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27Ème 28Ème Division Militaire

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27Ème 28Ème Division Militaire 1 27eme e 28eme Division Militaire Virgilio Ilari e Piero Crociani 27ème eee 28ème DDivisionivision MMilitaireilitaire PIEMONTE E LIGURIA NEL SISTEMAMILITARE NAPOLEONICO (1800-1814 2010 2 27eme e 28eme Division Militaire Pagina bianca 3 27eme e 28eme Division Militaire 4 27eme e 28eme Division Militaire G#n. Div. Jean-(aptiste Jourdan G#n. Div. Jean-(aptiste Menou Ad.inistrateur g#n#ral du Pi#.ont Ad.inistrateur g#n#ral du Pi#.ont (1801-1802 Co..andant g#n#ral et f. f. de Gouverneur g#n#ral des d#parte.ents au-del0-des-Alpes G#n. Div. Prince Ca.ille (orgh2se, Jean-4ran5ois Lebrun Gouverneur g#n#ral des d#parte.ents au-del0-des- Architr#sorier et Gouverneur g#n#ral des Alpes (1808-1814 d#parte.ents de G6nes, de Montenotte et des Apennins (1807-08 5 27eme e 28eme Division Militaire (lason du Prince Ca.ille (orgh2se 9 (lason du Prince 4#li: (aciocchi (lason de Charles-4ran5ois Lebrun, Duc de Plaisance 9 (lason de C#sar (erthier de (erluy 6 27eme e 28eme Division Militaire Turin 9 Ale:andrie 9 Asti G6nes 9 Chiavari - Savonne Par.e 9 Plaisance 9 4lorence 9 Livourne Ro.e 7 27eme e 28eme Division Militaire INDICE L’AMMINISTRAZIONE MILITARE A Il Governo Generale dei diparti.enti d’Oltralpe p. 9 ( Co.andi e Stati Maggiori p. 19 L’ARTIGLIERIA C Le direzioni e i parchi p. D L’arsenale di Torino p. CARTE, STRADE E PIAZZEFORTI E La base transalpina p. 4 La piazzaforte di Alessandria p. G Il Moncenisio p. LA SICUREZZA INTERNA H La polizia politica I La repressione del brigantaggio p. L La Gendar.eria p. M Guardie prefettizie e Guardia nazionale p. N I preposti di dogana p. LE TRUPPE FRANCESI IN PIEMONTE E LIGURIA O Guarnigioni e passaggi di truppe p. P I diparti.enti d’Oltralpe nella ca.pagna del 1813-14 p. 8 27eme e 28eme Division Militaire 9 27eme e 28eme Division Militaire L’AMMINISTRAAIONE MILITARE A Dall’A..inistrazione generale del Pie.onte al Governo generale dei diparti.enti d’Oltralpe (1801-1814 La prima occupazione francese del Piemonte (1798-99) L’occupazione francese del Pie.onte fu decisa il 30 nove.bre 1798 e procla.ata a Milano dal generale Joubert il 7 dice.bre, insie.e con l’incorporazione dell’Car.#e pi#.ontaiseD nell’esercito francese. Eueste .isure furono poi for.al.ente sanzionate dall’atto di abdicazione agli stati di terrafer.a fir.ato il 9 dice.bre dal re Carlo E.anuele IV. Assunto il co.ando .ilitare del Pie.onte, il 13 dice.bre il generale Grouchy no.inF un governo provvisorio della CNazione pie.onteseD, presso il Guale il direttorio francese era rappresentato del co..issario Ange-Marie Ey.ar per gli affari civili e dallo stesso Grouchy per Guelli .ilitari. A carattere collegiale, il governo era co.posto da 17 e poi 27 .e.bri, ed articolato in 7 co.itati, incluso uno di Crelazioni estere e guerraD. Euest’i.plicita rivendicazione di sovranit0 era perF contraddetta dalla .ancanza di una designazione ufficiale dell’entit0 territoriale costituita dagli e:-stati di Terrafer.a sabaudi Cal di Gua delle AlpiD. Indicati infor.al.ente co.e Hridanie, R#publiGue pi#.ontaise, R#publiGue subalpine, Gaule subalpine, erano appetiti tanto dalla Repubblica Cisalpina che dalla Ligure, tra loro rivali, .entre la 4rancia andava coi piedi di pio.bo, perch# l’estensione delle leggi e dei diritti francesi avrebbe fatal.ente ristretto le possibilit0 di sfrutta.ento bellico delle risorse pie.ontesi. Il 21 dice.bre Talleyrand incaricF Ey.ar di rassicurare i pie.ontesi che la 4rancia non aveva alcuna intenzione di annettere il Pie.onte, e nel febbraio 1799 il direttorio congelF il voto solenne delle .agistrature pie.ontesi per la I riunione J del Pie.onte alla 4rancia i.posto dalla fazione annessionista capeggiata dal diplo.atico Carlo (ossi di Sant’Agata. A Torino fu perF inviato un co..issario civile di governo (Joseph-Mathurin Musset , incaricato di riordinare l’a..inistrazione sul .odello francese. Insediatosi il 2 aprile, 10 27eme e 28eme Division Militaire Musset ri.ase in carica appena un .ese, perch# il 3 .aggio il Pie.onte fu sottoposto ad un governo .ilitare (un’Ca..inistrazione generaleD alle dipendenze del generale in capo , che durF ancora .eno e fu spazzato via dalle truppe austro-russe. Restaurazione monarchica o autonomia repubblicana? I francesi tornarono tredici .esi dopo valicando le Alpi e subito dopo la vittoria di Marengo (onaparte espresse al cardinale Martiniano, arcivescovo di Vercelli, la sua intenzione di ristabilire la .onarchia in Pie.onte. Il prelato spedK i..ediata.ente a Ro.a il nipote, conte Alciati, a parlarne col re. Carlo E.anuele IV accolse con diffidenza Guelle assicurazioni verbali, rispondendo di non poter aprire un negoziato separato senza il preventivo assenso dei suoi alleati. In realt0 il trattato di Marengo del 18 giugno aveva ri.esso il Pie.onte con tutte le sue fortezze all’Ar.#e de Reserve, la Guale era entrata a Torino il 27. Lo stesso giorno il co.andante in capo dell’Ar.ata, generale (erthier, aveva no.inato .inistro straordinario del governo francese a Torino il suo capo di stato .aggiore, generale Pierre Antoine Dupont de L’Etang (1787-1840 , con il co.pito di vegliare agli interessi della Repubblica e riscuotere le contribuzioni. A Dupont era stata inoltre attribuita la presidenza di una co..issione di governo di sette .e.bri (conti Cavalli e Avogadro, giudice (ottone di Castella.onte, canonico (audisson, avvocati Rocci, Galli e (rayda . Titolare del potere esecutivo e insediata a Palazzo Chiablese, la co..issione era do.inata dalla forte personalit0 del conte Giuseppe Cavalli d’Olivola, entrato nelle grazie di (onaparte per averlo acco.pagnato al passaggio del San (ernardo e capofila dal partito autono.ista, che i suoi avversari annessionisti e filofrancesi bollavano co.e C.oderatistaD. (erthier aveva no.inato inoltre una consulta legislativa di 30 .e.bri, articolata in 7 co.itati, inclusi Guelli di pubblica sicurezza e guerra. 4u la consulta, con legge 8 luglio, a istituire la coccarda nazionale pie.ontese, adottando il tricolore rosso, turchino e arancione scelto nell’aprile 1798 dall’effi.era Repubblica di Alba. In luglio il Pie.onte tornF nella giurisdizione dell’Arm e d’Italie, co.andata da Mass#na. Il generale nizzardo, fa.oso non soltanto per le sue eccellenti capacit0 .ilitari .a anche per la sua particolare avidit0 di denaro, provocF un secondo conflitto con i subordinati dopo Guello che nel febbraio 1798 gli era costato il co.ando del Corps d’Arm e de Rome. Si ostinF infatti a pretendere dal Pie.onte un contributo .ilitare di 1 .ilione e .ezzo di lire, bench#, esaurita da otto anni di guerra, la rendita pie.ontese fosse precipitata a soli 18 .ilioni e Dupont gli avesse 11 27eme e 28eme Division Militaire assicurato di non potergli fornire piL di 700.000 lire. Nel .e.oriale del 18 luglio 1799 da Gr#noble, l’avvocato giacobino Angelo Pico aveva calcolato che solo nei pri.i cinGue .esi dell’anno il Pie.onte aveva fornito alla 4rancia 43 .ilioni, senza contare le spese fatte ad aprile da Musset n# Cles ve:ations partielles et les concussions des agens subalternesD. Lo stesso Talleyrand riconobbe che le condizioni econo.iche del Pie.onte non consentivano uno sforzo .aggioreM del resto oltre un Guarto degli 80.000 torinesi era a carico della pubblica beneficienza. Co.unGue il pubblico contrasto tra i due generali costF il posto ad entra.bi. Il 13 agosto Mass#na fu infatti sostituito da (rune, che, sciolta l’Ar.ata di riserva, assunse il co.ando in capo di Guella d’Italia. Due giorni dopo anche Dupont - che i pie.ontesi consideravano non .eno rapace di Mass#na - fu sostituito dal generale Jean (aptiste Jourdan (1782-1833 , inviato da Parigi. Jourdan, sopranno.inato la vierge d’Italie, era considerato il piL onesto dei generali francesiM nondi.eno la sua attivit0 di governo fu larga.ente inGuinata dai .aneggi e dalle clientele della sua a.ante torinese. L’amputazione del Novarese (7 settembre 1800) Ri.asto a Livorno, durante l’estate il duca d’Aosta pensava ancora di poter contare sul sostegno inglese ed austriaco per raccogliere truppe in Toscana e tornare alla situazione del 1797, .agari guadagnando i feudi i.periali e Savona. Ma intanto, senza neppure infor.arne preventiva.ente la co..issione di governo, il 7 sette.bre il pri.o console, su suggeri.ento del .inistro delle finanze Prina, decretF il trasferi.ento del diparti.ento dell’Agogna (Novarese, Valsesia, Ossola, Laghi d’Orta e Maggiore dal governo del Pie.onte a Guello della Cisalpina. Il re di Sardegna lo interpretF co.e un indizio favorevole, ritenendo che (onaparte, proprio in vista della prossi.a restituzione del resto del Pie.onte alla dinastia sabauda, si preoccupasse di garantire gli interessi econo.ici e di sicurezza della Cisalpina portandone il confine alla Sesia. A Torino, invece, la .odifica dei confini fu un duro colpo non soltanto per gli autono.isti, .a anche per i loro avversari annessionisti, perch# eli.inava la dipendenza econo.ica di Milano da Torino e di conseguenza anche l’ege.onia italiana che i circoli filofrancesi speravano di poter esercitare una volta divenuti cittadini della superpotenza. Il 4 ottobre, su ordine di (rune, Jourdan sostituK tutti i co..issari di 12 27eme e 28eme Division Militaire governo con altri sette ((ossi, (otta, De (ernardi, Giulio, (rayda, Paroletti e Piossasco che, secondo l’infor.atore francese Auguste Hus, erano Ca.ici della 4rancia e non piL del partito italicoD.
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