Cryptoviral Extortion: a Virus Based Approach
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(U//Fouo) Assessment of Anonymous Threat to Control Systems
UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY A‐0020‐NCCIC / ICS‐CERT –120020110916 DISTRIBUTION NOTICE (A): THIS PRODUCT IS INTENDED FOR MISION PARTNERS AT THE “FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY” LEVEL, ACROSS THE CYBERSECURITY, CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND / OR KEY RESOURCES COMMUNITY AT LARGE. (U//FOUO) ASSESSMENT OF ANONYMOUS THREAT TO CONTROL SYSTEMS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (U) The loosely organized hacking collective known as Anonymous has recently expressed an interest in targeting inDustrial control systems (ICS). This proDuct characterizes Anonymous’ capabilities and intent in this area, based on expert input from DHS’s Control Systems Security Program/Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team (ICS‐CERT) in coordination with the other NCCIC components. (U//FOUO) While Anonymous recently expressed intent to target ICS, they have not Demonstrated a capability to inflict Damage to these systems, instead choosing to harass and embarrass their targets using rudimentary attack methoDs, readily available to the research community. Anonymous does have the ability to impact aspects of critical infrastructure that run on common, internet accessible systems (such as web‐based applications and windows systems) by employing tactics such as denial of service. Anonymous’ increased interest may indicate intent to Develop an offensive ICS capability in the future. ICS‐CERT assesses that the publically available information regarding exploitation of ICS coulD be leveraged to reDuce the amount of time to develop offensive ICS capabilities. However, the lack of centralized leadership/coordination anD specific expertise may pose challenges to this effort. DISCUSSION (U//FOUO) Several racist, homophobic, hateful, and otherwise maliciously intolerant cyber and physical inciDents throughout the past Decadea have been attributeD to Anonymous, though recently, their targets and apparent motivations have evolved to what appears to be a hacktivist1 agenda. -
Anna Lysyanskaya Curriculum Vitae
Anna Lysyanskaya Curriculum Vitae Computer Science Department, Box 1910 Brown University Providence, RI 02912 (401) 863-7605 email: [email protected] http://www.cs.brown.edu/~anna Research Interests Cryptography, privacy, computer security, theory of computation. Education Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA Ph.D. in Computer Science, September 2002 Advisor: Ronald L. Rivest, Viterbi Professor of EECS Thesis title: \Signature Schemes and Applications to Cryptographic Protocol Design" Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA S.M. in Computer Science, June 1999 Smith College Northampton, MA A.B. magna cum laude, Highest Honors, Phi Beta Kappa, May 1997 Appointments Brown University, Providence, RI Fall 2013 - Present Professor of Computer Science Brown University, Providence, RI Fall 2008 - Spring 2013 Associate Professor of Computer Science Brown University, Providence, RI Fall 2002 - Spring 2008 Assistant Professor of Computer Science UCLA, Los Angeles, CA Fall 2006 Visiting Scientist at the Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics (IPAM) Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Spring 2006 Visiting Scientist Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 1997 { 2002 Graduate student IBM T. J. Watson Research Laboratory, Hawthorne, NY Summer 2001 Summer Researcher IBM Z¨urich Research Laboratory, R¨uschlikon, Switzerland Summers 1999, 2000 Summer Researcher 1 Teaching Brown University, Providence, RI Spring 2008, 2011, 2015, 2017, 2019; Fall 2012 Instructor for \CS 259: Advanced Topics in Cryptography," a seminar course for graduate students. Brown University, Providence, RI Spring 2012 Instructor for \CS 256: Advanced Complexity Theory," a graduate-level complexity theory course. Brown University, Providence, RI Fall 2003,2004,2005,2010,2011 Spring 2007, 2009,2013,2014,2016,2018 Instructor for \CS151: Introduction to Cryptography and Computer Security." Brown University, Providence, RI Fall 2016, 2018 Instructor for \CS 101: Theory of Computation," a core course for CS concentrators. -
Underground Hacker Markets ANNUAL REPORT—APRIL 2016
Underground Hacker Markets ANNUAL REPORT—APRIL 2016 1 Underground Hacker Markets | APRIL 2016 Contents 3 Introduction: Welcome Back to the Underground 4 Price List for Hacker Goods and Services 7 Russian Hackers Expand their Working Hours and Use Guarantors to Ensure Customers’ Happiness 9 Hacking Services for Hire 11 Business Dossiers for Companies in the Russian Federation Bank Account Credentials, Tax Identification Numbers (TINS), Articles of Incorporation, Phone Numbers, Lease Agreements 12 Hacker Goods for Sale Bank Accounts, Popular Online Payment Accounts, Airline Points Accounts, Credit Cards, Hacker Tutorials…You Name It 16 Is ATM Skimming Passé? Not on Your Life. 19 Security Measures for Protecting Against Cyber Threats 22 Conclusion 23 Glossary of Terms 2 Underground Hacker Markets | APRIL 2016 Introduction: Welcome Back to the Underground For our 3rd Annual Underground Hacker Markets Report, Dell SecureWorks engaged two of our top intelligence analysts from our CISO INTEL Team. The team members spend time tracking hackers on the numerous underground hacker forums and marketplaces all over the world. While much of the cybercrime hitting organizations throughout the world is the result of cooperation by hackers working outside the confines of publicly-accessible marketplaces, these underground forums provide a small window into the world cybercriminals occupy. In this report, we concentrated on marketplaces located on the Russian Underground and on English-speaking marketplaces between Q3 2015 and Q1 2016. Just as we did in the 2013 and 2014 Underground Hacker Reports, we wanted to see if any trends had emerged. For example, did prices for popular hacker goods such as stolen bank accounts, credit cards, and malware go up or down? What about services such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks or hacking company databases? Not only did we answer those questions, but we also found some intriguing new products for sale and some interesting new trends as well. -
Black Hat Hacker White Hat Hacker Gray Hat Hacker
Crackers or Malicious Hackers: System crackers attempt to access computing facilities for which they have not been authorized. Cracking a computer's defenses is seen as the ultimate victimless crime. The perception is that nobody is hurt or even endangered by a little stolen machine time. Crackers enjoy the simple challenge of trying to log in, just to see whether it can be done. Most crackers can do their harm without confronting anybody, not even making a sound. In the absence of explicit warnings not to trespass in a system, crackers infer that access is permitted. Others attack for curiosity, personal gain, or self-satisfaction. And still others enjoy causing chaos, loss, or harm. There is no common profile or motivation for these attackers. Classification of Hackers: Hackers can be classified broadly into three different categories: 1. Black Hat Hacker 2. White Hat Hacker 3. Grey Hat Hacker Black Hat Hacker Black-hat Hackers are also known as an Unethical Hacker or a Security Cracker. These people hack the system illegally to steal money or to achieve their own illegal goals. They find banks or other companies with weak security and steal money or credit card information. They can also modify or destroy the data as well. Black hat hacking is illegal. White Hat Hacker White hat Hackers are also known as Ethical Hackers or a Penetration Tester. White hat hackers are the good guys of the hacker world. These people use the same technique used by the black hat hackers. They also hack the system, but they can only hack the system that they have permission to hack in order to test the security of the system. -
Address Munging: the Practice of Disguising, Or Munging, an E-Mail Address to Prevent It Being Automatically Collected and Used
Address Munging: the practice of disguising, or munging, an e-mail address to prevent it being automatically collected and used as a target for people and organizations that send unsolicited bulk e-mail address. Adware: or advertising-supported software is any software package which automatically plays, displays, or downloads advertising material to a computer after the software is installed on it or while the application is being used. Some types of adware are also spyware and can be classified as privacy-invasive software. Adware is software designed to force pre-chosen ads to display on your system. Some adware is designed to be malicious and will pop up ads with such speed and frequency that they seem to be taking over everything, slowing down your system and tying up all of your system resources. When adware is coupled with spyware, it can be a frustrating ride, to say the least. Backdoor: in a computer system (or cryptosystem or algorithm) is a method of bypassing normal authentication, securing remote access to a computer, obtaining access to plaintext, and so on, while attempting to remain undetected. The backdoor may take the form of an installed program (e.g., Back Orifice), or could be a modification to an existing program or hardware device. A back door is a point of entry that circumvents normal security and can be used by a cracker to access a network or computer system. Usually back doors are created by system developers as shortcuts to speed access through security during the development stage and then are overlooked and never properly removed during final implementation. -
Malicious Cryptography: Kleptographic Aspects
Malicious Cryptography: Kleptographic Aspects Adam Young1 and Moti Yung2 1 Cigital Labs [email protected] 2 Dept. of Computer Science, Columbia University [email protected] Abstract. In the last few years we have concentrated our research ef- forts on new threats to the computing infrastructure that are the result of combining malicious software (malware) technology with modern cryp- tography. At some point during our investigation we ended up asking ourselves the following question: what if the malware (i.e., Trojan horse) resides within a cryptographic system itself? This led us to realize that in certain scenarios of black box cryptography (namely, when the code is inaccessible to scrutiny as in the case of tamper proof cryptosystems or when no one cares enough to scrutinize the code) there are attacks that employ cryptography itself against cryptographic systems in such a way that the attack possesses unique properties (i.e., special advantages that attackers have such as granting the attacker exclusive access to crucial information where the exclusive access privelege holds even if the Trojan is reverse-engineered). We called the art of designing this set of attacks “kleptography.” In this paper we demonstrate the power of kleptography by illustrating a carefully designed attack against RSA key generation. Keywords: RSA, Rabin, public key cryptography, SETUP, kleptogra- phy, random oracle, security threats, attacks, malicious cryptography. 1 Introduction Robust backdoor attacks against cryptosystems have received the attention of the cryptographic research community, but to this day have not influenced in- dustry standards and as a result the industry is not as prepared for them as it could be. -
Chapter 2: an Implementation of Cryptoviral Extortion Using Microsoft's Crypto API∗
Chapter 2: An Implementation of Cryptoviral Extortion Using Microsoft's Crypto API∗ Adam L. Young and Moti M. Yung Abstract This chapter presents an experimental implementation of cryptovi- ral extortion, an attack that we devised and presented at the 1996 IEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy [16] and that was recently covered in Malicious Cryptography [17]. The design is based on Mi- crosoft's Cryptographic API and the salient aspects of the implemen- tation were presented at ISC '05 [14] and were later refined in the International Journal of Information Security [15]. Cryptoviral extor- tion is a 2-party protocol between an attacker and a victim that is carried out by a cryptovirus, cryptoworm, or cryptotrojan. In a cryp- toviral extortion attack the malware hybrid encrypts the plaintext of the victim using the public key of the attacker. The attacker extorts some form of payment from the victim in return for the plaintext that is held hostage. In addition to providing hands-on experience with this cryptographic protocol, this chapter gives readers a chance to: (1) learn the basics of hybrid encryption that is commonly used in every- thing from secure e-mail applications to secure socket connections, and (2) gain a basic understanding of how to use Microsoft's Cryptographic API that is present in modern MS Windows operating systems. The chapter only provides an experimental version of the payload, no self- replicating code is given. We conclude with proactive measures that can be taken by computer users and computer manufacturers alike to minimize the threat posed by this type of cryptovirology attack. -
Cyber Security Cryptography and Machine Learning
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12716 Founding Editors Gerhard Goos Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany Juris Hartmanis Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Editorial Board Members Elisa Bertino Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Wen Gao Peking University, Beijing, China Bernhard Steffen TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany Gerhard Woeginger RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany Moti Yung Columbia University, New York, NY, USA More information about this subseries at http://www.springer.com/series/7410 Shlomi Dolev · Oded Margalit · Benny Pinkas · Alexander Schwarzmann (Eds.) Cyber Security Cryptography and Machine Learning 5th International Symposium, CSCML 2021 Be’er Sheva, Israel, July 8–9, 2021 Proceedings Editors Shlomi Dolev Oded Margalit Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Be’er Sheva, Israel Be’er Sheva, Israel Benny Pinkas Alexander Schwarzmann Bar-Ilan University Augusta University Tel Aviv, Israel Augusta, GA, USA ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic) Lecture Notes in Computer Science ISBN 978-3-030-78085-2 ISBN 978-3-030-78086-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78086-9 LNCS Sublibrary: SL4 – Security and Cryptology © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. -
7/26/2018 1 Grand Prize Don't Forget to Fill out Your Card! Overview
The information provided here is for informational and educational purposes and current as of the date of publication. The information is not a substitute for legal advice and does 7/26/2018 not necessarily reflect the opinion or policy position of the Municipal Association of South Carolina. Consult your attorney for advice concerning specific situations. Anatomy of a Ransomware Attack Presented by Matt Hooper Session #1 Grand Prize Don't forget to fill out your card! 2 Overview Ransomware attacks are unfortunately common. Learn what they are, how to avoid an attack and what to do if your city is targeted. 3 1 7/26/2018 Security Breach Statistics . The government vertical in the US has become the largest group to suffer loss due to data breaches . On average, 57 confidential records are lost every second ...that’s 4,924,800 records per day . Almost 1.5 billion were lost in the month of March 2018 . The average cost for organizations reporting data breaches was $3.62 million dollars per breach . Security experts believe the majority of data breaches are either undetected or unreported! 4 What is Ransomware? Ransomware is a type of malicious software from cryptovirology that threatens to publish the victim's data or perpetually block access to it unless a ransom is paid. While some simple ransomware may lock the system in a way which is not difficult for a knowledgeable person to reverse, more advanced malware uses a technique called cryptoviral extortion, in which it encrypts the victim's files, making them inaccessible, and demands a ransom payment to decrypt them. -
CHURP: Dynamic-Committee Proactive Secret Sharing
CHURP: Dynamic-Committee Proactive Secret Sharing Sai Krishna Deepak Maram∗† Cornell Tech Fan Zhang∗† Lun Wang∗ Andrew Low∗ Cornell Tech UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Yupeng Zhang∗ Ari Juels∗ Dawn Song∗ Texas A&M Cornell Tech UC Berkeley ABSTRACT most important resources—money, identities [6], etc. Their loss has We introduce CHURP (CHUrn-Robust Proactive secret sharing). serious and often irreversible consequences. CHURP enables secure secret-sharing in dynamic settings, where the An estimated four million Bitcoin (today worth $14+ Billion) have committee of nodes storing a secret changes over time. Designed for vanished forever due to lost keys [69]. Many users thus store their blockchains, CHURP has lower communication complexity than pre- cryptocurrency with exchanges such as Coinbase, which holds at vious schemes: O¹nº on-chain and O¹n2º off-chain in the optimistic least 10% of all circulating Bitcoin [9]. Such centralized key storage case of no node failures. is also undesirable: It erodes the very decentralization that defines CHURP includes several technical innovations: An efficient new blockchain systems. proactivization scheme of independent interest, a technique (using An attractive alternative is secret sharing. In ¹t;nº-secret sharing, asymmetric bivariate polynomials) for efficiently changing secret- a committee of n nodes holds shares of a secret s—usually encoded sharing thresholds, and a hedge against setup failures in an efficient as P¹0º of a polynomial P¹xº [73]. An adversary must compromise polynomial commitment scheme. We also introduce a general new at least t +1 players to steal s, and at least n−t shares must be lost technique for inexpensive off-chain communication across the peer- to render s unrecoverable. -
Improved Threshold Signatures, Proactive Secret Sharing, and Input Certification from LSS Isomorphisms
Improved Threshold Signatures, Proactive Secret Sharing, and Input Certification from LSS Isomorphisms Diego F. Aranha1, Anders Dalskov2, Daniel Escudero1, and Claudio Orlandi1 1 Aarhus University, Denmark 2 Partisia, Denmark Abstract. In this paper we present a series of applications steming from a formal treatment of linear secret-sharing isomorphisms, which are linear transformations between different secret-sharing schemes defined over vector spaces over a field F and allow for efficient multiparty conversion from one secret-sharing scheme to the other. This concept generalizes the folklore idea that moving from a secret-sharing scheme over Fp to a secret sharing \in the exponent" can be done non-interactively by multiplying the share unto a generator of e.g., an elliptic curve group. We generalize this idea and show that it can also be used to compute arbitrary bilinear maps and in particular pairings over elliptic curves. We include the following practical applications originating from our framework: First we show how to securely realize the Pointcheval-Sanders signature scheme (CT-RSA 2016) in MPC. Second we present a construc- tion for dynamic proactive secret-sharing which outperforms the current state of the art from CCS 2019. Third we present a construction for MPC input certification using digital signatures that we show experimentally to outperform the previous best solution in this area. 1 Introduction A(t; n)-secure secret-sharing scheme allows a secret to be distributed into n shares in such a way that any set of at most t shares are independent of the secret, but any set of at least t + 1 shares together can completely reconstruct the secret. -
Trojans and Malware on the Internet an Update
Attitude Adjustment: Trojans and Malware on the Internet An Update Sarah Gordon and David Chess IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights, NY Abstract This paper continues our examination of Trojan horses on the Internet; their prevalence, technical structure and impact. It explores the type and scope of threats encountered on the Internet - throughout history until today. It examines user attitudes and considers ways in which those attitudes can actively affect your organization’s vulnerability to Trojanizations of various types. It discusses the status of hostile active content on the Internet, including threats from Java and ActiveX, and re-examines the impact of these types of threats to Internet users in the real world. Observations related to the role of the antivirus industry in solving the problem are considered. Throughout the paper, technical and policy based strategies for minimizing the risk of damage from various types of Trojan horses on the Internet are presented This paper represents an update and summary of our research from Where There's Smoke There's Mirrors: The Truth About Trojan Horses on the Internet, presented at the Eighth International Virus Bulletin Conference in Munich Germany, October 1998, and Attitude Adjustment: Trojans and Malware on the Internet, presented at the European Institute for Computer Antivirus Research in Aalborg, Denmark, March 1999. Significant portions of those works are included here in original form. Descriptors: fidonet, internet, password stealing trojan, trojanized system, trojanized application, user behavior, java, activex, security policy, trojan horse, computer virus Attitude Adjustment: Trojans and Malware on the Internet Trojans On the Internet… Ever since the city of Troy was sacked by way of the apparently innocuous but ultimately deadly Trojan horse, the term has been used to talk about something that appears to be beneficial, but which hides an attack within.