DOCSLIB.ORG

X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Vivianite, Metavivianite, and Baririte

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Vivianite, Metavivianite, and Baririte MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, MARCH 1985, VOL. 49, PP. 81 85 X-ray diffraction studies of vivianite, metavivianite, and baririte T. SAMESHIMA, G. S. HENDERSON, P. M. BLACK, AND K. A. RODGERS Department of Geology, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand ABSTRACT. Vivianite specimens from various world employing Cu-K~ with a graphite monochromator. localities yield X-ray powder patterns of two types: one All the resulting patterns were compared with those corresponds with that shown by synthetic Fea(PO4)2 - obtained from synthetic Fea(PO4)2"8H20, type 8H~O and is not readily distinguished from that of baririte, and type metavivianite. Where necessary, baririte; the second shows reflections of monoclinic silicon was used as an internal standard. A few very vivianite and triclinic metavivianite along with reflections of a bobierrite-type phase. The triclinic phase occurs as weak reflections that could be assigned to hydrated two twin-related lattices with twin plane 110 being the halloysite and/or illite were noted in some samples structural equivalent of 010 in the monoclinic phase. The of earthy (cryptocrystalline) habit and the occa- relationship of the bobierrite-type lattice to the other two sional nodular specimen. has not been established. The ternary pattern is produced by some coarse-grained vivianites on natural oxidation. Finer grained vivianites oxidise to an X-ray amorphous Results state without passing through a triclinic intermediate. Examples of the diffraction data which were KEYWORDS: X-ray diffraction, vivianite, metavivianite, obtained are given in Tables I and II, along with baririte. some published data. Synthetic Fe3(P04) 2 . 8H20 was prepared RE C E N T X-ray diffraction studies of vivianite and according to several of the recipes given in Mellor some related iron phosphate minerals suggest that (1935). X-ray reflections obtained for all samples the status of some species needs reappraisal. For correspond well with those given on ASTM Powder example, the results of Poullen (1979), Dormann Diffraction Data cards 3-0070 and 30-0662. An and Poullen (1980), and Dormann et al. (1982) annotation to 3-0070 suggests the sample was indicate that metavivianite is not a triclinic poly- synthetic while 30-0662 is data for synthetic morph of vivianite but an intermediate oxidation material. The results given in Table I, col. 5, are product of the ferrous phosphate and contains those obtained from the precipitate formed by both Fe 2+ and Fe 3+. 'I1 en rrsulte que la mrta- mixing solutions of ferrous sulphate and sodium vivianite est un minrral toujours associ6 ~t la hydrogen phosphate. vivianite' (Dormann and Poullen, 1980, p. 633). Earthy (cryptocrystalline) vivianite. As found by Further, powder diffraction examination of twenty- Henderson et al. (1984) the majority of earthy two vivianite specimens from New Zealand locali- specimens and some more coarsely crystalline ties by Henderson et al. (1984) showed that the samples gave results which correspond well with patterns of a number of samples, but not all, ASTM card 30-0662, published data of Kleber et al. contained both monoclinic vivianite and triclinic (1965) and Dobra and Duder (1976), as well as with metavivianite lines, although the presence of the calculated d-values obtained using the lattice triclinic pattern appeared to correlate more with constants given on ASTM card 30-0662 (= US mineral habit and mode of occurrence than with National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25, degree of oxidation of the specimen (cf. Dormann section 16, p. 38). It should, perhaps, be noted here and Poullen, 1980). that these constants differ from those given by Twenty-one additional specimens of vivianite Palache et al. (1951) cf. Barth (1937), and those from well-documented localities throughout the given by Fejdi et al. (1980). world have been examined by X-ray powder dif- Typical results are given in Table I, cols. 6-9. fraction, using both Co-Ks and Fe-Ka radiation Additional samples showing a typical vivianite and 114.6 mm Debye-Scherrer cameras. Some pattern include nodular vivianite, Suhana Hime- samples were further examined by diffractometry shima Island, Japan and crystalline vivianite, (~ Copyright the Mineralogical Society 82 T. SAMESHIMA ET AL. ~oo~ ~o~o ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~o ~O~N N~ ~CO O~ O ~ oo o ~d ~>- ~:~ .~, , co ds gddM d ~ d M M MM M M M MM s163 o ~ ~-'~ > mk@@~ ~o m ~ ~N NN NNNN NN NNQ s.. d ~MMM ~ ~ M~ ~" ,~ ~ ~," ,~ ~,~ - . cx~ c-J c,~ N e~OJ ~J o ~G t--- X-RAY STUDY OF VIVIANITE 83 Spodumene Mine, Kings Mountain, North Caro- specifically identified and may be obscured by the lina, along with numerous New Zealand specimens very strong 110 vivianite reflection. as given in Henderson et al. (1984). Samples of vivianite from Hunua, New Zealand Coarsely crystalline 'vivianite'. Many X-ray dif- (AU: 2408), Puy-de-Dome, France (Smithsonian fraction photographs of specimens, such as large Institute, Bosch Collection, B14026), and Clear- crystal fragments and groups of crystals, particu- water, Idaho (Smithsonian Institute, 87220) were larly those of granular and acicular habits, show, re-examined by X-ray diffractometry using Cu-Kct along with their monoclinic vivianite pattern, the with a graphite monochromator. Results are given presence of a number of reflections which corre- in Table II. spond well with prominent reflections of meta- The Hunua cryptocrystalline sample, col. 1, is vivianite as enumerated by Ritz et al. (1974). monomineralic vivianite. No additional reflections Examples are given in Table I, cols. 13-17 and exist in its pattern. Table II, cols. 2 and 3. The Clearwater and Puy-de-Dome samples are Further specimens that show both vivianite and altered vivianites showing additional metavivianite metavivianite patterns include nodular vivianite reflections as well as the strong diffraction line at from: Tarusaka Machi, Japan; Fujie Beach, Japan; 6.9 A. In addition the Puy-de-Dome specimen also Katada, Kobe, Japan; Tomigaoka, Nara, Japan; shows peaks at (d A) 3.98, 3.46, and 2.815 which, Oshibedani, Hyogo, Japan; Washington DC; and crystalline vivianite from: Carroll, Virginia; Wannon River, Victoria, Australia; Wheal Jane, Truro, Cornwall; and various New Zealand samples TABLE II. X-ray powder diffraction data for as given in Henderson et al. (1984). 'vivianite' samples derived using a graphite mono- Similar patterns showing both sets of reflections chromator; d (.~) 8.8-2.4 have been recorded without comment by Minato et al. (1956) and Zwann and Kortenburg van der 1 la 2 2a 3 3a Sluys (1971) from Haren, Noord Brabant Province, Netherlands (Table I, cols. 11 and 12). Presumably, 8.77 4 8.8 1 it was this type of binary pattern that Poulten (1979, 7.93 37 8.01 2 7.91 5 p. 51) obtained within his grouping 'Vivianites 6.96 100 6.92 30 naturelles oxydres artificiellement'. 6.71 100 6.76 89 6.70 100 4.955 3 In the present examples, there are generally 4.906 40 4.905 3 4.901 5 distinct metavivianite reflections close to 8.6 and 4.535 7 4.493 2 4.570 1 2.8 A. Depending on exposure times, further lines 4.353 2 4.366 1 4.353 1 may be noted at (d A) 4.27, 3.01, 2.25, and 1.63. 4.073 10 4.095 3 4.077 7 Vivianite reflections at d (A) 6.73 (020), 4.90 (200), 3.980 2 4.34 (011), 3.85 (101), 2.96 (211), 2.64 (330), 2.53 3.857 14 3.800 2 3.850 3 (141), 2.42 (301), 1.89, 1.79, 1.66, and 1.60 are 3.636 5 3.650 1 3.650 1 coincident with, or close to metavivianite lines at 3.460 2 3.356 <1 (d A) 6.72 (li0), 4.89 (110), 4.27 (0il), 3.84 (011,210), 3.202 26 3.214 7 3.209 7 3.978 40 2.985 2 2.988 4 2.95 (021), 2.67 (201), 2.50 (320), 2.46 (300), 1.86, 1.82, 2.967 3 1.75, 1.665, and 1.60. 2.815 1 A prominent reflection at 6.90-6.97 A frequently 2.768 4 2.775 3 2.771 2 occurs in those patterns showing metavivianite 2.718 19 2.714 4 2.725 4 lines and appears to show sympathetic variation in 2.700 17 2.711 5 intensity with that occurring at 8.6A. The same 2.639 10 2.640 2 reflection was recorded by Minato et al. (1956) in 2.592 2 2.600 3 2.594 3 their Ashio Mine sample (Table I, col. 12). Such a 2.524 11 2.536 2 reflection does not occur in the pattern of type 2.431 13 2.430 5 2.424 3 metavivianite nor can it be indexed using the lattice constants of Ritz et al. (1974). However, 6.96A is 1. Earthy (cryptocrystalline) vivianite; Hunua, New Zea- the strongest reflection of bobierrite as given by land. AU: 2408. Frazier et al. (1963) which is that data given on 2. Crystalline vivianite; Menat, Puy-de-dome, France. US National Museum (Karl Bosch Collection): ASTM Diffraction Data File card 16-0330. Of B14026. other strong reflections of bobierrite, those at (d A) 3. Crystalline vivianite; Dent, Clearwater Co., Idaho, 3.02 (i71), 2.94 (350), 2.57 (191), and 2.41 (291, 2, US National Museum: 87220. 10, 0) are coincident with or close to vivianite or la, 2a, 3a. Relative intensities of reflections given in metavivianite reflections; 8.04A (120) was not 1, 2, 3, respectively. 84 T. SAMESHIMA ET AL. along with that at 6.96 A, are common to bobier- sion, the term 'triclinic phase' will be used for that rite.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kinetics of Phosphorus Release from Vivianite, Hydroxyapatite, and Bone Char Influenced by Organic and Inorganic Compounds
    Article Kinetics of Phosphorus Release from Vivianite, Hydroxyapatite, and Bone Char Influenced by Organic and Inorganic Compounds Elisabeth Schütze, Stella Gypser * and Dirk Freese Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Chair of Soil Protection and Recultivation, Konrad-Wachsmann-Allee 6, 03046 Cottbus, Germany; [email protected] (E.S.); [email protected] (D.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 February 2020; Accepted: 12 March 2020; Published: 16 March 2020 Abstract: The availability of P is often insufficient and limited by accumulation in soils. This led to the necessity of solutions for the recovery as well as recycling of secondary P resources. Batch experiments were conducted with CaCl2 and citric acid to characterize P release kinetics from vivianite, hydroxyapatite, and bone char. While the P release during the CaCl2 treatment was so low that only vivianite and hydroxyapatite showed a slightly higher release with increasing CaCl2 concentration, the increase of dissolved P was more pronounced for citric acid. The application of citric acid resulted in a 32,190-fold higher P release for bone char. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic data suggested higher instability of hydroxyapatite than for bone char. The kinetic data showed that bone char, especially at a lower particle size, had a higher long-term P release than hydroxyapatite or vivianite. The suitability of hydroxyapatite and bone char as a poorly soluble, but sustainable P source is better than that of vivianite. However, the efficiency as a P fertilizer is also dependent on present soil P mobilization processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
    MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Temperature Thermomagnetic Properties of Vivianite Nodules
    EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access Open Access Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Clim. Past, 9, 433–446, 2013 Climate www.clim-past.net/9/433/2013/ Climate doi:10.5194/cp-9-433-2013 of the Past of the Past © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Discussions Open Access Open Access Earth System Earth System Dynamics Dynamics Discussions High-temperature thermomagnetic properties of Open Access Open Access vivianite nodules, Lake El’gygytgyn, Northeast RussiaGeoscientific Geoscientific Instrumentation Instrumentation P. S. Minyuk1, T. V. Subbotnikova1, L. L. Brown2, and K. J. Murdock2 Methods and Methods and 1North-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute, Far East Branch of the Russian AcademyData Systems of Sciences, Data Systems Magadan, Russia Discussions Open Access 2 Open Access Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA Geoscientific Geoscientific Correspondence to: P. S. Minyuk ([email protected]) Model Development Model Development Received: 7 September 2012 – Published in Clim. Past Discuss.: 9 October 2012 Discussions Revised: 15 January 2013 – Accepted: 15 January 2013 – Published: 19 February 2013 Open Access Open Access Hydrology and Hydrology and Abstract. Vivianite, a hydrated iron phosphate, is abun- 1 Introduction Earth System Earth System dant in sediments of Lake El’gygytgyn, located in the Anadyr Mountains of central Chukotka, northeastern Rus- Sciences Sciences sia (67◦300 N, 172◦050 E).
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Refinement of Köttigite–Parasymplesite Solid Solution
    Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, Volume 111, page 363–369, 2016 Structural refinement of köttigite–parasymplesite solid solution: Unique cation site occupancy and chemical bonding with water molecules Akira YOSHIASA*, Yumiko MIYANO*, Hiroshi ISOBE*, Kazumasa SUGIYAMA**, Hiroshi ARIMA**, † † Akihiko NAKATSUKA***, Koichi MOMMA and Ritsuro MIYAWAKI *Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860–8555, Japan **Institute for materials research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980–8577, Japan ***Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 755–8611, Japan †Department of Geology and Paleontology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba 305–0005, Japan Köttigite and parasymplesite form a solid solution of Zn3−x,Fex(AsO4)2 •8H2O. The compositional variations in the köttigite–parasymplesite solid–solution system were determined by SEM/EDS with specimens from Mitate Mine, Miyazaki, Japan, and Ojuela Mine, Mapimi Durango, Mexico. Variations were observed in the direction perpendicular to the (010) plane in the continuous solid–solution system. A refinement of the crystal structure of Zn1.62Fe1.38(AsO4)2 •8H2O [monoclinic, space group C2/m, a = 10.3417(13), b = 13.4837(16), c = 4.7756(5) Å, β =105. 306(4)°, V = 642.31(13) Å3, and Z = 4] converged into R = 0.0265 and S = 1.083 for 650 independent reflections in the single–crystal XRD data. The hydrogen bonds were described based on the hydrogen atom positions on the difference Fourier maps in reference to the bond valence calculations. The smaller Zn2+ ion prefers the larger M1 site and the larger Fe2+ ion prefers the smaller M2 site. This unique cation site preference reduces the structural distortions.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineralogy of Sediments from Lake Waiau, Hawaii]
    Pacific Science (1978), vol. 32, no. 2 © 1978 by The University Press of Hawaii. All rights reserved Mineralogy of Sediments from Lake Waiau, Hawaii] POW-FOONG FANz ABSTRACT: Fourteen sediment samples from Lake Waiau, a tropical alpine lake in Hawaii, were analyzed by X-ray diffraction for their mineral com­ position. Plagioclase is the major mineral; others are montmorillonite, goethite, and quartz. Plagioclase is derived from local tephra; montmorillonite and goethite are weathering products; and quartz is of eolian origin. A diagenetic mineral, vivianite, is also present. LAKE WAIAU IS LOCATED in Waiau Cone Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction (3980 meters) near the top of Mauna Kea on Standards (JCPDS 1960, Inorganic sets 1-5, Hawaii Island (Figure I). The lake, which p. 558 3-0070). The differences in some of averages 90 meters in diameter with a maxi- the d-spaces of the vivianite from the JCPDS mum depth of less than 3 meters, is an ideal standard may be caused by variations in its natural sediment trap. Woodcock, Rubin, chemical composition. It is nowhere abun­ and Duce (1966) reported 7.5 meters of sedi- dant enough to be detected by whole-rock ments present in the lake, which probably X-ray diffraction analysis. existed in Pleistocene time. Plagioclase is derived locally from tephra. Two cores collected during 1966 have be- Montmorillonite and goethite are weathering come available for analysis of their bulk products of the tephra. Goethite probably mineral composition. The sediments of these formed from the alteration ofolivine, magne­ cores consist of thinly layered, light-brown, tite, and pyroxene that derived from the olive-to-reddish silty clay interbedded with tephra.
    [Show full text]
  • A Blue Encrustation Found on Skeletal Remains of Americans Missing in Action in Vietnam
    Forensic Science International 97 (1998) 79±86 A blue encrustation found on skeletal remains of Americans missing in action in Vietnam Robert W. Manna,* , Melanie E. Feather b , Charles S. Tumosa b , Thomas D. Hollandaa , Kim N. Schneider aPhysical Anthropologists, U.S. Army Central Identi®cation Laboratory, 310 Worchester Ave., Hickam AFB, HI 96853-5530, USA bConservation Scientist and Senior Research Chemist, respectively, Conservation Analytical Laboratory, Smithsonian Institution, CAL-MSC, Washington, DC 20560, USA Received 22 October 1997; received in revised form 5 January 1998; accepted 17 January 1998 Abstract A blue encrustation was found on the repatriated remains of three U.S. Servicemen listed as missing in action (MIA) from Vietnam after 28 years. The identi®cation and origin of the blue material was determined. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis and powder X-ray diffraction identi®ed the material as the mineral vivianite, Fe3422 (PO ) ?8H O. Vivianite has been found often associated with fossilized bone and teeth, but this example is unusual in that it is only the second published forensic example of vivianite growing from human bone after such a short period of time. The presence of vivianite provides information leading to a more complete and accurate understanding of the taphonomic process associated with American MIA remains. 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Vivianite; Bone; Iron II phosphate; Blue encrustation; MIA; Taphonomy 1. Introduction In an effort to resolve the fate of men and women lost during the Vietnam War, the U.S. Army Central Identi®cation Laboratory, Hawaii (CILHI), is responsible for the worldwide search, recovery, and identi®cation of service members and civilians listed as missing in action (MIA).
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Alteration of Vivianite to Lepidocrocite in a Calcareous Medium
    Clay Minerals (2002) 37, 709–718 Dedicated to Prof. Dr U. Schwertmann on the occasion of his 75th birthday Experimental alteration of vivianite to lepidocrocite in a calcareous medium R. ROLDA´ N, V. BARRO´ N AND J. TORRENT* Departamento de Ciencias y Recursos Agrı´colas y Forestales, Universidad de Co´rdoba, Apdo. 3048, 14080 Co´rdoba, Spain (Received 25 April 2001; revised 28September 2001 ) ABSTRACT: Vivianite [Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O] is easily oxidized in the presence of air. In this work, we studied the oxidation and incongruent dissolution of vivianite in a calcareous medium containing an anion-exchange resin (AER) that acted as a sink for phosphate. Freshly prepared vivianite suspensions with calcite sand and an AER membrane were oxidized and stirred by bubbling air or CO2-free O2. Experiments were finished when oxidation rate and P removal by the AER became slow, which was at 53 days (air system) or 28 days (CO2free O2 system). At these times, the respective values of the Fe(II)/total Fe ratio were 0.29 and 0.12, and the respective values of the atomic P/Fe ratio were 0.15 and 0.11. The final product of the oxidation was poorly crystalline lepidocrocite in the form of thin (1À5 nm), irregular lamellae that were soluble in acid oxalate. The unit-cell edge lengths of this lepidocrocite were a = 0.3117, b = 1.2572, and c = 0.3870, vs. a = 0.3071, b = 1.2520 and c = 0.3873 nm for the reference lepidocrocite. The lepidocrocite lamellae contained occluded P (P/Fe atomic ratio = 0.03À0.04).
    [Show full text]
  • Minerals Found in Michigan Listed by County
    Michigan Minerals Listed by Mineral Name Based on MI DEQ GSD Bulletin 6 “Mineralogy of Michigan” Actinolite, Dickinson, Gogebic, Gratiot, and Anthonyite, Houghton County Marquette counties Anthophyllite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirinaugite, Marquette County Antigorite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirine, Marquette County Apatite, Baraga, Dickinson, Houghton, Iron, Albite, Dickinson, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Kalkaska, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Monroe and Marquette counties counties Algodonite, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Aphrosiderite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette Ontonagon counties counties Allanite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette counties Apophyllite, Houghton, and Keweenaw counties Almandite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, and Marquette Aragonite, Gogebic, Iron, Jackson, Marquette, and counties Monroe counties Alunite, Iron County Arsenopyrite, Marquette, and Menominee counties Analcite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Atacamite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Anatase, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Augite, Dickinson, Genesee, Gratiot, Houghton, Iron, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Andalusite, Iron, and Marquette counties Awarurite, Marquette County Andesine, Keweenaw County Axinite, Gogebic, and Marquette counties Andradite, Dickinson County Azurite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Anglesite, Marquette County Ontonagon counties Anhydrite, Bay, Berrien, Gratiot, Houghton, Babingtonite, Keweenaw County Isabella, Kalamazoo, Kent, Keweenaw, Macomb, Manistee,
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Vivianite from Catavi, Llallagua Bolivia
    Mineralogy and Petrology (1993) 47:193-208 Mineralogy anG Petrology © Springer-Verlag 1993 Printed in Austria Characterization of Vivianite from Catavi, Llallagua Bolivia K. A. Rodgers 1, H. W. Kobe 1, and C. W. Childs 2 1 Department of Geology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, 2 Landcare Research, Lower Hutt, New Zealand With 4 Figures Received April 3, 1992; accepted September 28, 1992 Summary Vivianite from Catavi Mine, Llallagua, Bolivia, has a near ideal composition with traces of Mg, Zn and Mn. Total rare-earth elements are < 1 #g/g. M6ssbauer spectroscopy shows Fem/(Fe lI + Fe m) is approximately 0.04. a = 10.030.~,, b = 13.434~, c = 4.714/~, /~ = 102.73 °. The middle-infrared powder spectrum shows H20-related bands at 3490, 3290, 3130 cm -1 (stretch), 1618 cm -~ (bend), 825 cm -~ (rock), and at 665 cm -~ a possible M-OH 2 twist. PO4 bands occur at 1045-940 cm -~ (stretch) and 570-450 cm -1 (bend). Corresponding laser Raman microprobe bands occur at 1051 (ms), 986 (m), 948 (vs), 867 (row), 828 (w), 568, 532, 453 (m), 442 (mw). Weak Raman bands at about 342, 303, 270 (w), 235 (ms), 227 (sh, ms), 196 (ms), 187 (sh, m), 162 (mw), and 126 (m) may arise from lattice vibrations. Differential thermal responses include a major endotherm from 115-235°C with a shoulder at 170°C and a maximum at 210°C resulting from loss of structural water combined with oxidation of Fe 2+, and two small exotherms with maxima at 605 and 780°C related to structural transformations.
    [Show full text]
  • Vivianite Impacts on Solids Processes
    FACT SHEET Vivianite Impacts on Solids Processes By: Bipin Pathak Introduction Causes of Formation Vivianite is named in honor of John Henry Vivian In chemical phosphorus removal, (1785 - 1855), an English mineralogist and mine orthophosphate (PO4 3-) binds to iron or owner who first discovered this mineral in aluminum and precipitates out of solution. Iron Cornwall. Pure, fresh vivianite is colorless but salts are a common choice over other metal salts oxidizes very easily and changes color from deep because of additional benefits in controlling odor blue to black. It is an iron-phosphate mineral and hydrogen sulfide production during (Fe3[PO4]2.8H2O), formed in an anaerobic system anaerobic digestion. Parameters including redox in the presence of dissolved ferrous ions and conditions, pH, alkalinity, presence of organic phosphorous (P) with relatively low sulfide substances, and particle morphology influence concentrations. It is different from struvite the binding and release of phosphorus. The (magnesium ammonia phosphate precipitate) in solubility of ferrous and ferric ions varies with pH terms of chemical composition and and oxidation reduction potential (Figure 2a). appearance. Struvite deposits generally appear The reduction of ferric into ferrous iron in as white or off-white crystallizations. anaerobic environments leads to P release from Fe-P minerals. In precipitation reactions, ferrous Vivianite is a hard scale build-up that can form iron exhibits preference for some chemicals over on flow meters, valves, pumps, heat exchangers, other chemicals (Figure 2b). This can create dewatering equipment and other areas conditions that favor formation of vivianite by downstream of the anaerobic digestion process binding the reduced Fe with P released in the (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Crystal Chemistry of an Erythrite-Köttigite Solid Solution (Co3–Xznx)(Aso4) 2· 8H2O
    minerals Article Crystal Chemistry of an Erythrite-Köttigite Solid Solution (Co3–xZnx) (AsO4)2·8H2O Justyna Ciesielczuk 1,*, Mateusz Dulski 2 , Janusz Janeczek 1, Tomasz Krzykawski 1, Joachim Kusz 3 and Eligiusz Szeł˛eg 1 1 Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, B˛edzi´nska60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; [email protected] (J.J.); [email protected] (T.K.); [email protected] (E.S.) 2 Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; [email protected] 3 Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-323689336 Received: 7 May 2020; Accepted: 9 June 2020; Published: 17 June 2020 Abstract: A wide compositional range, covering about 90% of an expected erythrite-köttigite substitutional solid solution with extreme compositions of (Co Mg Zn ) (AsO ) 8H O and 2.84 0.14 0.02 4 2· 2 (Zn Co ) (AsO ) 8H O, was revealed in a suite of samples from a polymetallic ore deposit in 2.74 0.27 4 2· 2 Miedzianka, SW Poland. Members of the solid solution series were examined by means of Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Energy-Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS), X-ray single-crystal and powder diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. Metal cations were randomly distributed between two special octahedral sites in the erythrite–köttigite structure. In response to Co Zn substitutions, small but significant changes in bond distances (particularly in $ [AsO4] tetrahedra), rotation, and distortion of co-ordination polyhedra were observed.
    [Show full text]
  • Vivianite As an Important Iron Phosphate Precipitate in Sewage Treatment Plants
    Delft University of Technology Vivianite as an important iron phosphate precipitate in sewage treatment plants Wilfert, P.; Mandalidis, A.; Dugulan, A. I.; Goubitz, K.; Korving, L.; Temmink, H.; Witkamp, G. J.; Van Loosdrecht, M. C M DOI 10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.032 Publication date 2016 Document Version Accepted author manuscript Published in Water Research Citation (APA) Wilfert, P., Mandalidis, A., Dugulan, A. I., Goubitz, K., Korving, L., Temmink, H., Witkamp, G. J., & Van Loosdrecht, M. C. M. (2016). Vivianite as an important iron phosphate precipitate in sewage treatment plants. Water Research, 104, 449-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.032 Important note To cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable). Please check the document version above. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons. Takedown policy Please contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights. We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This work is downloaded from Delft University of Technology. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to a maximum of 10. Accepted Manuscript Vivianite as an important iron phosphate precipitate in sewage treatment plants P. Wilfert, A. Mandalidis, A.I. Dugulan, K. Goubitz, L. Korving, H. Temmink, G.J. Witkamp, M.C.M.
    [Show full text]