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National Tiger Book.Indd Status of Tigers and Prey in Nepal Government of Nepal Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Babar Mahal, Kathmandu Nepal 2014 Publisher: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Babar Mahal, Kathmandu Nepal 2014 Citation: Dhakal, Maheshwar; Karki (Thapa), Madhuri; Jnawali, Shant Raj; Subedi, Naresh; Pradhan, Narendra Man Babu; Malla, Sabita; Lamichhane, Babu Ram; Pokheral, Chiranjibi Prasad; Thapa, Gokarna Jung; Oglethorpe, Judy; Subba, Samundra Ambuhang; Bajracharya, Pankaj Ratna and Yadav, Hemanta (2014). Status of Tigers and Prey in Nepal. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal Copy Rights © Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the permission in writing of the copyright holder. Back Cover Photo: Tiger in Bardia National Park-©Krishna Shah Printed at: Sigma General Offset Press Sanepa, Lalitpur, Nepal Tel.: 5554029 ii iii Publisher: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Babar Mahal, Kathmandu Nepal 2014 Citation: Dhakal, Maheshwar; Karki (Thapa), Madhuri; Jnawali, Shant Raj; Subedi, iv v Publisher: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Babar Mahal, Kathmandu Nepal 2014 Citation: Dhakal, Maheshwar; Karki (Thapa), Madhuri; Jnawali, Shant Raj; Subedi, vi Table of Contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................xi 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 2. History of Tiger Conservation in Nepal .......................................................................................... 3 3. Tiger Habitats in Nepal ................................................................................................................ 5 3.1 Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) ....................................................................................................... 5 3.2 Protected Areas ..................................................................................................................... 5 3.2.1 Parsa Wildlife Reserve ................................................................................................. 5 3.2.2 Chitwan National Park ................................................................................................ 5 3.2.3 Banke National Park ...................................................................................................8 3.2.4 Bardia National Park ...................................................................................................8 3.2.5 Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve ..................................................................................... 8 3.3 Forests and Corridors outside Protected Areas ..........................................................................8 3.3.1 Kamdi-Kapilvastu Corridor .......................................................................................... 8 3.3.2 Khata Corridor ...........................................................................................................8 3.3.3 Basanta Corridor ........................................................................................................ 8 3.3.4 Karnali River Corridor ................................................................................................. 9 3.3.5 Laljhadi-Mohana Corridor ...........................................................................................9 3.3.6 Brahmadev Corridor ...................................................................................................9 3.3.7 Barandabhar Corridor ................................................................................................ 9 4. Tiger Monitoring Methods – 2013 ............................................................................................... 12 4.1 Institutional setup for tiger survey .......................................................................................... 12 4.2 Orientation Training ............................................................................................................. 12 4.3 Field Methods ..................................................................................................................... 13 4.3.1 Camera Trapping for Tiger Abundance Estimation .......................................................13 4.3.1.1 Tiger Population Estimation ............................................................................13 4.3.1.2 Sampling Design and Effort ........................................................................... 13 4.3.2 Line Transect Surveys for Prey Density Estimation ..........................................................14 4.3.3 Tiger Habitat Occupancy Surveys ...............................................................................15 5. Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 17 5.1 Tiger Population and Density Estimation ................................................................................. 17 5.2 Prey Density Estimation ......................................................................................................... 18 5.3 Tiger Habitat Occupancy ..................................................................................................... 18 6. Status of the Tiger Population in 2013 ......................................................................................... 19 6.1 Parsa Wildlife Reserve .......................................................................................................... 19 6.1.1 Sampling Efforts and Individual Tigers Captured ..........................................................19 6.1.2 Capture and Recapture Pattern .................................................................................. 19 6.1.3 Population and Density Estimation Using SPACECAP Program ....................................... 19 6.2 Chitwan National Park ......................................................................................................... 20 6.2.1 Sampling Effort and Individual Tigers Captured ...........................................................20 6.2.2 Capture and Recapture Pattern .................................................................................. 21 6.2.3 Population and Density Estimation Using SPACECAP Program ....................................... 22 6.3 Banke National Park ............................................................................................................ 22 6.3.1 Sampling Effort and Individual Tigers Captured ...........................................................22 vii 6.3.2 Capture and Recapture Pattern .................................................................................. 22 6.3.3 Population and Density Estimation Using SPACECAP Program ....................................... 23 6.4 Bardia National Park ............................................................................................................ 23 6.4.1 Sampling Effort and Individual Tigers Captured ...........................................................23 6.4.2 Capture and recapture pattern ...................................................................................23 6.4.3 Population and Density Estimation using Program SPACECAP .......................................24 6.5 Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve ..............................................................................................24 6.5.1 Sampling Effort and Individual tigers captured .............................................................24 6.5.2 Capture and Recapture Pattern .................................................................................. 25 6.5.3 Population and Density Estimation Using SPACECAP Program ....................................... 25 6.6 Results from CAPTURE and DENSITY Programs ...................................................................... 25 7. Status of Prey-base 2013 ............................................................................................................ 28 7.1 Parsa Wildlife Reserve .......................................................................................................... 28 7.1.1 Sampling Efforts ....................................................................................................... 28 7.1.2 Prey Species Encountered ..........................................................................................28 7.1.3 Prey Density Estimates ............................................................................................... 28 7.2 Chitwan National Park ......................................................................................................... 29 7.2.1 Sampling Effort ......................................................................................................... 29 7.2.2 Prey Species Encountered ..........................................................................................30 7.2.3 Prey Density Estimates ............................................................................................... 30 7.3 Banke National Park ...........................................................................................................
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