Innerviews Book

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Innerviews Book INNERVIEWS: MUSIC WITHOUT BORDERS EXTRAORDINARY CONVERSATIONS WITH EXTRAORDINARY MUSICIANS Anil Prasad ABSTRACT LOGIX BOOKS CARY, NORTH CAROLIna Abstract Logix Books A division of Abstract Logix.com, Inc. 103 Sarabande Drive Cary, North Carolina 27513 USA 919.342.5700 [email protected] www.abstractlogix.com Copyright © 2010 by Anil Prasad ISBN 978-0-578-01518-7 Library of Congress Control Number: Pending Printed in India First Printing, 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without the written permission of the author. Short excerpts may be used without permission for the purpose of a book review. For Grace, Devin and Mimi CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii Foreword by Victor Wooten viii Introduction x Jon Anderson: Harmonic engagement 1 Björk: Channeling thunderstorms 27 Bill Bruford: Storytelling in real time 37 Martin Carthy: Traditional values 51 Stanley Clarke: Back to basics 65 Chuck D: Against the grain 77 Ani DiFranco: Dynamic contrasts 87 v Béla Fleck: Nomadic instincts 99 Michael Hedges: Finding flow 113 Jonas Hellborg: Iconoclastic expressions 125 Leo Kottke: Choice reflections 139 Bill Laswell: Endless infinity 151 John McLaughlin & Zakir Hussain: Remembering Shakti 169 Noa: Universal insights 185 David Sylvian: Leaping into the unknown 201 Tangerine Dream: Sculpting sound 215 David Torn: Mercurial mastery 229 Ralph Towner: Unfolding stories 243 McCoy Tyner: Communicating sensitivity 259 Eberhard Weber: Foreground music 271 Chris Whitley: Melancholic resonance 285 Victor Wooten: Persistence and equality 297 Joe Zawinul: Man of the people 311 Photo Credits 326 Artist Websites 327 About the Author 329 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have contributed to Innerviews, both the website and the book, across the years. My wife Grace has been a pillar of strength during the life of the site and the process of creating this volume, not to mention serving as an excellent editor and proofreader. The visionary entrepreneurship of Souvik Dutta, president of Abstract Logix, made this project a reality. I’m thrilled to be a part of his distinguished stable of artists and writers. My friends Craig Peacock and Steve Monroe were there from day one when Innerviews began in the early '90s. Their enthusiasm and encouragement played a major role in propelling my career as a music journalist forward. Barry Cleveland at Guitar Player and Paul Hartman at Dirty Linen gave me tremendous opportunities to cover world-class musicians for their magazines, helping create a network of connections that sustains to this day. A few of those key relationships include Rob Ayling, Lori Hehr, Tina Pelikan, and Mike Wilpizeski— wonderful publicists and label people who saw Innerviews’ potential since the early days and continue to offer access to remarkable artists. Several musicians, including Bill Laswell, David Sylvian, David Torn, McCoy Tyner, and Victor Wooten, have provided significant words of wisdom and support that mean a lot to me. I’m also honored that Victor took time out from his busy schedule to contribute the foreword to this book. In addition, I wish to thank Andy Rinehart for his visual design expertise reflected in the book cover and the site’s look and feel, as well as Arkadyuti Basu, who is responsible for the superb layout of the interior pages. Finally, I owe a debt of gratitude to all of the extraordinary artists who have spoken to me for being so generous with their time and thoughts. vii FOREWORD As a professional musician, I am asked to do many interviews. Speaking for myself, as well as other public figures, we are often reluctant to grant interviews because we know our words may not be printed as we said them. Publicity is a must, which means interviews are a must, but when our words are misrepresented, it leaves the reader with a misguided impression of the artist, and leaves the artist upset and disappointed. This is a drag for all involved. Back in 1996, I was contacted by a guy with an unusual name asking to interview me for an online magazine—one I’d never heard of. Because I was releasing my first solo CD, I needed all the help I could get. So I reluctantly agreed to be interviewed by Anil Prasad for Innerviews. When I spoke with Anil, I was prepared to answer all of the usual questions like “Who are your influences?” “When did you start playing?” and “What’s in your CD player right now?” But to my surprise, the first question I was asked was about a movie soundtrack I had worked on. It was the first soundtrack I’d ever done and I still don’t know how Anil knew about it—no-one else did. The guy with the funny name had done his homework. I was immediately impressed. The interview got better and better as it went along. Anil asked insightful questions that allowed me to speak about music and life as I see them. He listened intently to my answers and seemed to really care about viii what I was saying. That made me feel comfortable and allowed me to open up and feel free with my replies. When I was sent the article, I was amazed that such care had been taken to write my answers as I expressed them, not as he wanted them to be. He wanted to make sure the reader completely understood me. The interview was titled “If people were more like music…” I liked that. “This is not your typical interviewer,” I thought. I was happy about that too. I liked this guy, but I thought that it was possibly a fluke. Maybe it was luck and he’d only done one good interview. I went to his website and read more of his work. I was stunned. I quickly found out that Anil is at the top of his field. He is an artist who interviews other artists. To me, Anil is like a great musician. The way he expresses himself through his own art—his writing—causes readers to feel inspired, as if we’ve learned about ourselves, as well as the subject of the interview. After reading Anil’s work, we readers find ourselves better off than when we started. Anil executes beautifully what we musicians are continually trying to do. I could go on telling you about Mr. Prasad—telling you why the first interview I did with him is still my favorite to date, why other interviewers should take note of the guy with the strange name, and why you should definitely read his work. But I don’t have to do that. I know you will find out for yourself as you thumb through the pages of this book. Enjoy, Victor L. Wooten ix INTRODUCTION When the Innerviews website first launched in 1994, it was purely an experimental endeavor. I was writing for various print newspapers and magazines for five years and decided to teach myself how to create a simple webpage by coding a few of my interviews into HTML. For the hell of it, I uploaded them to a personal web account and advertised their existence on several music newsgroups. I thought perhaps a few dozen people might be interested in reading some of the pieces on this new frontier. Little did I know what would unfold soon after. Hundreds of people flocked to the interviews in the first few days, and that turned into thousands in the weeks that followed. Soon my inbox was filled with messages from people worldwide radiating positivity about the work and asking when I’d post more. It didn’t take long to realize I was onto something. I started coding like crazy and posted several dozen of my articles and packaged them together as Innerviews. A large and devoted following for the pieces emerged, and soon, what was once an outpost for my print interviews turned into a magnet for artists, labels and publicists seeking coverage exclusive to the site. Innerviews’ focus on artists with expansive creative mindsets was clearly speaking to an underserved demographic in the world of music journalism: the thinking listener for whom music isn’t just aural wallpaper or a lifestyle accompaniment, but rather a living, breathing, essential part x of everyday existence. After receiving thousands of pieces of feedback over the years, I’m thrilled to conclude that Innerviews’ readers are just like me. If you’re holding this book in your hands, chances are you accept that while music is a self-standing statement, you also have a desire to gain some insight into the thoughts, processes and perceptions that drive an artist’s work. You also share my belief that those capable of making such profound music are probably people who have worthy ideas to offer in myriad other areas as well. People like us are not obsessed with celebrity. Rather, we see relationships between what the musicians do and what we do, regardless of our occupation and other interests. Their art, and therefore their thinking, have influenced us deeply and we have a thirst for knowledge on how their principles and perspectives can be applied to other areas of our lives. This viewpoint means we’re rarely going to find what we want in typical music magazines. With a handful of exceptions, depth has all but disappeared from mainstream music journalism. Further, a preoccupation with meaningless trivia, soulless sales data and writing that’s more about the writer than the artists seems to dominate. The art of getting musicians to delve deep into their souls to discuss topics that really matter to them is infrequently practiced these days. Most artists who agree to an Innerviews conversation understand what they’re getting into.
Recommended publications
  • Ventilo173.Pdf
    Edito 3 l'environnement.Soit.En ce qui concerne l'économie, un peu chez moi ici, non ? », de faire de son quartier la grève générale permanente avec immobilisation une zone dé-motorisée. L'idée, lancée il y a peu par du pays a un effet non négligeable.Dans le même es- un inconscient, a eu un écho étonnant. De Baille à Li- n°173 prit, on a : piller et mettre le feu au supermarché d'à bération, via La Plaine et Notre Dame du Mont, notre « Mé keskon peu fer ?» « Les hommes politiques sont des méchants et les mé- côté, détruire ou plutôt « démonter » systématique- bande de dangereux activistes (5) a ajouté, lundi soir, dias sont pourris, gnagnagna... » : je commençais à ment les publicités,ne plus rien acheter sauf aux pro- une belle piste cyclable à sa liste de Noël.« Cher Père trouver la ligne éditoriale de ce journal vraiment en- ducteurs régionaux.Bref :un boulot à plein temps.Par Gaudin, je prends ma plus belle bombe de peinture nuyeuse quand un rédacteur,tendu,m'attrapa le bras contre,signalons tout de suite que certaines actions — pour t'écrire. Toi qui est si proche du Saint-Père, par brutalement :« Mé keskon peu fer ? » Sentant que ma écrire dans un journal,manifester temporairement ou nos beaux dessins d'écoliers, vois comme nous aime- blague « voter socialiste, HAhahaha euh.. » ne faisait se réunir pour discuter — n'ont aucun impact, même rions vivre dans un espace de silence, d'oxygène et… plus rire personne, j'ai décidé de me pencher sur la si ça permet de rencontrer plein de filles, motivation et sans bagnoles.
    [Show full text]
  • March 2017 17Th a Religious Holiday
    The Rocket Review Raritan High School’s Official Newspaper 39.6 million people claim to have Irish heritage, The Day of the Irish 127 million people will celebrate the holiday. That By: Thomas Grady is 7 times greater than Ireland’s population! March is a month full of holidays, but one that In Ireland, on the other hand, they did see St. stands out is St. Patrick’s Day. Every March 17th, Patrick’s Day as a religious holiday. In the 1970’s all of America celebrates their Irish heritage. the government would close the pubs in Ireland Though not a national holiday, many people take so they could get the people to go to church and off from work and studies to embrace the Irish pray for St. Patrick. But since the mid-90’s the spirit. The day of St. Pat’s isn’t really a celebra- government made it a joyous holiday, giving it a tion in Ireland, it’s more of a solemn affair. multi day festival in the capital of Dublin. They have festivals, dances, and a parade. Not only Ireland’s patron saint is recognized in America does this happen in Dublin, it happens all around because of Irish immigrants who made March Ireland. Careful because in the first paragraph, 2017 March 17th a religious holiday. The man for whom St. you state that it is serious in Ireland. Patrick’s Day is named was born into an aris- In closing, when you see March 17th coming up tocratic family in Roman Britain around the end in the calendar, grab your leprechaun hat, lucky of the fourth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Chart Book Template
    Real Chart Page 1 become a problem, since each track can sometimes be released as a separate download. CHART LOG - F However if it is known that a track is being released on 'hard copy' as a AA side, then the tracks will be grouped as one, or as soon as known. Symbol Explanations s j For the above reasons many remixed songs are listed as re-entries, however if the title is Top Ten Hit Number One hit. altered to reflect the remix it will be listed as would a new song by the act. This does not apply ± Indicates that the record probably sold more than 250K. Only used on unsorted charts. to records still in the chart and the sales of the mix would be added to the track in the chart. Unsorted chart hits will have no position, but if they are black in colour than the record made the Real Chart. Green coloured records might not This may push singles back up the chart or keep them around for longer, nevertheless the have made the Real Chart. The same applies to the red coulered hits, these are known to have made the USA charts, so could have been chart is a sales chart and NOT a popularity chart on people’s favourite songs or acts. Due to released in the UK, or imported here. encryption decoding errors some artists/titles may be spelt wrong, I apologise for any inconvenience this may cause. The chart statistics were compiled only from sales of SINGLES each week. Not only that but Date of Entry every single sale no matter where it occurred! Format rules, used by other charts, where unnecessary and therefore ignored, so you will see EP’s that charted and other strange The Charts were produced on a Sunday and the sales were from the previous seven days, with records selling more than other charts.
    [Show full text]
  • Dec. 22, 2015 Snd. Tech. Album Arch
    SOUND TECHNIQUES RECORDING ARCHIVE (Albums recorded and mixed complete as well as partial mixes and overdubs where noted) Affinity-Affinity S=Trident Studio SOHO, London. (TRACKED AND MIXED: SOUND TECHNIQUES A-RANGE) R=1970 (Vertigo) E=Frank Owen, Robin Geoffrey Cable P=John Anthony SOURCE=Ken Scott, Discogs, Original Album Liner Notes Albion Country Band-Battle of The Field S=Sound Techniques Studio Chelsea, London. (TRACKED AND MIXED: SOUND TECHNIQUES A-RANGE) S=Island Studio, St. Peter’s Square, London (PARTIAL TRACKING) R=1973 (Carthage) E=John Wood P=John Wood SOURCE: Original Album liner notes/Discogs Albion Dance Band-The Prospect Before Us S=Sound Techniques Studio Chelsea, London. (PARTIALLY TRACKED. MIXED: SOUND TECHNIQUES A-RANGE) S=Olympic Studio #1 Studio, Barnes, London (PARTIAL TRACKING) R=Mar.1976 Rel. (Harvest) @ Sound Techniques, Olympic: Tracks 2,5,8,9 and 14 E= Victor Gamm !1 SOUND TECHNIQUES RECORDING ARCHIVE (Albums recorded and mixed complete as well as partial mixes and overdubs where noted) P=Ashley Hutchings and Simon Nicol SOURCE: Original Album liner notes/Discogs Alice Cooper-Muscle of Love S=Sunset Sound Recorders Hollywood, CA. Studio #2. (TRACKED: SOUND TECHNIQUES A-RANGE) S=Record Plant, NYC, A&R Studio NY (OVERDUBS AND MIX) R=1973 (Warner Bros) E=Jack Douglas P=Jack Douglas and Jack Richardson SOURCE: Original Album liner notes, Discogs Alquin-The Mountain Queen S= De Lane Lea Studio Wembley, London (TRACKED AND MIXED: SOUND TECHNIQUES A-RANGE) R= 1973 (Polydor) E= Dick Plant P= Derek Lawrence SOURCE: Original Album Liner Notes, Discogs Al Stewart-Zero She Flies S=Sound Techniques Studio Chelsea, London.
    [Show full text]
  • The Schematic of God
    The Schematic of God For The First Time An Extraordinary Journey Into Humanity’s Nonphysical Roots Warning! Reading this material may change your reality. William Dayholos January/2007 © E –mail address: [email protected] ISBN: 978-1-4251-2303-1 Paperback copy can be ordered from Trafford Publishing – www.trafford.com Illustrations by Wm. Dayholos ©Copyright 2007 William Dayholos II Acknowledgments The value of ones existences can always be measured by the support they receive from others. Be it family or not it is still unselfish support for another human being who is asking for help. Thank you Rose Dayholos, Marjory Marciski, Irene Sulik, Grace Single, Janice Abstreiter, and Robert Regnier for your editing help. This book is dedicated to my partner in life. To me a partner is one whom you can share your ideas with, one who can be trusted not to patronize these ideas, one who can differentiate their own truth from yours. A person who has an equal spiritual level and understanding, and encourages only through support of your ideas and not to through expectation. A true partner is one who balances out any weaknesses you have in the same fashion as you do for them. One’s weakness is the other’s strength, together you create a whole, a relationship that is stronger than the individuals themselves. In true fashion my partner has both helped and supported this book’s creation. Without this partner’s help it might have run the risk of being too much “me”! This was never the reason for the book.
    [Show full text]
  • Negrocity: an Interview with Greg Tate
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Publications and Research New York City College of Technology 2012 Negrocity: An Interview with Greg Tate Camille Goodison CUNY New York City College of Technology How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/ny_pubs/731 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] NEGROCITY An Interview with Greg Tate* by Camille Goodison As a cultural critic and founder of Burnt Sugar The Arkestra Chamber, Greg Tate has published his writings on art and culture in the New York Times, Village Voice, Rolling Stone, and Jazz Times. All Ya Needs That Negrocity is Burnt Sugar's twelfth album since their debut in 1999. Tate shared his thoughts on jazz, afro-futurism, and James Brown. GOODISON: Tell me about your life before you came to New York. TATE: I was born in Dayton, Ohio, and we moved to DC when I was about twelve, so that would have been about 1971, 1972, and that was about the same time I really got interested in music, collecting music, really interested in collecting jazz and rock, and reading music criticism too. It kinda all happened at the same time. I had a subscription to Rolling Stone. I was really into Miles Davis. He was like my god in the 1970s. Miles, George Clinton, Sun Ra, and locally we had a serious kind of band scene going on.
    [Show full text]
  • Precious but Not Precious UP-RE-CYCLING
    The sounds of ideas forming , Volume 3 Alan Dunn, 22 July 2020 presents precious but not precious UP-RE-CYCLING This is the recycle tip at Clatterbridge. In February 2020, we’re dropping off some stuff when Brigitte shouts “if you get to the plastic section sharpish, someone’s throwing out a pile of records.” I leg it round and within seconds, eyes and brain honed from years in dank backrooms and charity shops, I smell good stuff. I lean inside, grabbing a pile of vinyl and sticking it up my top. There’s compilations with Blondie, Boomtown Rats and Devo and a couple of odd 2001: A Space Odyssey and Close Encounters soundtracks. COVER (VERSIONS) www.alandunn67.co.uk/coverversions.html For those that read the last text, you’ll enjoy the irony in this introduction. This story is about vinyl but not as a precious and passive hands-off medium but about using it to generate and form ideas, abusing it to paginate a digital sketchbook and continuing to be astonished by its magic. We re-enter the story, the story of the sounds of ideas forming, after the COVER (VERSIONS) exhibition in collaboration with Aidan Winterburn that brings together the ideas from July 2018 – December 2019. Staged at Leeds Beckett University, it presents the greatest hits of the first 18 months and some extracts from that first text that Aidan responds to (https://tinyurl.com/y4tza6jq), with me in turn responding back, via some ‘OUR PRICE’ style stickers with quotes/stats. For the exhibition, the mock-up sleeves fabricated by Tom Rodgers look stunning, turning the digital detournements into believable double-sided artefacts.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating Differentiated Instruction & Understanding by Design
    Integrating Differentiated Instruction & Understanding by Design: Connecting Content and Kids by Carol Ann Tomlinson and Jay McTighe Chapter 1. UbD and DI: An Essential Partnership What is the logic for joining the two models? What are the big ideas of the models, and how do they look in action? Understanding by Design and Differentiated Instruction are currently the subject of many educational conversations, both in the United States and abroad. Certainly part of the reason for the high level of interest in the two approaches to curriculum and teaching is their logical and practical appeal. Beset by lists of content standards and accompanying “high-stakes” accountability tests, many educators sense that both teaching and learning have been redirected in ways that are potentially impoverishing for those who teach and those who learn. Educators need a model that acknowledges the centrality of standards but that also demonstrates how meaning and understanding can both emanate from and frame content standards so that young people develop powers of mind as well as accumulate an information base. For many educators, Understanding by Design addresses that need. Simultaneously, teachers find it increasingly difficult to ignore the diversity of learners who populate their classrooms. Culture, race, language, economics, gender, experience, motivation to achieve, disability, advanced ability, personal interests, learning preferences, and presence or absence of an adult support system are just some of the factors that students bring to school with them in almost stunning variety. Few teachers find their work effective or satisfying when they simply “serve up” a curriculum—even an elegant one—to their students with no regard for their varied learning needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander 2013 Principles-Of-Animal-Locomotion.Pdf
    .................................................... Principles of Animal Locomotion Principles of Animal Locomotion ..................................................... R. McNeill Alexander PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD Copyright © 2003 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 3 Market Place, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1SY All Rights Reserved Second printing, and first paperback printing, 2006 Paperback ISBN-13: 978-0-691-12634-0 Paperback ISBN-10: 0-691-12634-8 The Library of Congress has cataloged the cloth edition of this book as follows Alexander, R. McNeill. Principles of animal locomotion / R. McNeill Alexander. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-691-08678-8 (alk. paper) 1. Animal locomotion. I. Title. QP301.A2963 2002 591.47′9—dc21 2002016904 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Galliard and Bulmer Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ pup.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 1098765432 Contents ............................................................... PREFACE ix Chapter 1. The Best Way to Travel 1 1.1. Fitness 1 1.2. Speed 2 1.3. Acceleration and Maneuverability 2 1.4. Endurance 4 1.5. Economy of Energy 7 1.6. Stability 8 1.7. Compromises 9 1.8. Constraints 9 1.9. Optimization Theory 10 1.10. Gaits 12 Chapter 2. Muscle, the Motor 15 2.1. How Muscles Exert Force 15 2.2. Shortening and Lengthening Muscle 22 2.3. Power Output of Muscles 26 2.4. Pennation Patterns and Moment Arms 28 2.5. Power Consumption 31 2.6. Some Other Types of Muscle 34 Chapter 3.
    [Show full text]
  • David Sylvian As a Philosopher Free Download
    DAVID SYLVIAN AS A PHILOSOPHER FREE DOWNLOAD Leonardo Vittorio Arena | 66 pages | 28 Feb 2016 | Mimesis International | 9788869770029 | English | MI, Italy ISBN 13: 9788869770029 It would be another six months before the Nine Horses album would surface. But ours is a way of life. Secrets of the Beehive made greater use of acoustic instruments and was musically oriented towards sombre, emotive ballads laced with string arrangements by Ryuichi Sakamoto and Brian Gascoigne. Sylvian and Fripp's final collaboration was the installation Redemption — Approaching Silence. The two artists lived in New Hampshire where they had two children. For me, that David Sylvian as a Philosopher an exploration of intuitive states via meditation and other related disciplines which, the more I witnessed free-improv players at work, appeared to be crucially important to enable a being there in the moment, a sustained alertness and receptivity. Keep me signed in. Lyrics by David Sylvian. Forgot your details? By Stephen Holden, 16 December David Sylvian. Venice by Christian Fennesz Recording 3 editions published in in Undetermined and English and held by 26 WorldCat member libraries worldwide. Martin Power. Following Dead BeesSylvian released a pair of compilation albums through Virgin, a two-disc retrospective, Everything and Nothingand an instrumental collection, Camphor. He has said about his process, "With Blemish I started each day in the studio with a very simple improvisation David Sylvian as a Philosopher guitar. His father Bernard was a plasterer by trade, his mother Sheila a housewife. Home Learning. Never one to conform to commercial expectations, Sylvian then collaborated with Holger Czukay.
    [Show full text]
  • Text Collection
    GRADE TM 4 Ac GEN b Text Collection Glenview, Illinois • Boston, Massachusetts • Chandler, Arizona • Hoboken, New Jersey Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to Rights Management & Contracts, 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030. ReadyGEN is a trademark, in the U.S. and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. Common Core State Standards: © Copyright 2010. National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and Council of Chief State School Officers. All rights reserved. ISBN-13: 978-0-328-78847-7 ISBN-10: 0-328-78847-3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V003 18 17 16 15 14 RGEN14_SC4_V2_FM.indd 1 2/11/14 1:37 PM Table of Contents Unit 3 Exploring Impact and Effect Quake by Gail Langer Karwoski ...................................................... 5 Earthshaker’s Bad Day by Gaby Triana ........................................................... 25 The Monster Beneath the Sea by Stacia Deutsch .......................................................... 31 Escape from Pompeii by Christina Balit .......................................................... 37 Islands by Marilyn Singer .........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • University Microfilms
    INFORMATION TO USERS This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
    [Show full text]