病原性酵母の分類と同定における最近の動向 −第ઇ版 the Yeasts, a Taxonomic Study から−

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病原性酵母の分類と同定における最近の動向 −第ઇ版 the Yeasts, a Taxonomic Study から− Med. Mycol. J. Vol. 52, 107 − 115, 2011 ISSN 2185 − 6486 教育シリーズ:Basic mycology 病原性酵母の分類と同定における最近の動向 −第ઇ版 The Yeasts, A Taxonomic Study から− 杉田 隆ઃ 高島昌子઄ ઃ明治薬科大学微生物学教室 ઄理化学研究所バイオリソースセンター微生物材料開発室 はじめに ナモルフ Cryptococcus neoformans とテレオモルフ Filobasidiella neoformans の関係である. 酵母(yeast)は,生活環の中に単細胞を示す子嚢菌類 本稿では,第ઇ版 The Yeats が出版されたことに伴 および担子菌類の総称である.Histoplasma capsula- い,医真菌学領域で取り扱う酵母の菌種名についてまと tum の様に生活環の中で酵母形と菌糸形の両方を示す めた.また,DNA 塩基配列に基づく同定法の実際と問 二形性真菌(dimorphic fungi)も存在する.“The 題点を概説する. Yeasts, A Taxonomic Study”(以下,TheYeasts)は, 酵母の分類・同定における成書であり,病原性・非病原 第ઇ版 The Yeasts の構成 性を問わずすべての酵母の性状が記されている.従っ て,酵母の分類・同定は The Yeasts の記載に基づいて 細菌の分類・同定の成書である Bergey’s Manual of 行うことになる.本書は,1952 年に初版1),1970 年に第 Systematic Bacteriology と同様に The Yeasts も第ઇ ઄版2),1984 年に第અ版3),第આ版4)が 1998 年に出版さ 版から分冊化された. れた.第ઇ版5)が本年અ月に出版されたが,実に 13 年 第ઃ巻は,ઃ)酵母の分類および命名,઄)分類指標 ぶりの大改訂となった.収載菌種数も,版を重ねるに としての超微細形態,表現形質,化学性状や DNA 塩基 従って増加し,第ઇ版は 151 属 1,312 種が収載された. 配列情報による分類基準が記されている.第઄巻と第અ 菌種数の増加は分類・同定技術の進歩を反映する.後述 巻にはそれぞれ子嚢菌類と担子菌類がアナモルフとテレ するが,rRNA 遺伝子の DNA 塩基配列さえ決定すれば, オモルフに分けて属ごとに各論として収載されている 新種や既知種にかかわらず誰でも同定できるようになっ Yeast-like alga として Prototheca も収載されてい た. る. 一方で,真菌の分類体系は,分類学の進歩により変化 各論としての菌種ごとの記載内容は以下の通りであ する.これに伴い菌種名も変更することがある.分類学 る.記載情報は第આ版に比べて格段に充実している. (taxonomy) と は, 分 類 (classification),命 名 (nomenclature)および同定(identification)から構成 ઃ.属の定義:無性生殖および有性生殖,生理・生化 される.“分類”は当該微生物の限界を定め,定義し,そ 学的性状,分類学的位置 れを体系化することである.“同定”とは当該菌株がど ઄.基準種(type species) この分類に帰属するかの実践的作業である.その作業の અ.rRNA 遺伝子情報による分子系統樹 結果の個々の分類群に対して名前を与えることが“命名” આ.生理・生化学的性状に基づく同定基準(key to である.従って,命名は当該菌種や菌株に対する分類と species) 同定の各作業の結論であり,もっとも短縮された情報で ઇ.菌種ごとの分類学的性状(各種培地上での形態学 あるといえる.この命名は国際植物命名規約(Interna- 的性状(含鏡顕像),化学分類学的性状),基準株 tional Code of Botanical Nomenclature)に従って行 (type strain),炭素・窒素化合物の利用能,糖発 われる.通常,ઃつの生物に対してはઃつの学名である 酵能など. が,真菌の中では,子嚢菌類および担子菌類は二重命名 ઈ.分類の歴史,その他必要に応じて,医学的・農学 が認められている.酵母は,栄養増殖に加えその生活環 的・疫学的情報 の中で,有性生殖を行うものがある.有性生殖を行う酵 母をテレオモルフ(完全時代),まだ有性生殖が観察され ていない酵母をアナモルフ(不完全時代)とよぶが,そ れぞれに学名が与えられている場合がある.例えば,ア 108 Medical Mycology Journal 第 52 巻 第઄号 平成23年 Table 1. 第ઇ版 The Yeasts における収載属・菌種数 Table 2. Pneumocystis 属菌種と宿主の関係 第5版 第4版 菌種名 宿主 2011 年 1997 年 分類群 Pneumocystis carinii Rattus norvegicus 属 菌種 属 菌種 Pneumocystis jirovecii Homo sapiens アナモルフ 14 392 15 230 子嚢菌類 Pneumocystis murina Mus musculus テレオモルフ 73 452 45 270 Pneumocystis oryctolagi Oryctolagus cuniculus アナモルフ 29 366 21 171 担子菌類 Pneumocystis wakefieldiae Rattus norvegicus テレオモルフ 34 98 19 51 その他 Prototheca 1 4 1 5 合計 151 1,312 101 727 ている(Table 3).これは分類の進歩に伴う種レベルの 細分類と起因菌の多様化によるものである.前者の例と して,C. dubliniensis と C. parapsilosis があげられ 第ઇ版における分類体系 る.C. dubliniensis は HIV患者の口腔から分離される 菌種であるが,従来は C. albicans として同定されてい 第ઇ版では,151属,1,312種が収載されている.これ た6).C. parapsilosis はઅ菌種の複合体であることが は第આ版の 101 属,727 菌種に比べて大幅に属および菌 明らかになり,現 在では C. metapsilosis と C. 種ともにその数が増加した.分類体系の再構築により第 orthopsilosis が独立した種として記載されている7). આ版から削除された属もあるため,実際には 60属以上 後者の例としては,C. rugosa,C. sake や C. zeyla- が第ઇ版で増加していることになる.Table 1 に子嚢菌 noides がある8−10).これらの菌種は 70∼100 年以上前 類と担子菌類をアナモルフとテレオモルフにわけて収載 に環境中から非病原菌として分離されているが,近年で 属・菌種数をまとめた.特に,テレオモルフの子嚢菌酵 は易感染性宿主から分離されるようになった.Candi- 母は,複 数の遺伝子情報を用 いた多 重遺伝子解析 da nivariensis や C. bracarensis は臨床材料から分離 (multigene sequence analysis)から,新しい分類体系 され新種として記載された例である11−13). が構築されている.従来の分子系統分類は主に rRNA 分類体系の再構築により菌種名が変更となった例もあ 遺伝子中の D1/D2 LSU(large subunit)の約 600 塩基 る.C. guilliermondii のテレオモルフは,第આ版では の配列に基づいていたが,これに SSU(small subun- Pichia guilliermondii であったが,Pichia 属の再分類の it),EF-1 α(elongation factor)や MtSSU 結果 Meyerozyma 属に移され,第ઇ版では Meyerozy- (mitochondrial small subunit)の DNA 塩基配列情報 ma guilliermondii として掲載されている.また,C. を加えた約 6,000 塩基を用いて解析を行う.これに基づ krusei のテレオモルフは,第આ版では Issatchenkia いて,Pichia 属は Barnettozyma 属,Wickerha- orientalis であったが,第ઇ版では Pichia kudriavze- momyces 属や Lindnera 属等を加えた複数の属に再分 vii である.Issatchenkia 属は再分類により Pichia 属 類された.これに伴い Candida krusei のテレオモルフ とするべきと考えられるが,Pichia orientalis は既に別 であった Issatchenkia 属は Pichia 属に統合された(後 の種に使われていたため,命名の優先権の問題で本種 述).その結果,現在では Issatchenkia 属は存在しな (Issatchenkia orientalis)に対して提唱されていた P. い.テレオモルフは系統を反映した新属が提唱されてい kudriavzevii が採用された.現在,Issatchenkia 属は るが,アナモルフは安易に属レベルの再分類を行うべき 存在しない. ではないため第આ版から第ઇ版でも大きな変更はない. ઄.Saprochaete capitata-Magnusiomyces capitatus 第ઇ版よりニューモシスチス肺炎(pneumocystis 本菌は複雑な分類学的変遷を経ている.第આ版では, pneumonia(PCP))の 原 因菌である Pneumocystis 属 Geotrichum capitatum(アナモ ルフ)/Dipodascus (子嚢菌)も追加された.本属にはઇ菌種が属するが各々 capitatus(テレオモルフ)と記載されていたが,分子系 の菌種には宿主特異性がある(Table 2). 統解析から第ઇ 版では,アナモ ルフ Saprochaete capitata(アナモルフ)/Magnusiomyces capitatus(テ 第ઇ版で菌種名が変更された例 レオモルフ)として再分類された.属名 Geotrichum お よび Dipodascus は存続している. ઃ.Candida 属 અ.Candida pelliculosa-Wickerhamomyces ano- Candida 属は 314 菌種を含む酵母で最大の属である. malus 20 年位前までは病原性 Candida といえば,C. albi- Pichia anomala はしばしば血液から分離される菌種 cans,C. glabrata,C. guilliermondii,C. tropicalis, であるが,第ઇ版では Wickerhamomyces 属に移行さ C. krusei,C. kefyr および C. parapsilosis に限られて れたため W. anomalus へと菌種名が変更された(注: いたが,現在では 40 菌種以上が臨床材料から分離され Pichia は女性名詞であるが Wickerhamomyces は男性 Med. Mycol. J. Vol. 52(No. 2), 2011 109 Table 3. 第ઇ版 The Yeasts に収載された主な病原性酵母あるは臨床材料から分離される酵母 分類群 菌種名 (テレオモルフ) 菌種名 (アナモルフ) 子嚢菌類 Clavispora lusitaniae Candida lusitaniae Debaryomyces fabry Debaryomyces hansenii Candida famata var. famata Debaryomyces nepalensis Candida naganishi Debaryomyces subglobosus Candida famata var. flareri Galactomyces candidus Geotrichum candidum Hanseniaspora guilliermondii Kloeckera apis Hanseniaspora uvarum Kloeckera apiculat Hyphopichia burtonii Candida variabilis Kazachstania telluris Kluyveromyces marxianus Candida kefyr Kodamaea ohmeri Kuraishia molischiana Candida molischiana Lindnera fabianii Candida fabianii Lindnera jadinii Candida utilis Lodderomyces elongisporus Magnusiomyces capitatus Saprochaete capitata Metschnikowia pulcherrima Candida pulcherrima Meyerozyma caribbica Candida fermentati Meyerozyma guilliermondii Candida guilliermondii Millerozyma farinosa Ogataea polymorpha Pichia kudriavzevii Candida kursei Pichia manshurica Pichia norvegensis Candida norvegensis Pneumocystis carinii Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumocystis murina Pneumocystis oryctolagi Pneumocystis wakefieldiae Priceomyces carsonii Saccharomyces cariocanus Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sporopachydermia cereana Torulaspora delbrueckii Candida colliculosa Trichomonascus ciferrii Wickerhamomyces anomalus Candida pelliculosa Wickerhamomyces bisporus Wickerhamomyces canadensis Candida melinii Wickerhamomyces onychis Wickerhamomyces sydowiorum Yamadazyma triangularis Candida polymorpha Blastobotrys proliferans Candida albicans Candida blankii Candida bracarensis Candida catenulata 110 Medical Mycology Journal 第 52 巻 第઄号 平成23年 分類群 菌種名 (テレオモルフ) 菌種名 (アナモルフ) Candida dubliniensis Candida freyschussii Candida glabrata Candida haemulonii Candida inconspicua Candida parapsilosis Candida maltosa Candida melibiosica Candida mesenterica Candida metapsilosis Candida mogii Candida mucifera Candida nanaspora Candida nivariensis Candida orthopsilosis Candida palmioleophila Candida rugosa Candida sake Candida sojae Candida subhashii Candida tropicalis Candida zeylanoides Candida pseudohaemulonii Macrorhabdus ornithogaster Saprochaete clavata 担子菌類 Cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum Cryptococcus infirmo-miniatus Cystofilobasidium macerans Cryptococcus macerans Filobasidiella bacillispora Cryptococcus gattii Filobasidiella neoformans Cryptococcus neoformans Filobasidium uniguttulatum Cryptococcus uniguttulatus Sporidiobolus metaroseus Sporidiobolus salmonicolor Sporobolomyces salmonicolor Cryptococcus adeliensis Cryptococcus albidus var. albidus Cryptococcus albidus var. kuetzingii Cryptococcus albidus var. ovalis Cryptococcus curvatus Cryptococcus diffluens Cryptococcus flavescens Cryptococcus gastricus Cryptococcus humicola Cryptococcus laurentii Cryptococcus liquefaciens Cryptococcus luteolus Cryptococcus magnus Cryptococcus uzbekistanensis Cryptococcus vishniacii Guehomyces pullulans Med. Mycol. J. Vol. 52(No. 2), 2011 111 分類群 菌種名 (テレオモルフ) 菌種名 (アナモルフ) Malassezia caprae Malassezia cuniculi Malassezia dermatis Malassezia equina Malassezia furfur Malassezia globosa Malassezia japonica Malassezia nana Malassezia obtusa Malassezia pachydermatis Malassezia restricta Malassezia slooffiae Malassezia sympodialis Malassezia yamatoensis Moniliella suaveolens Pseudozyma antarctica Pseudozyma parantarctica Pseudozyma tsukubaensis Rhodotorula glutinis Rhodotorula minuta Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Rhodotorula slooffiae Sporobolomyces roseus Sterigmatomyces elviae Sterigmatomyces halophilus Tilletiopsis albescens Tilletiopsis minor Trichosporon asahii Trichosporon asteroides Trichosporon coremiiforme Trichosporon cutaneum Trichosporon debeurmannianum Trichosporon dermatis Trichosporon faecale Trichosporon inkin Trichosporon japonicum Trichosporon loubieri Trichosporon mucoides Trichosporon ovoides 酵母様藻類 Prototheca cutis Prototheca wickerhamii Prototheca zopfii 112 Medical Mycology Journal 第 52 巻 第઄号 平成23年 Table 4. rRNA 遺伝子増幅のための PCR プライマー ITS 領域 ITS1 (forward) TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG ITS4 (reverse) TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC D1/D2 LSU NL1 (forward) GCATATCAATAAGCGGAGGAAAA NL4 (reverse) GGTCCGTGTTTCAAGACGG IGS1 領域 26SF(forward) ATCCTTTGCAGACGACTTGA TR5R (Reverse) AGCTTGACTTCGCAGATCGG ᬌ૕ た血清型と遺伝子型が必ずしも合致しない例が存在する こと等をあげている. ಽ㔌ၭ㙃 病原性酵母の rRNA 遺伝子配列情報に基づく実践的同定法 ⚐ၭ㙃 酵母は糸状菌に比べて形態学的特徴に乏しいため,生 DNA᛽಴ 理・生化学的性状に基づいた同定法が古くから用いられ ている.例えば,臨床の場で汎用されているシスメック PCR rRNA 䈮䉋䉎 ㆮવሶ䈱Ⴧ᏷䈫 ス・ビオメリュー社の病原性酵母同定キット ID32CTMが DNA䉲䊷䉬䊮䉲䊮䉫 ITS1F NL1 26SF それに該当する(http://www.sysmex-biomerieux.jp). SSU 5.8S LSU 5S 大部分の病原性酵母は当該キットで同定が可能である ITS4R NL4 TR5R が,非典型な性状を示す株や好脂性酵母 Malassezia 等 の同定には DNA 塩基配列情報に基づく同定法が威力を BLASTᬌ⚝ 発揮する. ITS䇮D1/D2 LSU䇮IGS䈗䈫䈮ᬌ⚝ ◲ᤃหቯ 同定の実際 純培養された菌体から適当な方法により DNA を抽出 ၮḰᩣ䈫䈱Ყセ し,Table 4 に示すプライ マ ー ITS1-ITS4
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