca county, WTisconsin, daughter of Frank and Sarah (Aman) Brooker, the former born in London, England, about 1854, and the latter in Waupaca county, January 2, 1859. Mr. Brooker came to the United States with his parents as a child, and located first in Waupaca county, later re- moving to Outagamie county, where he became a land owner and re- sided until the spring of 1911. He then went to a county in north- ern Wisconsin, where he purchased a farm of eighty acres. Mr. and Mrs. Brooker were the parents of seven children, namely: Florence, who married Mr. Main; George, who is single and lives with his parents; Finette, the wife of Leon Kennedy, residing in Bovina town- ship; Lloyd and Effie, living at home; Lillian, the wife of William Dey of Minocqua, and Frank, residing at home. Mr. Brooker had four children by a previous marriage, of whom three are now living: Burton and Ralph, of Minnesota, and Laura, the wife of George Kaufmann, of Shiocton. Alvin is deceased. Mr. and Mrs. Main have had four children: Theodore A., born March 7, 1903; Clar- inda, born December 4, 1904; Clyde, born February 5, 1907, and Jessie M., born February 17, 1911.

CHAILES H. KESTING, t representative citizen and good, prac- tical farmer of Grand Chute township, Outagamie county, who, is engaged in general farming and dairying, was born in Troy, New York, April 15, 1854, and is a son of Charles and Katharine (Neff) Kesting, the former of whom was born in Wittenberg, Germany, March 14, 1826, and the latter at the same place, July 27, 1827. Charles Kesting followed the trade of shoemaker in Germany until coming to the United States in 1851, and after locating at Troy, New, York, continued that business for about three years. At the end of this time he came to Appleton, Wisconsin, where he followed his trade for about five years, and then bought a farm in Center town- ship, which was partly cleared. After three years he sold his land and moved into the .city of Appleton for one year, but eventually went back to farming, purchasing the farm which is now being operated by Charles H. Kesting, and there he 'continued to live until his death in 1897. His widow, who survives him, makes her 604 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY home with her son. They had a family of seven children, as fol- lows: Charles H., two who died in infancy, Rosa, who married Henry Ebner, a resident of Michigan; Mary, iwho married Dell Col- lar, residing in Hortonville; Lottie, the wife of Charles Palmer. of Elcho, Wisconsin, and Clara, who is deceased. Charles H. Kesting attended the schools of Appleton, and worked on the home farm for his father until his marriage, at which time he bought the old homestead, on which he has operated ever since. He has eighty acres in a high state of cultivation, and is carrying on general farming and dairying. Mr. Kesting was mar- ried August 17, 1885, to Ida Beckenstrader, who was born in Apple- ton, October 31, 1862, daughter of Joseph and Frederica (Zinn) Beckenstrader, natives of Germany, where they were born in 1826 and 1839, respectively. On locating in Appleton, Mr. Beckenstra der followed the trade of cabinetmaker for several years, and then bought a farm in Osborn township, which he continued to operate until his death in 1902, after which his wvidow moved to Appleton, where she still resides. They were the parents of seven children: Mrs. Kesting, Olga, Arthur, Laura and Bertha, who are all deceased, except the first named; Herman, who is residing in the State of Maryland, and Hattie, 'who married Daniel Van Oyen, of Appleton. Mr. and Mrs. Kesting have had five children: Adella, born August 9, 1886; Fred, born December 9, 18'88; Herman, born April 21, 1893; Leo, born January 26, 1896, and Lillie, born May 15, 1902. Mr. Kesting is not connected with any religious organization. In polit- ical matters he is a, Republican.

CHARLES CLACK,, a prominent citizen of Appleton, Wisconsin, who is engaged in the produce business, is one of Outagamie county's large land owners, and has also been identified with the public in- terests of his section for many years. Mr. Clack was born in Ox- fordshire, England, February 18, 1857, and is a son of Charles and Adelaide (Wilkins) Clack, the latter of whom died in England. The father came to America in 1867, bringing his son Charles with him, and located at Barnett, Dodge cbunty, Wisconsin. Being a shoemaker by trade he followed that occupation for about three years, and then bought a 'farm near Barnett Junction, which he con- tinued to operate until his death, which occurred in 1899. He and his wife were the parents of seven children, all of whom are living: Mary Ann, the widow of Herbert Kellam, residing near the home of her brother Charles; Elizabeth, who married a Mr. Frank, re- siding in London, England; Charles; Hannah, who married James H. Peachey, a resident of Barnett; Adelaide, the wife of A. A. Mar- tin, residing just adjoining Mr. Clack; Edward, who lives in Pitts- ville, Wood county, and Alice, who is single and resides at Barnett. Charles Clack attended the schools of his native place and the district school at Barnett, and was thirteen years of age when he began working out among the farmers of Dodge county for ten dollars per month in the harvest field and at other kinds of farm labor. After about three years his father bought his farm near Barnett HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 605

Junction, and Mr. Clack went to work with him until he had at- tained his majority. During the following October he was married and rented a farm in Freedom township, on which he continued to reside for twenty-five years, although hh had bought land adjoining this which he also operated. He eventually became the owner of 344 acres of land and continued toi live on that place until 1902, in which year he moved to Appleton. He continued to operate this property until 1903 by means of hired help, and then sold some of his land, although he still owns 1421/2 acres in Grand Chute town- ship, which are being operated by his sons. He owns other land in different parts of the State, as well as valuable city property, in- cluding four residences in Appleton, one in Oshkosh, and one in Kaukauna. On his Grand Chute township farm he specializes in cabbage growing, and he is extensively engaged in the produce busi- ness in Appleton. Mr. Clark is now serving as treasurer of the Central Mutual Hail and Cyclone Association of Appleton. In polit- ical matters he is independent, and he has served as chairman of Freedom township for seven terms, as treasurer and clerk of the school board for more than twenty years, and 'was elected a men- ber of the General Assembly from the Second District for one term. His religious connection is with the Congregational Church. On November 18, 1878, Mr. Clark was married to Anna Bridge,. who was born July 4, 1854, at Galena, Illinois, daughter of Robert and Harriet (Heap) Bridge, natives of Lancashire, England. Robert Bridge came to America during the early forties, but later returned to England for his wife, and on their return they s6ttled near Stone Bank, Waukesha county, Wisconsin, on a farm, but some years later removed to Galena, Illinois. Mr. Bridge was there engaged in the manufacture of brick for about three years and then removed to a farm, on which he carried on operations for twenty years, even tu- ally removing to Calumet county, and three years later to Freedom township, Outagamie county. After six years there, he retired and settled in Appleton, where his wife died, and he subsequently went to live with Mr. and Mrs. Clack, at whose home he died about 1904. Mrs. Clack was the only child of her parents. She and Mr. Clack have had four children: Edith Adelaide, born October 16, 1880; John, born October 5, 1882; Ella E., born October 17, 1884; and Robert, born June 5, 1890, all single and residing at home. Mr. Clack is a prominent member of the Odd Fellows.

ROBERT RUSTON, one of the old and honored residents of Outa- gamie county, Wisconsin, who owns and operates a fine tract of land in section 6, Seymour township, came to this section. at a very early day, and deserves more than passing mention for the part he took in the development of this part of the state. M\r. Ruston is a native of England, born at Laynam, Nottinghamshire, June 26, 1833, a son of Robert Wilson and Mary Maria (Knight) Ruston, and a grandson of Robert and Mary (Crawford) Ruston, of Lincoln, Lincolnshire. Both Mr. Ruston's father and grandfather were sailors by occupation, the latter being lost at sea and the former dying 606 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

October 14, 1862, at the age of fifty-seven years. Mr. Ruston had these brothers and sisters: Wilson, William, John. Mary Ann, Eliza and Sarah. Robert Ruston came to the United States in 1865 and first lo- cated at Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where he remained until the railroad was built through to, Seymour in 1872, when he drove through to the latter place, bringing with him his baggage and a cow, while his wife and family 'made the trip by train. He had purchased eighty acres of wild land in Seymour township, and here he built a log shanty, with boards laid on the sleepers for the stove, and other furniture 'consisting of a table, rude ichairs and a bed. He first started to work in the woods, and during the next spring worked on the Seymour main road, which was then building, and' his first crop was put in his land with an axe. Mr. Ruston can tell many interest- ing experiences of the early days of Seymour township, when hard- ships were many and conveniences none. He relates of a period when the gnats and mosquitoes became so troublesome that returning from his work one day he was almost unable to recognize his family on account of the severe bites of the little insects. Year after year Mr. Ruston worked untiringly, clearing the brush and timber from his land, digging out stumps and filling in mires, grading and plant- ing, erecting new buildings and building fences, and fin time he had made his property one of the valuable farms of Seymour township. On November 7, 1853, at Rotterham, Yorkshire, England, Mr. Rus- ton was married to Ann Kitson, who shared with him all the hard- ships and privations of pioneer days. She was born on April 18, 1833, at Man, Yorkshire, England, a daughter of Robert and Frances (Autey) Kitson, whose other children were: George, Alfred, Wil- liam, Robert, James, Bessie, Mary, Annis, Abigail and Rachel. Mr. and Mrs. Ruston have had the following children: Robert, born February 13, 1858, died March 13, 1858; Mary Ann, born August 4, 1859, married Louis Conklin May 24, 1885; Eliza, born April 20, 1861, married Edward C. Weymouth November 16, 1887, and died June 15, 1895, leaving three children named Robert Edward, Lillian Odetta and Frances; Maria, born March 15, 1863, married William E. Lane July 26, 1888; William, born February 25, 1865; Louisa, born September 16, 1867, died September 28, 1868; Frances, born December 25, 1870, died November 7, 1906; Bessie, born March 31, 1873, married Samuel D. Westlake August 5, 1905, and Isabella, born August 29, 1875. Prior to coming to this -country, Mr. Ruston worked for twenty-one years in the iron works, first as underhand and later as a puddler. He helped to make the iron that entered into the construction of the "Great Eastern," and at the Parkgate Iron W\orks, Yorkshire, helped roll the first armor plate manufactured. Upon coming to this country Mr. Ruston studied the political condi- tions of the country with the result that he cast his first presidential ballot for General U. S. Grant in 1868, and has ever sin'ce been a stanch advocate of Republican doctrines and the candidates of the Republican party. HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUN'TY 607

ANDREW GEHRKE, who has been a resident of Seymour town- ship for more than a quarter of a century, is one of the self-made men of Outagamie county, having come to this section in humble circumstances, and through sheer perseverance and industry has worked his way to the front ranks of agriculturists of his section. Mr. Gehrke is a native of Germany, born August 11, 1847, a son of Christ and Christina (Mannke) Gehrke, the former of whom died in 1872, aged fifty-four years, and the latter in 1855, when thirty- seven years of age. They had three children: Margaret, Louisa and Andrew. Christ Gehrke was married a second time to Gottliebe Templin, by whom he had six children, namely: Afrizma, Caro- lina, Helena, Jacob, John and Fred. Andrew Gehrke received his education in the schools of his na- tive country, after leaving which he learned the trade of tailor from his father, and followed that profession in Germany until 1871, in which year he was married to Caroline Schrul. They then came to the United States, and for some time Mr. Gehrke followed his trade in Milwaukee, ,later'going to Menominee, Michigan, where he ob- tained employment in the sawmills. Here his wife died, leaving him with children named: Charles, Bertha, Tina and August, of whom the latter three are now deceased, and Mr. Gehrke was married a second time to Tina Abraham. In 1886, Mr. Gehrke decided to try his fortune at farming, he having been unfortunate in other un- dertakings, and he accordingly purchased eighty acres of wild land in Seymour township. At this time he was very much discouraged, his business ventures having put him $800 in debt, but he settled down to clear the land, and soon had it under cultivation and on a paying basis. Thus encouraged, he purchased another tract of eighty. acres, which he also cleared, and here built a frame house, a barn 36x100 feet and a stable 30x60 feet. Later, Mr. Gehrke turned the managen ent of this place over to his son Charles, and: moved to a nearby tract, just beyond Seymour, on section 33, twenty acres being in Seymour township and one acre within the city limits. There were no buildings on this property, but Mr. Gehrke soon erected a seven-room house, and a barn 30x70 feet, with basement under all, and here he carries on general gardening. The barn was burned in 1910, but this he has since replaced. Mr. Gehrke is a member of the Lutheran Church. He takes a keen interest in public questions of the day, but he has never aspired to office.

GUSTAVE HENRY FEURIG, deceased, was born June 5, 1843, in Jamaica, South America, a son of Rev. Gustave Rudolph Seigmund and Agnes Justina (Gruhl) Feurig, natives of Bethelsdorf, Saxony, Germany, whose other children were: Bertha, who died in a South American mission; Oscar; Ernestina; and Emma, who married Wil- liam Michelstetter, president of the Seymour State Bank. Gustave Henry Feurig secured his early education in Nieskey, Germany, where he learned the trade of .coppersniith at the factory of his uncle, later becoming foreman. In this connection he trav- eled extensively in Germany and Russia, and in 1871 he came to 608 HISTORY OF OUTALGAMIE COUNTY the United States, stopping first at either Egg Harbor or Hope, In- diana, from whence he removed to Cincinnati, Ohio. He then went to Watertown, Wisconsin, where his parents lived at that time, but shortly afterward went to Milhwaukee and added to his experience by learning the tinner's trade, and in 1876 came to Seymour, where he engaged in the hardware business with William Michelstetter. There was also a branch store at Blackereek, Wisconsin, which was conducted by another partner, Carl Trinkler, Twhose interests were purchased in 1882, and in 1887 Mr. Feurig became sole proprietor of the business which he conducted until his death, March 12, 1907. Mr. Feurig was a stanch member of the Moravian- Church, and the family is still connected with that denomination, attending services at Green Bay. Mr. Feurig was married October 1, 1876, to Carolina Henrietta Ottilie Scheller, who was born ait Green Bay, Wisconsin, September 8, 1857, daughter of Albert and Louisa (Moeller) Scheller, natives of Thurenger, Germany, the former of whom came to, the United States in 1846 on a steamship, and the latter two years later in a sailing vessel which took twelve weeks to accomplish the trip. They were married in Green Bay, August 28, 1851, and there Mr. Scheller established himself in the clothing business, which he continued to carry on until his death, November 9, 1861, aged thirty-four years. His widow, who is still living and will be eighty-three years old, June, 1912, 'was a daughter of Henry Jones. and Margaret Chris- tina (Krause) Moeller, natives of Germany, who settled in Green Bay, Wisconsin, at an early day. Mr. Moeller was a cabinetmaker in his native country, but after coming to the United States he en- gaged in farming. He died in 1862. Four children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Feurig, namely: Agnes Leola, born June 16, 1878, who married Don Carlos Clarke, proprietor of the Hotel Williams, Macom'b, Illinois; Gertrude Alma, born October 16, 1881, who married Halder Melvin Hansen, who does office work for the.Boston Montana. Smelter W.orks at Great Falls, Montana, and they have one child, Melvin Feurig, born March 8, 1909; Edna Amanda, bori March 2, 1885, 'who lives at home, and Claude M., born March 12, 1887.

FAYETTE L. FORWARD, senior lmember of the wholesale cheese, dairy products and cold: storage firm of F. L. Forward Company, at Seymour, Wisconsin, is a. native of the Empire State, having been born March 20, 1852, in Lewis county, New York, a son of Franklin and Eunice (Hall) Forward, and a grandson of Flavel Forward, a native of Virginia, who died in 1860, at the age of eighty-two years. Flavel Forward was twice married, having: by his first wife, Clarissa, a native of New York, the following chil- dren: Orville, Lucinda, Franklin, Louisa, Aaron and Jane. Frank- lin Forward was born March 11, 1817, in New York State, and in early life became a school teacher, a profession which he followed for many years, eventually becoming superintendent of county schools. He engaged in farming during his latter years, and this &~~i~XOijiiiil~'lilii

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HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 609

was his occupation at the time 'of his death, July 23, 1877. Mr. Forward married Eunice Hall, who was a native of Connecticut, and they had but one child, Fayette L. Fayette L. Forward received his early education in the conmmon schools of Lewis county, New York, and at the age of fourteen years entered the high school at Oswego, after leaving which he took a course in the State normal school, graduating therefrom in 1870. He then engaged in commercial work until his father's death, at which time he engaged in farming and continued to carry on agri- cultural pursuits until the death of his first wife, Frances Babcock. a native of Oswego county, New York, and the daughter of Perry G. Babcock, a New York farmer. She passed away in 1884, at the age of thirty-two years, and at this time Mr. Forward became a commercial traveler, continuing as such until coming to Seymour. March 28, 1888. 'During that year he was married (second) to Amanda Ryal, who was born March 8, 1853, in Lewis county, New York, a daughter of Leonard and Jane Alexander, farming people of New York. Mr. Forward first embarked in the mercantile busi- ness at Seymour, Wisconsin, under the firm'name of Muehl & For- ward, but after two years sold out his interest and began to estab- lish his present business, which has become one of the largest busi- ness industries in the city. A branch house was established at Pu- laski in 1906 to assist in taking care of the business which now em- braces a portion of Outagamie, Shawano, Brown and Oconto couin- ties, the year of 1910 being one of the most successful in the long term of years, when 2,000,000 pounds of cheese were handled, valued at $300,000. The firm of F. L. Forward Company have also been engaged in the coal business in Seymour for eighteen years. Mr. Forward is a Republican in national political views, but takes a non-partisan stand in city affairs. He has been assessor for three years, served as a member of the Republican County Commit- tee for two years, and for six consecutive years served in the office of mayor. He has always identified himself with those movements which he has believed would be of benefit to his adopted city, and he is looked upon as one of Seymour's public-spirited and progressive citizens.

BERNARD J. ZUJEHLKE, register of deeds at Appleton, Wiscon- sin, for the past fifteen years, and 'a well known citizen and popular public official, was born in Hortonia, township, Outagamie county. Wisconsin, January 1, 1867, a son of Julius and Augusta (Schmidt) Zuehlke, natives of Germany, who came to the United States in 1855 and settled in Hortonia township. Julius Zuehlke was a sol- dier in the Union army during the Civil war., was the operator of a grist mill for many years, and served as register of deeds from 1880 until 1887. He and his wife had a family of seven children, as follows: Bernard J.; Otto, residing in Appleton; Martha, who mar- ried Augustus Scherk, of Montana; August and Arthur, residing in Montana; Alma, who married Paul Noies, a resident of Appleton. 610 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY and Alma, who died at the age of four years. Bernard J. Zuehlke. received his education in the public schools, and his first employ- ment was as a clerk under his father. Later he learned the tele- graph business, and during the next eight years was employed by the St. Paul and. Northwestern Railroads. In 1894 he became deputy register of deeds under D. A. Kenyon, serving in that position two years and then being elected to the office of register, which he has held to the present time, the longest continuous incumbency of that office since its establishment. His services have been of undoubted value to the city, for the advancement of which in all respects he has an earnest desire, and his earnest and conscientious work in dis- charging the duties of his office have won him not only the support but the respect and esteem of his fellow citizens. Mr. Zuehlke is a Republican in politics, and is fraternally connected with the Knights of Pythias, the Eagles and the Elks, in addition to being a popular member of the Harmony Club. He is interested in the Riverside Greenhouse. With his family he is a consistent attendant of the Lutheran Church. On September 30, 1893, Mr. Zuehlke was united in marriage with Miss Margaret Heiss, of Appleton, daughter of Thomas and Margaret Heiss, and to this union there were born eight children, of whom five survive: Flora, Mildred, Grace, Margaret and Eileen, of whom Miss Flora is attending high slchool, while the others are students in the graded schools'of Appleton.

WILLIAM WOLF, who is discharging the duties connected with the office of county clerk of Outagamie county, Wisconsin, is one of the popular public officials 'of this county, and a highly esteemed citizen of Appleton. Mr. Wolf is a native of Outagamie county, having been born in Black Creek township, May 5, 1875, and is a, son of Peter and Emeline (Barton) Wolf. George Wolf, the grandfather of William, founded the family in the United States inl the early '40s, when he came from Germany and settled in Wash- ington county, Wisconsin. There Peter Wolf was born in 1852, and at the age of eighteen years came to Outagamie county and bought wild land with his brother Valentine, the two brothers con- tinuing to improve and farm this property up .to the time of their deaths. Peter Wolf died in 1895, his widow surviving him ten years, and they had a family of eight children, of 'whom two are now de- ceased. William Wolf secured his education in the public schools, and his boyhood and youth were spent on the home farm with his father, he continuing with him until his death. Ie has always been closely identified with public matters in Outagamie county, and was elected to the office of treasurer of Black Creek township, a position he held for seven years. He served as chairman of the township board for six years, during which time he was a member of the building committee that erected the Outagamie County Asy- lum for the Insane, was school clerk for fifteen years and assessor two years, and in 1910 was elected to the office of county clerk for a term of two years. The, high esteem in which Mr. Wolf is held HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 611 by his fellow citizens has been proven by his popularity at the polls, due to the efficient manner in which he has filled every requirement in any of the positions which he has been called upon to accept, and to the fact that his county's interests and those of his township are always placed in advance of his own. Mr. Wolf's fraternal connec- tions are with the Woodmen, the E. F. U., the Eagles and the Order of the Moose and Elks.

Fox RIVER PAPER COMPANY, one of the old established indus- tries of Appleton, Wisconsin, has grown steadily since 1882, when it, was founded by W. G. and J. H. Wharton, S. K. Wambold and Captain G. W. Spalding, and is rated one of the leading paper man- ufacturing companies of Northern Wisconsin. The first mill built by the company, known as the "Ravine" mill, employed about eighty men and had an output of about four tons of paper daily, but this was soon found to be inadequate for the demand, and in 1887 the mill was enlarged and the "Lincoln" mill was built, the capacity thus being increased to twelve tons per day. In 1893 the Fox River mill was erected, with a large rag room, and the capacity is now about twenty-five tons per day, 375 people being employed. Writ- ing paper is produced exclusively, and the company's product is marketed all over the world, the output being about $1,000,000 an- nually. The plant has a floor space of five and seven-eighths acres, and modern equipment and machinery are installed throughout, power therefore being obtained from the Fox River, the company owning about three-sevenths of the flow of the Fox River at this level. This is sufficient to operate the machinery under normal con- ditions, but in case of emergency the company has steam power to the extent of 2,000 horsepower. W. D. Wharton is president of the company, and Hiram (G. Freeman is treasurer and manager. Mr. Freeman has been indirectly and directly connected with the firm since it was first established, and in 1884 he was elected to the position of secretary, acting in that capacity until January 1, 1899, when he was made manager and treasurer. He is a native of Con- cord, New I-ampshire, born January 3, 1844, a son of Rev. Hiram and Adaline (Guernsey) Freeman, natives of Vermont. He re- ceived his education in the various towns to which his father's call- ing brought him, and attended Ripon .College until he was fifteen years old, at which time he began clerking in a store at Ripon, and later was employed at Oshkosh and other places. He saw service during the Civil War as a member of Company B, Forty-first Wis- consin Volunteers, with which he was connected from May, 1864, until the following September, when the regiment was mustered out of the service, and Mr. Freeman returned to Appleton. He resumed clerking, and in 1867 went to Green Bay, where he had secured the position of bookkeeper for the First National Bank, and three years later accepted the position of cashier for the City National Bank of Green Bay, and from there went to Kellogg's National Bank, Jan- uary 1, 1874. In 1881 he came to Appleton and accepted the p9si- tion of cashier with the newly-organized Commercial National Bank, 612 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY a position which he held until 1899. On November 20, 1886, Mr. Freeman was united in marriage with Miss Susie W. Smith, and one child, Angeline Smith, has been born to this union. Mr. Free- man is a Republican in his political beliefs, and is widely known and highly respected in Appleton.

PROFESSOR PAUL G. W. KELLER, one of the best known educa- tors of Outagamie county, Wisconsin, who has gained a wide reputa- tion for his; progressive ideas, was born at Helenville, Jefferson county, Wisconsin, in 1876, a son of John L. and Sophia (Smith) Keller, and a grandson of Bernhard Keller, who came to America from Germany in 1845 and: spent his life in agricultural pursuits. John L. Keller, who was born in 1851, was a student of Watertown University, and for a number of years a merchant in Wisconsin, and now makes his home in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He and his wife had four sons: Paul G. W.; Oscar, a business man of St. Paul, Minnesota, where he is a member of the city council; Grover, who is studying medicine; and Hugo, in business in St. Paul. Paul G. W. Keller secured his early educational training in the German Parochial school, and in 1894 was graduated from the Lake Mills High school, and after teaching for two years, entered the Milwaukee Normal school, from which he was graduated in 1898. He was then assistant in the New London High school for lone year, after which he entered the University of Chicago, graduating with the degree of S. B. in 1901. He then returned to New London as superintendent of schools for one year and in 1902 went to Mani- towoc, Wisconsin,. where he remained seven years as supervising principal, and during the fall of 1909 came to Appleton to accept the principalship of Appleton High school. He has continued to act in this capacity, and during his stay here has put the Domesti( Science department on a full credit basis; has introduced a physical culture department in all its branches, including medical examina- tion of all the students, and he is also introducing the innovation of recreation and social features. He is very popular with students and professors alike, and his standing in his profession is high. Professor Keller was elected to the exclusive Phi Beta Kappa Society while at the University of Chicago, a society organized December 5, 1776, at Williams & Marys College, membership therein being based on scholarship attainments. In 1902, Professor Keller was united in marriage with Mary Hanson, at New London, she being a daughter of William H-anson, a business man of that place. Two children have been born to this union: Paul and Helene.

JOIHN G. MORGAN, deceased, who for more than thirty years was one of the influential citizens and prominent business men of Appleton, Wisconsin, was born in Andover, Vermont, in 1820, and died in Appleton in 1898. Mr. Morgan's early life 'was spent in the East. HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 613

Upon coming West in 1866 he became a member of the firm of Ketchum & Morgan, in which he remained until the death of Mr. Ketchum. This business 'was later organized as the Appleton Machine Company. Mr. Morgan iwas affiliated with this company up to the time of his death. He was active in the ranks of the Republican party in whatever section he was located, but was never in any sense an office-seeker. He was prominent in fraternal circles, being a well known Odd Fellow, and in every walk of life distin- guished himself by the display of admirable traits of character. Mr. Morgan was 'married to Mary J. White, a native of Canada and a faithful member of the Methodist Church, and two children were born to this union: Alice, who is residing at Stevens Point, the widow of Alexander Slothower; and Carrie E., a graduate of the University of Wisconsin, who after teaching school for a time in Neenah, Wisconsin, became superintendent of the Appleton city schools, a position which she has filled very efficientlv during tbh past sixteen years. During the year 1905 Miss Morgan, who is well known in social circles of Appleton, took a trip through Europe for instruction and pleasure.

VICTOR F. MARSHALL, M. D., president of the Outaganiie County Medical Society, who is engaged in a large practice in the city of Appleton, was born at De Pere, Wisconsin, August 4, 1873, a son of Simon and Rose (Strause) Marshall, natives of Germany. Simon Marshall came to the United States at the age of twenty-one years, and after a short period spent in the East came to Wisconsin, settling in DePere, where he became a merchant. In 1890 he came to Appleton and engaged in the grain, seed, flour and wool business, and he is still carrying on activities in that line. He was married in Wisconsin to Rose Strause, who died in December, 1907, and they had a family of six children, as follows: Bettie, who died at the age of twenty-one years,; Samuel G., a partner in the Marshall Paper Company; Louis J., engaged in the same business; Victor F.; Harry, with the Marshall Paper Company; and Irene, who married M. F. Levy, a resident of Chicago. Victor F. Marshall attended the public schools of DePere, Wisconsin, graduating from the High School there in 1891, and immediately thereafter entered the Uni- versity of Wisconsin, from which he graduated in 1895. He studied medicine in the University of Chicago, and after graduation in May, 1898, was for one year an interne. He opened an office in Appleton on January 15, 1899, and here by his courteous manner, sympathetic nature and acknowledged ability he has succeeded in building up an enviable practice. The doctor gives a great deal of attention to surgical work, and in this line has been especially successful, having spent six months abroad in post-gradu- ate work during 1908. He is one of the house surgeons of Eliza- beth's Hospital, and is connected with the National, State and County societies, being president of the latter organization. Fraternally, he is connected with the Masons, the Elks and the Knights of Pythias. 614 HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY

On March 6, 1899, Dr. Marshall was married to Fannie Levy, of Chicago, daughter of W. Levy, and they have had one son, Wal- lace Sydney, aged seven years.

MANLY JAY SANDBORN, M..D., a leading member of the Outa- gamie county medical profession, whose chosen field of practice is the city of Appleton, has been prominently identified with various move- ments for the advancement of his profession in this section for a number of years. He was born July 25, 1869, in Freedom town- ship, Outagamie county, Wisconsin, a son of L. L. and Mary (Gur- nee) Sandborn, natives of New York who came to Wisconsin in 1855 and settled in Outagamie county. Mr. Sandborn was a soldier during the Civil War and after his service to his country was com- pleted he engaged in farming, although a carpenter by trade. He now resides in Appleton, his wife having died in 189;5, in the faith of the Methodist Church, of which he is also a member. Two children were born to them: Dr. Manly Jay; and Lloyd Earl, who died in the fall of 1893. Manly Jay Sandborn received his pre- liminary education in the public and high schools, and in 1892 graduated from Lawrence University and in 1896 from Northwest- ern University. He immediately embarked in practice in Appletol, where he continued for three years, and then went to Colorado for a like period, but subsequently returned to Appleton, where lie has built up a good practice and enjoys the esteem and confidence of the people to a large degree. He is a member of the National, State and County medical societies, and has been secretary of the l atier for seven years and president for one term; is connected with the Masons, the E. F. U. and the WToodmen, and is commander of the local post of Sons -of Veterans. IHe votes independently, and he and Mrs. Sandborn are faithful members and liberal supporters of the Methodist Church. In 1896 Dr. Sandborn was united in marriage with Miss Flora Thomnpson, of Appleton, daughter of Wilber and Ellen Thompson, early settlers of this county, and to this union there have been born two children: Ruth and Lloyd.

HENRY W. ABRAHAM, M. D., president of the Fox River Valley Medical Society, and one of the leading members of the Outagamie county medical profession, is engaged in a general practice in Apple- ton with office at No. 572 Oneida street. Dr. Abraham is a native of Germany, born August 1, 1866, a son of William and Hannah Abraham, who came from the Fatherland in 1870 and settled in Wausau, Wisconsin. William Abraham, who has been a soldier in the German army, was a brickmaker by trade and had a plant in WTausau, where he died in 1891, his widow surviving until 1898. They had a family of six daughters and three sons, of whom one is deceased. Henry W. Abraham' attended the public schools of Wausau, and in 1891 graduated from Lawrence College. After one year spent in Vienna he began to read medicine and then entered Rush Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1898;- He HISTORY OF OUTAGAMIE COUNTY 615 immediately came to Appleton, where he engaged in a general prac- tice, and here he has continued to the present time. He is a member of the W:isconsin State Board' of Medical Examiners and holds membership in the County, State and National medical organiza- tions, is president of the Fox River Valley Medical Society, is con- nected with the Theta Phi college fraternity, and is also a member of the 'Masons. Dr. Albraham is possessed of a kind, sympathetic nature, and the natural taste for the various branches of the medical profession that makes the ideal physician. He has built up a large and lucrative practice among the leading residents of Appleton, and has a host of friends both in and out of his profession. Dr. Abraham in politics is an independent voter, recognizing no party lines. He and Mrs. Abrahams are members of the Congregational Church. In 1899 Dr. Abraham was united in marriage with Nellie Bas- sett, of Berlin, Wisconsin, a graduate of Lawrence College, and to this union there has been born 'one daughter, Margaret, aged eight years.

FRANK PUTHE one of the best known live stock raisers in Grand Chute township, who is also engaged in farming, is the owner of a fine tract of 100 acres, and for a long period has been prominently identified with the agricultural interests of Outagamie county. He was born in the Third Ward, New London, Waupaca county, Wis- consin, April 2, 1859, a son of Nicholas and Eva (Mettlach) Puth. the former born about 1825 in Cobelantz, Prussia, Germany, and the latter July 7, 1835, in Treier, Prussia. Nicholas Puth was in young manhood engaged as a boatman on the Rhine until he came to America at the age of nineteen years. For the six years following he was a sailor on the Great Lakes, and later spent several seasons in rafting orP the Wisconsin River, after which he located in New London. He worked for about three years at the boom at Hales Mill, on Wolf River, at the end of which time he exchanged his property for eighty acres of farming land in Dale township, which he continued to operate until 1909, and since that time he has been living at the home of his eldest daughter, in Ashland. In February, 1865, he enlisted in a company of Wisconsin Volunteers, under Captain Youngs, and served until the close of the war. Mrs. Puth died January 9, 1909. They were the parents of seven children, as follows: Frank; John P., a farmer of Adrian, North Dakota; Katha- rine, widow of Joseph St. Lawrent, of Ashland; Johanah, wife of Michael Anderson, a farmer of Adrian, North Dakota; Lucy, wife of Jasper Jourdan, of Adrian, North Dakota; Nicholas, who resides in the West; and Mary, wife of Warner Truesdell, a grain and lumber dealer of Wright, Minnesota. Frank Puth attended school in Dale township, and made his home with his parents until he. was twenty-five years of age, although during this time he spent some years in the woods and with thresh- ing machine outfits. He then wenti West, where he operated, a well-drilling machine in Michigan, Minnesota and the Dakotas, and