Protects Daphnia Against an Ancient Predator: an Exceptional Inducible Defense Discovered by DNA Barcoding Petrusek A., Tollrian R., Schwenk K., Haas A., Laforsch C

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Protects Daphnia Against an Ancient Predator: an Exceptional Inducible Defense Discovered by DNA Barcoding Petrusek A., Tollrian R., Schwenk K., Haas A., Laforsch C Charles University in Prague Faculty of Science Department of Ecology RNDr. Adam Petrusek Diversity of European Daphnia on different scales: from cryptic species to within-lake differentiation (overview of the PhD thesis) Supervisor: RNDr. Martin Černý, PhD. Prague, August 2007 Brief overview of the thesis This thesis focuses on different aspects of the diversity of Western Palaearctic Daphnia. This cladoceran genus is often used as a model organism in ecology, evolutionary biology as well as in applied research, and plays a central role in ecosystems of temperate ponds and lakes. However, despite intensive studies, substantial cryptic diversity still remains undiscovered in the genus, and taxonomy of certain species complexes is problematic due to lack of reliable morphological identification characters, phenotypic plasticity, and sometimes also interspecific hybridisation. Unifying concepts of different chapters of the thesis (all co-authored by various specialists in the field) are therefore cryptic species, lineage identification, and taxon diversity on different scales. First, I introduce the richness of Western Palaearctic Daphnia lineages by the DNA barcoding dataset, which proves that apparently undescribed species can be found in every major species group. Afterwards, particular topics are discussed separately in the chapters composed as separate manuscripts. First, barcoding and ecological data are used to explain the function of unusual morphological structure (“crown of thorns”) in the D. atkinsoni complex. Next three chapters deal in detail with the taxonomy and diversity of the D. longispina complex: we suggest a comprehensive taxonomical revision of the group, synonymising some of the commonly used species names, provide evidence of yet unknown lineage, and restore the oldest valid name for one of the Fennoscandian species of the complex. Using these data, the lineage diversity of the D. longispina complex in the Tatra Mountains is then evaluated. Additional three chapters focus on the effects of local heterogeneity of environmental conditions within canyon-shaped reservoirs on Daphnia taxon composition and intraspecific diversity. We evaluate the impact of vertical and horizontal ecological gradients on the spatial distribution of Daphnia species and their interspecific hybrids, and focus also on intrapopulation diversification within D. galeata in the vertically stratified water body. The final chapter of the thesis is a contribution to the global assessment of animal diversity in continental waters, and attempts to estimate the currently known as well as undescribed diversity of all cladoceran orders. For more details, see abstracts of individual chapters below. 1 Stručné shrnutí práce (hovoříte-li anglicky, doporučuji českou verzi ignorovat) Tato doktorská práce je zaměřena na různé aspekty diverzity perlooček rodu Daphnia v západním Palearktu. Daphnia je významným modelovým organismem pro ekologii a evoluční biologii i v aplikovaných oborech a hraje často klíčovou roli v ekosystémech stojatých vod mírného pásma. Přes intenzivní výzkum se však i v Evropě a blízkém okolí vyskytuje řada nepopsaných kryptických druhů a taxonomie některých druhových komplexů (včetně těch modelových) zůstává problematická. Důvody jsou mimo jiné v absenci spolehlivých identifikačních znaků a fenotypické plasticitě mnoha druhů, k chaosu však přispívá i mezidruhová hybridizace. Jednotící tématikou jednotlivých kapitol práce (z nichž každá je dílem více autorů) jsou kryptické druhy, jejich identifikace pomocí molekulárních metod a mezi- i vnitrodruhová diverzita v různých měřítcích. V úvodu práce je vyhodnocena druhová diverzita západopalearktických zástupců r. Daphnia na základě sekvencí mitochondriálního genu pro podjednotku I cytochrom c oxidázy (používaného pro tzv. „DNA barcoding“). Ukazuje se, že ve všech hlavních druhových skupinách rodu existují v Evropě nepopsané linie. Následující kapitoly se detailněji zabývají různými aspekty diverzity rodu. Nejprve je na příkladu druhového komplexu D. atkinsoni předvedena syntéza genetických a ekologických dat, díky níž bylo možno vysvětlit funkci pozoruhodné morfologické struktury („trnové koruny“) u některých jedinců. Následující tři kapitoly jsou zaměřeny na taxonomii a diverzitu druhového komplexu D. longispina. V první z nich navrhujeme jeho komplexní taxonomickou revizi (včetně synonymizace některých běžně používaných druhových jmen), druhá má za cíl zmrtvýchvstání polozapomentutého skandinávského druhového jména D. lacustris. Na základě molekulárních dat a našich předchozích analýz se pak podrobně věnuji diverzitě tohoto druhového komplexu v tatranských horských jezerech. Další tři kapitoly práce se zaměřují na vliv ekologických gradientů v korytovitých údolních nádržích na diverzitu lokálních populací komplexu D. longispina. Zabýváme se prostorovou distribucí rodičovských druhů a mezidruhových kříženců na podélných gradientech od přítoku po hráz, dále popisujeme vnitrodruhovou diferenciaci druhu D. galeata na vertikálním profilu ve stratifikovaném vodním sloupci. Závěrečná kapitola práce se věnuje perloočkám v globálním měřítku – snažíme se v ní shrnout současné znalosti o početnosti druhů v jednotlivých vyšších taxonomických skupinách a odhadnout i předpokládanou kryptickou diverzitu těchto pozoruhodných korýšů. Více detailů o jednotlivých kapitolách je uvedeno níže (abstrakty v angličtině). 2 Abstracts of individual chapters of the thesis Abstrakty jednotlivých kapitol disertační práce (pouze anglicky) “Crown of thorns” protects Daphnia against an ancient predator: an exceptional inducible defense discovered by DNA barcoding Petrusek A., Tollrian R., Schwenk K., Haas A., Laforsch C. (unpublished manuscript) DNA Barcoding has emerged as valuable tool to document global biodiversity. In the animal kingdom, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences are used as DNA barcodes to catalogue species richness and to identify for instance cryptic or polymorphic species. However, the added value of DNA barcoding activities – providing background information that will be helpful in the selection of taxa for further analyses – has been little explored. Here we present an example how DNA barcoding in combination with morphological and ecological data unravelled a striking predator-prey interaction of aquatic organisms. The “crown of thorns”, a conspicuous morphological feature among members of the Daphnia atkinsoni group, has been considered to represent a species-specific trait. However, our study shows that this feature is phenotypically plastic and induced by chemical cues released by Triops cancriformis, the tadpole shrimp (Notostraca). The defensive trait is found in several Daphnia lineages coexisting with notostracans and enhances efficiently the survival, suggesting that the “crown of thorns” evolved specifically in coexistence with this effective predator. In addition, our study highlights the additive value of DNA barcoding, since this approach not only helps to measure biodiversity, but also to contributes to explain processes leading to ecological and evolutionary diversification. A taxonomic reappraisal of the European Daphnia longispina complex Petrusek A., Hobæk A., Nilssen J. P., Skage M., Černý M., Brede N., Schwenk K. (submitted) Systematics and nomenclature of the Daphnia longispina complex, which contains some of the most common species of the genus in the Palaearctic, including taxa widely used in ecological and evolutionary studies, have been in flux for the last 150 years, resulting in misinterpretations and erroneous use of species names. We revise the systematics of this species complex based on mitochondrial sequence variation (12S rDNA and COI) of representative populations across Europe, with a special focus on samples from type localities of the respective taxa; we also include data from a subfossil resting egg bank from a type locality altered by human activities. Combining genetic evidence and morphological assignments of analyzed individuals, we propose a comprehensive revision of the European members of the D. longispina complex. D. hyalina and D. rosea morphotypes have evolved several times independently, and we find no evidence to maintain these morphotypes as distinct biological species. Alpine individuals described as D. zschokkei are conspecific with the above-mentioned lineage. We suggest that this morphologically and ecologically plastic but genetically uniform hyalina-rosea-zschokkei clade should be identified as Daphnia longispina (O. F. Müller, 1776). The valid name of Fennoscandian individuals labeled D. longispina sensu stricto in the recent literature is D. lacustris G. O. Sars, 1862. Additionally, we discovered another divergent lineage of this group, likely an undescribed species, in southern Norway. Our results 3 present a solution for several prevailing taxonomic problems in the genus Daphnia, and have broad implications for interpretation of biogeographical patterns, and ecological and evolutionary studies. Restoring Daphnia lacustris G.O. Sars, 1862 (Crustacea, Anomopoda) – a cryptic species in the Daphnia longispina group Nilssen J. P., Hobaek A., Petrusek A., Skage M. Hydrobiologia, in press. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9076-3 While molecular markers have revealed several distinct species within the Daphnia longispina group, there is a need to reconcile these species with traditional nomenclature. Here we show that one such species, called D. longispina in recent literature based on molecular markers, can reliably be associated
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