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Formation of Modern Odisha and Contribution of British King-Emperor

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Formation of Modern Odisha and Contribution of British King-Emperor ISSN 0970-8669 Odisha Review Formation of Modern Odisha and Contribution of British King-Emperor Dr. Janmejay Choudhury With the national spirit growing rapidly, the A great national unrest soon overtook the Congress as well as other parties felt disappointed country. When the Simon Commission landed in with the working of the Government of India Act Bombay in February 1928, it was received with of 1919. Within a few years of its working it black-flag demonstration and hartal. Protest proved itself rather unworkable. The country was meetings were held all over the country more conscious than ever before. Demands for simultaneously and wherever the Simon self-government were coming from most Commission went, it faced hostile processions quarters. The British Government therefore felt with the slogan: “Simon go back”. Police resorted to lathi-charge and repression. But, everywhere, the necessity of a fresh assessment of the Indian the people demonstrated their hostility towards demands. Accordingly, in November 1927, the the Commission. At the behest of the Indian Viceroy announced that a Parliamentary National Congress, the members of the Congress Commission of 7 members, headed by Sir John Party in Odisha boycotted the Simon Simon, would visit India shortly. The Indian Commission. But not so the moderate members Statutory Commission was constituted by seven of the erstwhile Utkal Union Conference who saw British members of the parliament including Sir in the Commission a golden opportunity to get John Simon, the Chairman. The primary purpose their demands fulfilled. Brajasunder Das, Rajendra of the Government of India Act, 1919 was to Narayan Bhanjadeo, Laxmidhar Mohanty, determine the future course of constitutional Brajananda Das and Bhikari Charan Pattanaik development. It was declared that a Commission felt that Simon Commission alone was vested with of all white men could not be a proper body to the constitutional power to give a separate enquire if India was fit for Swaraj or self- province to the Odia-speaking people. Therefore, government. That no Indian was taken into that notwithstanding criticism from the Congress Commission proved that the British Cabinet had members they welcomed the Commission at no confidence in Indian. Moreover, a Commission Patna Railway Station, drawing the attention of consisting of all Englishmen was bound to voice Simon to the just demand of Odisha. This gesture only the views of the Government. The Congress, of the Odia-leaders impressed Simon profoundly, therefore, decided to boycott the Simon and a sub-Committee under C. R. Attle was Commission. appointed to investigate the problems of the Odia- 96 April - 2016 Odisha Review ISSN 0970-8669 speaking people and recommended measures to speaking people for their ungrudging loyalty and redress their grievances. protect their ancient glorious culture through a district political set-up. To overcome the financial The Sub-Committee consisted of major hurdle, he assured the British Government that C. R. Attle as the Chairman, Dr.Suhrawardy of the rich mineral and forest wealth of Odisha would the Central Legislature, Rajendra Narayan be properly exploited. Taking a favourable Bhanjadeo and Laxmidhar Mohanty of the Bihar attitude to the long outstanding problem of the and Odisha Legislative Council as members. They Odias, the Government appointed Sir Samuel recommended the creation of a separate Odisha O’Donell, as the Chairman of the Boundary Province which includes the Odisha Division, Commission to demarcate the boundaries of the Angul, Khariar and the Agency of either proposed Odisha Province. Other two members Singhbhum area or the Vizagpatanam agency of the Commission were H. M. Mehta (member, tract. The Sub-Committee felt that the Feudatory Council of States from Bombay) and Tarun Ram State should be associated with proposed Phookun, (member, Central Legislative Assembly province. The above report of the Sub-Committee from Assam). The Raja of Parlakhemundi, co- made Simon’s job easier. He suggested necessity opted members to represent the Odia, Bihari and of setting up a Boundary Commission with a Telegu interests respectively. B. C. Mukherjee neutral Chairman to demarcate the boundary of I.C.S. functioned as Secretary of the Commission the proposed Odisha Province. Two problems and represented the Bengali interests. These co- still loomed large as impediments against the opted members were authorized to take part in creation of the Odisha province. The shape and the proceedings but had no authority to sign the size of the proposed province remained uncertain. final report. Secondly, the problem of financial liability appeared quite formidable. Rajendra Naraya Apropos to the terms of reference, the Bhanj Deo, who was then the Financial Member Boundary Commissions were to report: (1) what in the Government of Bihar and Odisha played a should be the boundary line, (2) what would be significant role in reducing the formidability of the the administrative, financial and other financial question. Brajasunder Das, his associate consequences of such a province and (3) what and a leading disciple of Madhusudan Das assured would be the administrative, financial and other the Simon Commission to meet the challenge of consequences in the adjoining territories of British India. The appointment of the Commission deficit likely to be faced by the New Province. evoked great public interest and enthusiasm in The British Government convened a Odisha. It provoked resentment in Midnapore and Round Table Conference in November 1930 to Naybasan areas of Bengal as these were likely to discuss with the Indian leaders the issue of be affected by the formation of the new province. constitutional reforms. On behalf of the Odia- The Odia leaders made a concerted move to speaking people Sri Krishna Chandra Gajapati, represent their case united before the the Raja of the Paralakhemundi went to attend Commission. They forgot their political and other the conference in London. He made an impressive differences to constitute several committees to speech and presented a memorandum in favour raise funds, mobilize public opinion, organize of creating the separate Odisha Province. He meetings and propaganda in areas like appealed to the Government to reward the Odia- Midnapore, Singbhum, Phuljhar, Vizagpatam, etc. April - 2016 97 ISSN 0970-8669 Odisha Review The student community also came forward to join in the form of a white paper on 18 March 1933 hands with elderly leaders and moved from village there was a sharp public reaction in Odisha. They to town, door to door, in generating felt greatly injured at the non-inclusion of unprecedented awakening for the Odia cause. Midnapore, Singhbhum, Phuljhar and There were occasions when senior Odia officers Paralakhemundi and Jeypore. It was like Nilamoni Senapati gave vent to their feelings apprehended that the proposed province would publicly advocating serious work for the proposed be truncated Odisha which would not be self- province. Other Odia leaders, like Lingaraj sufficient economically. A section of Odia leaders Panigrahi, Harihar Mishra, Chandra Sekhar wanted to reject the offer. They humiliated at the Behera, Bodharam Dubey, Ram Naraya Mishra, Commission’s suggestion that as a measure of Bichitrananda Das, Bhubanananda Das, economy the new province should neither have a Achyutananda Purohit, Laxminaraya Sahu, High Court nor a University. A protest meeting Niranjan Patanaik also rendered commendable was held at Cuttack on 25th March 1933. The service in numerous ways. Raja of Jeypore was unhappy over the decision of the Government to leave his estate with The Commission recorded evidence of Madras. In Jeypore and Parlakhemundi large 410 witnesses and visited Jamsedpur, Chaibasa, public meetings were held protecting against the Sambalpur, Raipur, Midnapore, Gopalpur, white paper proposals. Waltair, Kakinada and Cuttack. In determining the boundaries they examined several factors; The Rajas of Parlakhemundi and economic interest and the administrative Khallikote, Lingaraj Panigrahi, Bhubanananda convenience. They also examined the 1913 Das and Shyamsundar Gantayat proceeded to census statistics in detail and came to the London to persuade the Home Government to conclusion that the proposed Odisha Province reconsider the boundary issue. They met Sir should include Odisha Division, Angul, Padampur Samuel Hoare, the Secretary of State for India and Khariar (of the Central Provinces), the greater and forcefully argued their case. The Joint part of the Ganjam district and Vizagpatanam Committee of the Parliament also allowed them agency Tracts. The new province would have an to present their case. The Joint Select Committee area of 33, 000 Sq. miles with a population of under the Chairmanship of Lord Linlithgow after 8,277,000. Paralakhemundi posed a knotty a careful examination of the case recommended problem, the Raja and the population statistics to the Government that the new province of pulling in opposite directions. As an Odia king Odisha would be formed with areas like the Krishna Chandra Gajapati wanted his estate to Odisha Division, Angul, Padampur and Khariar, be merged with Odisha. But the census figures of Odia-majority area of the Ganjam district, 1931 showed that the Telegus formed a majority Berhampur town, Jeypore estate, about 30% of in the estate. Sir Samuel O’Donnell, therefore, Parlakhemundi estate including Parlakhemindi suggested that Parlakhemundi should not be town and the Maliahas of Parlakhemundi
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