King Post Truss Joinery Analysis Case Study
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Truss Deflection
Truss Deflection Truss deflection may be something you do not give much thought to when designing trusses. Unfortunately, meeting the code permitted deflection ratio does not always guarantee satisfactory performance. Regardless of what the codes say, most people regard large levels of deflection as a sign of structural deficiency. Paying attention to deflection may be the key to whether your customer is satisfied with you as a supplier and continues to buy your products. Deflection of a truss is generally based on the amount of vertical movement from its original position due to the loads applied to the members. The amount of deflection depends on the span and stiffness of the members, and the magnitude of the loads applied. Codes provide the maximum allowable deflection limits for floor and roof trusses, which is based solely on the truss span. Generally, for roof trusses, the deflection in inches due to live load cannot exceed the span in inches divided by 240 (L/240) and due to total load L/180. For floor trusses, the deflection in inches due to live load cannot exceed the span in inches divided by 360 (L/360) and due to total load L/240. To meet code deflection criteria, a 40-foot span roof truss could have live load deflection 2 inches, which does not ensure satisfactory performance. MiTek engineers recommend using the deflection limits listed below. Page 1 of 5 10 /12 /20 20 Truss Deflection Roof Trusses should use the following settings: In MiTek 20/20 Engineering go to Setup – Job – Design Info – Deflection: In Structure with Truss Design go to File – Setup – Job Properties - Job Settings – Design – Building Code Settings: Please note the settings for cantilever and overhang are half that of the main span. -
Truss Terminology
TRUSS TERMINOLOGY BEARING WIDTH The width dimension of the member OVERHANG The extension of the top chord beyond the providing support for the truss (usually 3 1/2” or 5 1/2”). heel joint. Bearing must occur at a truss joint location. PANEL The chord segment between two adjacent joints. CANTILEVER That structural portion of a truss which extends PANEL POINT The point of intersection of a chord with the beyond the support. The cantilever dimension is measured web or webs. from the outside face of the support to the heel joint. Note that the cantilever is different from the overhang. PEAK Highest point on a truss where the sloped top chords meet. CAMBER An upward vertical displacement built into a truss bottom chord to compensate for defl ection due to dead load. PLATE Either horizontal 2x member at the top of a stud wall offering bearing for trusses or a shortened form of connector CHORDS The outer members of a truss that defi ne the plate, depending on usage of the word. envelope or shape. PLUMB CUT Top chord cut to provide for vertical (plumb) TOP CHORD An inclined or horizontal member that establishes installation of fascia. the upper edge of a truss. This member is subjected to compressive and bending stresses. SCARF CUT For pitched trusses only – the sloping cut of upper portion of the bottom chord at the heel joint. BOTTOM CHORD The horizontal (and inclined, ie. scissor trusses) member defi ning the lower edge of a truss, carrying SLOPE (PITCH) The units of horizontal run, in one unit of ceiling loads where applicable. -
LP Solidstart LVL Technical Guide
U.S. Technical Guide L P S o l i d S t a r t LV L Technical Guide 2900Fb-2.0E Please verify availability with the LP SolidStart Engineered Wood Products distributor in your area prior to specifying these products. Introduction Designed to Outperform Traditional Lumber LP® SolidStart® Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) is a vast SOFTWARE FOR EASY, RELIABLE DESIGN improvement over traditional lumber. Problems that naturally occur as Our design/specification software enhances your in-house sawn lumber dries — twisting, splitting, checking, crowning and warping — design capabilities. It ofers accurate designs for a wide variety of are greatly reduced. applications with interfaces for printed output or plotted drawings. Through our distributors, we ofer component design review services THE STRENGTH IS IN THE ENGINEERING for designs using LP SolidStart Engineered Wood Products. LP SolidStart LVL is made from ultrasonically and visually graded veneers arranged in a specific pattern to maximize the strength and CODE EVALUATION stifness of the veneers and to disperse the naturally occurring LP SolidStart Laminated Veneer Lumber has been evaluated for characteristics of wood, such as knots, that can weaken a sawn lumber compliance with major US building codes. For the most current code beam. The veneers are then bonded with waterproof adhesives under reports, contact your LP SolidStart Engineered Wood Products pressure and heat. LP SolidStart LVL beams are exceptionally strong, distributor, visit LPCorp.com or for: solid and straight, making them excellent for most primary load- • ICC-ES evaluation report ESR-2403 visit www.icc-es.org carrying beam applications. • APA product report PR-L280 visit www.apawood.org LP SolidStart LVL 2900F -2.0E: AVAILABLE SIZES b FRIEND TO THE ENVIRONMENT LP SolidStart LVL 2900F -2.0E is available in a range of depths and b LP SolidStart LVL is a building material with built-in lengths, and is available in standard thicknesses of 1-3/4" and 3-1/2". -
Carpentry/Carpenter
Job Ready Credential Blueprint 46.0201- Carpentry/Carpenter Carpentry Code: 4215 / Version: 01 Copyright © 2017. All Rights Reserved. Carpentry General Assessment Information Blueprint Contents General Assessment Information Sample Written Items Written Assessment Information Performance Assessment Information Specic Competencies Covered in the Test Sample Performance Job Test Type: The Carpentry industry-based credential is included in NOCTI’s Job Ready assessment battery. Job Ready assessments measure technical skills at the occupational level and include items which gauge factual and theoretical knowledge. Job Ready assessments typically oer both a written and performance component and can be used at the secondary and post-secondary levels. Job Ready assessments can be delivered in an online or paper/pencil format. Revision Team: The assessment content is based on input from secondary, post-secondary, and business/industry representatives from the states of Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Pennsylvania, and Texas. CIP Code 46.0201- Carpentry/Carpenter Career Cluster 2- Architecture and Construction 47-2031.01 – Construction Carpenters The Association for Career and Technical Education (ACTE), the leading professional organization for career and technical educators, commends all students who participate in career and technical education programs and choose to validate their educational attainment through rigorous technical assessments. In taking this assessment you demonstrate to your school, your parents and guardians, your -
Mitek Guidefor ROOF Trussinstallation
TIMBER ROOF TRUSSES MiTek GUIDE for ROOF TRUSS Installation The Timber Roof Trusses you are about to install have been manufactured to engineering standards. To ensure that the trusses perform, it is essential that they be handled, erected and braced correctly. 2019 - Issue 1 mitek.com.au TABLE OF CONTENTS Fixing & Bracing Guidelines For Timber Roof Trusses General .....................................................................................................................................................................................3 Design ......................................................................................................................................................................................3 Transport..................................................................................................................................................................................3 Job Storage ..............................................................................................................................................................................3 Roof Layout .............................................................................................................................................................................4 Erection and Fixing ...................................................................................................................................................................4 Girder and Dutch Hip Girder Trusses .......................................................................................................................................7 -
Rolling Roof Trusses,” Pp
Rolling 94 FINE HOMEBUILDING Roof Trusses Factory-made trusses save time and give you a roof engineered for strength and stability BY LARRY HAUN oof trusses offer many advantages. They are lightweight (generally made from kiln-dried 2x4s), so they Rare fairly easy to handle. Because trusses are engineered, they can span longer distances without having to rest on interior bearing walls, allowing for more flexibility in room size and layout. Finally, installing trusses on most houses is pretty simple. If you want to get a house weatherized quickly, roof trusses are the way to go. Ceiling joists and rafters are installed in one shot, and no tricky cuts or calculations are required. Lay out braces as well as plates Laying out the top plates for trusses is the same as for roof rafters. Whenever possible, I mark truss locations on the top plates before the framed walls are raised, which keeps me from having to do the layout from a ladder or scaffolding. For most roofs, the trusses are spaced 2 ft. on center (o.c.). I simply hook a IT’S EASY TO KEEP A STRAIGHT FASCIA Even if the walls aren’t perfectly straight, the trusses can be. To keep the eaves aligned and the fascias straight, you can take advantage of truss uniformity. Snap a chalk- line along an outside top plate (top photo). Align a mark on the truss with the chalkline when you set the truss (photos right). DECEMBER 2004/JANUARY 2005 95 UNLOADING AND SPREADING TRUSSES SET THE STAGE Erected to ease installation, a temporary catwalk is completed before the trusses arrive in bundles (photo below). -
Creating a Timber Frame House
Creating a Timber Frame House A Step by Step Guide by Brice Cochran Copyright © 2014 Timber Frame HQ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author. ISBN # 978-0-692-20875-5 DISCLAIMER: This book details the author’s personal experiences with and opinions about timber framing and home building. The author is not licensed as an engineer or architect. Although the author and publisher have made every effort to ensure that the information in this book was correct at press time, the author and publisher do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any party for any loss, damage, or disruption caused by errors or omissions, whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, accident, or any other cause. Except as specifically stated in this book, neither the author or publisher, nor any authors, contributors, or other representatives will be liable for damages arising out of or in connection with the use of this book. This is a comprehensive limitation of liability that applies to all damages of any kind, including (without limitation) compensatory; direct, indirect or consequential damages; income or profit; loss of or damage to property and claims of third parties. You understand that this book is not intended as a substitute for consultation with a licensed engineering professional. Before you begin any project in any way, you will need to consult a professional to ensure that you are doing what’s best for your situation. -
Timber Bridges Design, Construction, Inspection, and Maintenance
Timber Bridges Design, Construction, Inspection, and Maintenance Michael A. Ritter, Structural Engineer United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Ritter, Michael A. 1990. Timber Bridges: Design, Construction, Inspection, and Maintenance. Washington, DC: 944 p. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author acknowledges the following individuals, Agencies, and Associations for the substantial contributions they made to this publication: For contributions to Chapter 1, Fong Ou, Ph.D., Civil Engineer, USDA Forest Service, Engineering Staff, Washington Office. For contributions to Chapter 3, Jerry Winandy, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. For contributions to Chapter 8, Terry Wipf, P.E., Ph.D., Associate Professor of Structural Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. For administrative overview and support, Clyde Weller, Civil Engineer, USDA Forest Service, Engineering Staff, Washington Office. For consultation and assistance during preparation and review, USDA Forest Service Bridge Engineers, Steve Bunnell, Frank Muchmore, Sakee Poulakidas, Ron Schmidt, Merv Eriksson, and David Summy; Russ Moody and Alan Freas (retired) of the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; Dave Pollock of the National Forest Products Association; and Lorraine Krahn and James Wacker, former students at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. In addition, special thanks to Mary Jane Baggett and Jim Anderson for editorial consultation, JoAnn Benisch for graphics preparation and layout, and Stephen Schmieding and James Vargo for photographic support. iii iv CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 TIMBER AS A BRIDGE MATERIAL 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................. l- 1 1.2 Historical Development of Timber Bridges ............................. l-2 Prehistory Through the Middle Ages ....................................... l-3 Middle Ages Through the 18th Century ................................... l-5 19th Century ............................................................................ -
Roof Truss – Fact Book
Truss facts book An introduction to the history design and mechanics of prefabricated timber roof trusses. Table of contents Table of contents What is a truss?. .4 The evolution of trusses. 5 History.... .5 Today…. 6 The universal truss plate. 7 Engineered design. .7 Proven. 7 How it works. 7 Features. .7 Truss terms . 8 Truss numbering system. 10 Truss shapes. 11 Truss systems . .14 Gable end . 14 Hip. 15 Dutch hip. .16 Girder and saddle . 17 Special truss systems. 18 Cantilever. .19 Truss design. .20 Introduction. 20 Truss analysis . 20 Truss loading combination and load duration. .20 Load duration . 20 Design of truss members. .20 Webs. 20 Chords. .21 Modification factors used in design. 21 Standard and complex design. .21 Basic truss mechanics. 22 Introduction. 22 Tension. .22 Bending. 22 Truss action. .23 Deflection. .23 Design loads . 24 Live loads (from AS1170 Part 1) . 24 Top chord live loads. .24 Wind load. .25 Terrain categories . 26 Seismic loads . 26 Truss handling and erection. 27 Truss fact book | 3 What is a truss? What is a truss? A “truss” is formed when structural members are joined together in triangular configurations. The truss is one of the basic types of structural frames formed from structural members. A truss consists of a group of ties and struts designed and connected to form a structure that acts as a large span beam. The members usually form one or more triangles in a single plane and are arranged so the external loads are applied at the joints and therefore theoretically cause only axial tension or axial compression in the members. -
Identifying and Preserving Historic Bridges
Appendix B—State Departments of Transportation Alabama Department of Transportation Florida Department of Transportation 1409 Coliseum Boulevard 605 Suwannee Street Montgomery, AL 36130 Tallahassee, FL 32399-0450 (334) 242-6311 (850) 488-8541 (334) 262-8041 (fax) (850) 277-3403 (fax) Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities Georgia Department of Transportation 3132 Channel Drive 2 Capital Square Juneau, AK 99801-7898 Atlanta, GA 30334 (907) 465-3900 (404) 656-5206 (907) 586-8365 (fax) (404) 657-8389 (fax) Internet address: [email protected] Arizona Department of Transportation 206 S. 17th Avenue Hawaii Department of Transportation Phoenix, AZ 85007 869 Punchbowl Street (602) 255-7011 Honolulu, HI 96813-5097 (602) 256-7659 (fax) (808) 587-2150 (808) 587-2167 (fax) Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department State Highway Department Building Idaho Transportation Department P.O. Box 2261, 10324 Interstate 30 3311 W. State Street Little Rock, AR 72203 P.O. Box 7129 (501) 569-2000 Boise, ID 83707 (501) 569-2400 (fax) (208) 334-8000 (208) 334-3858 (fax) California Department of Transportation 1120 N Street Illinois Department of Transportation P.O. Box 942673 2300 S. Dirksen Parkway Sacramento, CA 94273-0001 Springfield, IL 62764 (916) 654-5266 (217) 782-5597 (217) 782-6828 (fax) Colorado Department of Transportation 4201 East Arkansas Avenue Indiana Department of Transportation Denver, CO 80222 Indiana Government Center North (303) 757-9201 100 North Senate Avenue (303) 757-9149 (fax) Indianapolis, IN 46204-2249 (317) 232-5533 Connecticut Department of Transportation (317) 232-0238 (fax) P.O. Box 317546 / 2800 Berlin Turnpike Newington, CT 06131-7546 Iowa Department of Transportation (860) 594-3000 800 Lincoln Way Ames, IA 50010 Delaware Department of Transportation (515) 239-1101 Bay Road, Route 113, P.O. -
Raised Wood Floor Foundations Design & Construction Guide
RAISED WOOD FLOOR FOUNDATIONS DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION GUIDE RaisedFloorLiving.com Building to a Higher Standard Satisfying the higher expectations of today’s The Raised Wood Floor Process homebuyer presents new challenges. Meeting these challenges begins with a raised wood ING S TT TA floor foundation that enhances curb appeal E R G T and provides many other benefits. E D With raised wood floor foundations, P building professionals stay… A GE1 3 SITE CONDITIONS SOIL PROPERTIES Noticed. Builders of raised wood floor homes distinguish themselves from the competition PIER AND BEAM NDATIO by establishing a reputation for being green OU N and progressive. F S Competitive. The aesthetics and amenities of raised floor P A homes make a positive impression on G2E homebuyers, which may result in faster, 4 WOOD PILING MASONRY PIER more profitable sales. A raised wood floor CONTINUOUS STEMWALL foundation can also be the cost-competitive solution, especially in locations with elevation requirements, problematic soils, sloping terrain or where extensive site preparation is needed. On Schedule. WOOD MASONRY Lengthy concrete slab delays – due to poor weather, time-consuming forming and curing, trade scheduling problems, extra inspections, R F GIRDERS or hauling and compacting of fill dirt – can be OO RA FL M avoided with raised wood floor foundations. I N G On The Upgrade. Homebuyers appreciate features of a raised P A foundation – a front porch, screened back G E3 porch or sunroom, or a backyard deck. 9 GLULAM LUMBER Building professionals who elevate with raised JOISTS floors framed with strong, renewable wood products create value for themselves and their clients. -
ROOF SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDE Featuring Trus Joist® Timberstrand® LSL, Microllam® LVL, and Parallam® PSL
#TJ-9005 SPECIFIER’S GUIDE ROOF SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDE Featuring Trus Joist® TimberStrand® LSL, Microllam® LVL, and Parallam® PSL • Long-Length Rafters with Consistent Strength and Stability • Engineered Solutions for Complex Roof Systems • Quality Products that Speed Up Construction • Promotes Flat Roofs, Crisp Ridge Lines, and Smooth Cathedral Ceilings • Limited Product Warranty Why Choose Trus Joist® Roof Components? • Long lengths allow more versatile roof design • Engineered for strength, consistency, and durability • Backed by limited product warranties Many of today’s homes have complex roof lines, with open vaults and varied slopes that cannot be built using plated trusses. Designs like these require structural components that are strong, long, and straight enough to give you flat planes and crisp ridge lines. Weyerhaeuser's Trus Joist® roof system components provide the edge you need when framing complex roof designs. Our TimberStrand® LSL, Microllam® LVL, and Parallam® PSL engineered lumber products are peak performers—they’re strong, durable, come in long lengths, and work together. Get an edge on your next roof project with top-quality engineered lumber products from Weyerhaeuser—and let your craftsmanship show for years to come. This guide features Trus Joist® roof components in the following sizes: TimberStrand® LSL Microllam® LVL 1.5E TimberStrand® LSL: 2.0E Microllam® LVL: The products in this guide are readily Width: 1½" Width: 1¾" available through our nationwide Depths: 7¼", 9½", and 11⅞" Depths: 9¼", 11¼", 14", 16", and 18" network of distributors and dealers. For ® ® more information on other applications 1.55E TimberStrand LSL: Parallam PSL or other Trus Joist® products, contact Width: 1¾" 1.8E Parallam® PSL (columns and posts): your Weyerhaeuser representative.