JOURNAL OF PLANT PROTECTION RESEARCH Vol. 56, No. 2 (2016) DOI: 10.1515/jppr-2016-0023

Rapid communication

First record of vaporariorum Westwood (: Aleyrodidae) severely damaging field grown crops in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Andi Nasruddin1*, Laurence A. Mound2

1 Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia 2 Australian National Collection, CSIRO, P.O. Box 1700 Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia

Received: January 14, 2016 Accepted: May 6, 2016

Abstract: Greenhouse , Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood was reported for the first time in the South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia, and is causing significant damage to field grown potato crops. In an insecticide trial, the tuber yield in infested, untreated plants was reduced by 39%, and the plants had an average number of 68 adult per leaflet.

Key words: greenhouse whitefly population, yield loss, vector

Introduction ing to potato crops. This information is important as the Several species of whitefly cause economic loss to major basis for further studies on the management of the . crops under field conditions in Indonesia, such as Be- misia tabaci Gennadius on pepper (Setiawati et al. 2007) and soybean (Wartono 2011), Aleurodicus dispersus Russell Materials and Methods on pepper (Nasruddin and Stocks 2014), and Aleurodicus Insect identification dugesii Cockerell on horticultural crops (Maryana 2012). In contrast, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood has been Potato leaves heavily colonized by whitefly were col- considered a minor pest, with low populations on potato lected from farmers’ fields in Malino (5°14’S, 119°56’E; and cabbage (DAFWA 2014). 1,700 m a.s.l.), District of Gowa, South Sulawesi Province, Whiteflies damage plants by removing photosynthates Indonesia on November 22, 2015. The leaves were placed and excreting honeydew onto the leaf surface. The hon- in ziplock plastic bags before they were placed in a freezer eydew stimulates the growth of sooty mold fungi that for 48 h to assure that the were dead. Dried leaves can cover the leaf surface, reducing photosynthesis and with dead whitefly were sent to Canberra, Australia for contaminating crop products (Johnson et al. 1992; Liu et identification. Pupal cases were removed from the leaves, al. 1993). Whitefly can also indirectly damage a plant by mounted onto microscope slides in Hoyer’s Mountant transmitting plant . Bemisia tabaci vectors more than and examined through a Leica DM2500 microscope. 500 plant viruses, including Pepper yellow leaf curl Indone- Specimens were compared with reference specimens in sia virus (PepYLCIV) (Tsai et al. 2009). Aleurodicus disper- the Australian National Insect Collection, where voucher sus transmits Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) in Kenya specimens have been deposited, and relevant literature (Mware 2010). Trialeurodes vaporariorum spreads several (Martin 1999) was consulted. criniviruses such as infectious chlorosis virus (TICV) (Duffus 1996; Wisler et al. 1997), and Potato yellow vein virus Whitefly population and yield loss (PYVV) on potato in Colombia (Franco-Lara 2013). On June 2, 2015, potato growers in Malino, District of Whole potato tubers cv. Granola were planted in two Gowa, South Sulawesi Province reported to us that their plots 20 m wide and 30 m long in Malino on October 2, crops were heavily infested by whitefly. In our visit to the 2015. Two weeks after leaf emergence, whiteflies were potato fields on June 5, 2015, we found that more than present in the field. One plot was weekly treated with 80% of the plants were dead. To the best of our knowl- insecticide; while the other plot remained untreated for edge, this is the first record of potato plants being killed the whole season. The insecticide used was spinetoram, by whitefly in South Sulawesi. Thus, it was imperative to a mixture of spinosyn L and J (trade name Endure 120SC, identify the whitefly and assess the damage it was caus- DOW Chemical Company), at the rate of 96 g a.i. · ha–1.

*Corresponding address: [email protected] Unauthenticated Download Date | 2/13/18 7:14 AM 200 Journal of Plant Protection Research 56 (2), 2016

Adult insects were counted in both plots one day before Whitefly abundance and tuber weight in sprayed and un- each weekly insecticide application. The number of adults sprayed plots were compared by t-test at 5% level and per leaflet was determined by slowly turning the leaf and the average yield loss was calculated. Using methods of counting the insects on the lower surface of the leaf (Pa- the local farmers, fungicide was applied weekly to con- lumbo et al. 1995). In each plot, 15 plants were randomly trol late blight disease in both insecticide treated and chosen by following a W pattern and on each plant four untreated plots. Another insect pest that usually causes middle leaflets from different trifoliates were observed. economic damage to potato in the research site is Liri- At the end of the season, 15 potato plants from each omyza huidobrensis (Blanchard); however, the pest popula- plot were randomly selected for harvest. Sample plants tion was very low during the trial. Therefore, insecticide were selected following a W pattern to make sure that applications were solely for suppressing the greenhouse the samples represented the whole plot (Pedigo 1996). All whitefly population. tubers in each sample plant were collected and weighed.

Fig. 1. Potato plants infested with Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Newly infested leaves (A), sooty mold forming on the leaf surface (B), necrosis on the leaf margins and leaf cupping (C), dead leaf (D), heavily infested plant starting two weeks after plant emergence (E), and weekly insecticide sprayed plants (F) Unauthenticated Download Date | 2/13/18 7:14 AM First record of Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) severely damaging field grown potato crops… 201

study, whitefly infestation was evident two weeks after Results and Discussion plant emergence. The average numbers of adult white- Insect identification flies per leaflet for the whole season were 11.2 and 68.4 on treated and untreated plants, respectively. Application of The whitefly species attacking potato crops in Malino was the insecticide spinetoram maintained the whitefly popu- identified as greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporari- lation at a level significantly lower than the population in orum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). To the best of the untreated control throughout the season (Fig. 2). Un- our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of treated plants were smaller and less vigorous than treat- the T. vaporariorum in South Sulawesi and accounts for ed plants (Figs. 1E and 1F, respectively) and over 90% of economic damage to potato in Indonesia. The insect is the untreated plants were dead by the ninth week after found, but at low population levels, on potato and cabbage plant emergence (seven weeks post infestation). in Java (DAFWA 2014), cucumber in West Java (Prabowo The study site (Malino) is located 1,700 m a.s.l. with 2009), tomato in Central and West Java (Anjarsari 2011), annual temperatures ranging from 10–26°C. In the trop- and pepper in West Sumatra (Jamsari et al. 2014). ics, T. vaporariorum population outbreaks occur primarily Greenhouse whitefly is a cosmopolitan species found in the highland areas, whereas in sub-tropical regions the in both tropical and sub-tropical regions (Mound and insects thrive in lowland areas with temperatures rang- Halsey 1978). It is a polyphagous pest attacking numer- ing from 19.9–20.3°C (Caballero 1994; Fitriasari 2010). ous food, vegetable, and fruit crops (CABI 2005). Green- Insecticide treatment significantly affected plant house whitefly, as its name indicates, was an important yields. Average yield of the sprayed plants was 18 t · ha–1, pest of horticultural crops in greenhouses, such as to- compared with that of unsprayed plants (11 t · ha–1) mato, Begonia, Poinsettia (White 2014), and Rosmarinus (t-test, 0.05; Fig. 2). Thus, in the absence of insecticide sp. (Lubiarz et al. 2013). However, recently it has become applications, potato yield was reduced by 7 t · ha–1 or increasingly important in inflicting serious damage to about 39%. The yield loss was mainly attributable to numerous field grown plants (Wintermantel 2004; Lou- direct damage of feeding injuries by the greenhouse rencao et al. 2008); though, no direct economic damage to whitefly because populations of other insect pests were potato in the field has been reported. In our study how- negligible and no viral disease symptoms were noticed ever, heavy infestations of hundreds of adult greenhouse during the study. whitefly were found on the lower surfaces of plant leaf- lets (Fig. 1A). Early symptoms evident in infested potato plants are whitish spots that subsequently turned dark. Conclusions As the population increased, sooty mold accumulated on The outbreak of the greenhouse whitefly (T. vaporariorum) the leaf surface (Fig. 1B), necrosis developed on the leaf on potato fields in Malino, Indonesia substantially inhib- margins, and some leaves cupped upward (Fig. 1C). Ne- ited plant growth and reduced yield by 39%. This is the crotic areas on the leaves expanded and coalesced, which first report of both the whitefly in this province and that caused the whole leaf to dry-out (Fig. 1D). it has caused significant economic damage in Indonesia. Potato growers should be educated about this threat and Whitefly population and yield loss further studies should be conducted to develop integrat- ed control measures for the pest. In addition, it is also im- According to the local potato growers we interviewed, portant to investigate whether this insect causes indirect they first noticed the whitefly in their fields three years damage to potato in South Sulawesi by transmitting plant ago and the problem has worsened each year. In this viruses.

Fig. 2. Number of adult whiteflies per leaflet and plant yield (t · ha–1) on insecticide-treated and non-treated potato plants. Bars with different letters are significantly different (t-test, 0.05). Lower case letters indicate a difference in whitefly number and upper case letters indicate a difference in plant yield Unauthenticated Download Date | 2/13/18 7:14 AM 202 Journal of Plant Protection Research 56 (2), 2016

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