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Testing Central and Inner Asian Admixture Among Contemporary Hungarians See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268689832 Testing Central and Inner Asian admixture among contemporary Hungarians Article in Forensic Science International: Genetics · November 2014 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.11.007 CITATIONS READS 2 169 4 authors, including: Horolma Pamjav Network of Forensic Science Research Institutes 54 PUBLICATIONS 434 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Horolma Pamjav on 14 October 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. Forensic Science International: Genetics 15 (2015) 121–126 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Forensic Science International: Genetics jou rnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fsig Testing Central and Inner Asian admixture among contemporary Hungarians a b b b, Andra´s Bı´ro´ , Tibor Fehe´r , Guszta´v Ba´ra´ny , Horolma Pamjav * a Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest H-1088, Hungary b Institute of Forensic Medicine, Network of Forensic Science Institutes, Ministry of Justice, Budapest, Hungary A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Keywords: Historically, the Carpathian Basin was the final destination for many nomadic peoples who migrated Hungarian speakers westward from Inner and Central Asia towards Europe. Proto-Hungarians (Steppe Magyars) were among Central and Inner Asian populations those who came from the East, the Eurasian Steppe in the early middle ages. In order to detect the Y-STRs paternal genetic contribution from nomadic Steppe tribes, we tested 966 samples from Central Asian Y-SNPs (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan), Inner Asian (Mongolians and Buryats in Mongolia) and Hungarian-speaking European (Hungarian, Sekler and Csango) populations. We constructed median-joining networks of certain haplogroups in Hungarian-speaking European, and Altaic-speaking Central and Inner Asian populations. We estimated that the possible paternal genetic contribution from the above described populations among contemporary Hungarian speaking populations ranged between 5% and 7.4%. It is lowest among Hungarians from Hungary (5.1%), while higher among Hungarian-speaking groups in Romania, notably Sekler (7.4%) and Csango (6.3%). However, these results represent only an upper limit. Actual Central/Inner Asian admixture might be somewhat lower as some of the related lineages may have come from a common third source. The main haplogroups responsible for the Central/Inner Asian admixture among Hungarians are J2*-M172 (xM47, M67, M12), J2-L24, R1a-Z93; Q-M242 and E-M78. Earlier studies showed very limited Uralic genetic influence among Hungarians, and based on the present study, Altaic/Turkic genetic contribution is also not significant, although significantly higher than the Uralic one. The conclusion of this study is that present-day Hungarian speakers are genetically very similar to neighbouring populations, isolated Hungarian speaking groups having relatively higher presence of Central and Inner Asian genetic elements. At the same time, the reliable historical and genetic conclusions require an extension of the study to a significantly larger database with deep haplogroup resolution, including ancient DNA data. ß 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction belt mountings, and ornaments on clothing also showed similari- ties to those of Central and Inner Asia [4–7]. Hungarian archae- For centuries, great efforts were made by Hungarian historians ologists and ethnographers showed that there are similarities in to study the earliest period of their national history. While the the traditions of the ancient Hungarians and various Central and academic mainstream was clearly in favour of the Hungarian Inner Asian cultures [8–10]. These were in the areas of burial, language belonging to the Uralic family, many other researchers belief, and figurative arts. Therefore, an origin of the Hungarian favour the theory of a closer relationship with the Turkic language language and early culture in a region ranging from Asia to Siberia family and Turkic peoples. Anthropological analysis of bones is suggested, but a specific origin has been difficult to identify. originating in the 10th century showed characteristics of Central Finns were thought to be close genetic relatives of Hungarians. Asian origin [1–3]. Archaeological remains of weapons, haversacks, However, based on studies done with mtDNA, Y chromosome STRs and SNPs, they seem to have little genetically in common with Hungarians [11,12]. And this is despite the fact that they also speak a non-Indo-European Finno-Ugric language. A genetic relationship * Corresponding author at: Institute of Forensic Medicine, Network of Forensic was proven between two Hungarian ethnic groups, the Csangos Science Institutes, Ministry of Justice, PO 216, 1536 Budapest, Hungary. and Seklers. Both groups showed genetic affiliations with certain Tel.: +36 1 457 01 83; fax: +36 1 457 0182. E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Pamjav). Central Asian and European populations. These findings could have http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.11.007 1872-4973/ß 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. 122 A. Bı´ro´ et al. / Forensic Science International: Genetics 15 (2015) 121–126 supported theories about a partially Asian origin of Hungarian manufacturer’s instructions. Fragment sizes and allele designa- population [11]. However, most of the Central Asian-Hungarian tions were determined with a 3130 Genetic Analyzer (Life Y-chromosomal relationship was based on the high frequency of Technologies, Foster City, CA) using GeneMapper IDX 1.2.1. soft- haplogroup R1a-M198 among Kyrgyz and a small Hungarian ware. sample, without knowing the deep structure of this haplogroup. When testing Y-SNP markers, amplifications of 1–2 ng Since then, first Pamjav et al. [13], and then in a more genomic DNA were performed in an ABI 7500 Real-time PCR comprehensive analysis by Underhill et al. [14] it was shown that instrument with Taqman Assay (Life Technologies, Foster City, there is a clear SNP-based distinction between Eastern European CA) using the programmes designed by the manufacturer. The (Z282, Z280, M458) and Central Asian (Z93) R1a-M198 males. relative fluorescence of the PCR products were analysed on an ABI It was also noted that Hungarians show very limited or no 7500 with its’ SDS software, as described in the manufacturer’s presence of Haplogroup N-M231 – including subclade N1c-Tat – manual (Life Technologies, Foster City, CA). Fifty-five Y-chromo- which is frequent among other Uralic-speaking populations somal SNP markers were tested with Taqman Assays (Fig. 1). The [15,16]. However, the potential genetic relationship with Turkic haplogroups tested and the markers used in the study originated and Inner Asian peoples has been less researched, although this from YCC (Y-Chromosomal Consortium). The nomenclature of relationship could shed light on the genetic basis of the alternative haplogroups followed the ISOGG 2014 Y-DNA haplogroup tree Turkic (Turanian) theory. Different Turkic-speaking populations due to recent, new additions uncovered by YCC (Y-Chromosomal have widely differing Y-chromosomal gene pools. They range from Consortium). N1c-Tat dominated Yakuts through C3-M47 dominated Kazakhs, A list of primers and Taqman probes for binary markers was and Q-M25 dominated Turkmens to genetically more diverse previously published [19], but we now updated the list with new Uzbeks, Azeri and Anatolian Turks (Table S1). Therefore, we chose SNPs studied, as shown in Table S2. A new downstream SNP not to focus only on haplogroup frequencies, but on analysing marker, L24, was tested for J2*-M172 (xM47, M67, M12) samples haplotype structure. We have undertaken a survey of 966 samples to obtain more resolution within the haplogroup as suggested by from Europe and Asia. This study is expected to provide insights van Oven et al. [20]. relevant to the Central and Inner Asian genetic contribution into Supplementary table related to this article can be found, in the Hungarian speaking populations. It will also provide insight into online version, at doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.11.007. how the genetic variation is distributed in the contemporary Hungarian, Central and Inner Asian population gene pool studied. 2.3. Data analysis Supplementary table related to this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.11.007. To examine the STR variation within the haplogroups, networks were constructed using the Network 4.6.1.2 programme [21]. Repeats of the locus DYS389I were subtracted from the locus 2. Materials and methods DYS389II and, as is common practice, the locus DYS385 was excluded from the network. Within the network programme, the 2.1. DNA samples rho statistic was used to estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of haplotypes within the compared To analyse the genetic relationship of present-day Hungarians haplogroups. with present-day Central and Inner Asians, we tested 522 samples from Hungarian-speaking populations (332 Hungarians from 3. Results Hungary, 95 Sekler from Romanian Transylvania, 95 Csango from Romanian Moldova), 115 Uzbek samples from various parts of Based on 10 Y-STR loci, networks were constructed within each Uzbekistan (Ferghana Valley, Tashkent, Khwarezm, Samarqand, of the haplogroups. These haplogroups overlapped among Surkhodarya, Karakalpakstan), 8 samples from Kazakhstan’s populations studied. All haplotype and haplogroup results can Aqto¨be region, 127 Mongolian and 88 Buryat Mongolian samples be found in Table S3. Haplogroup results are summarized in from Mongolia. Archaic Sekler and Csango populations were Table S4. For our analysis, we only considered those haplogroups included to increase the matching potential, and we also collected which occurred in more than one sample among both Hungarians additional samples from tribes whose self-designation may have and Central Asians (Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Madjars), or among connection to the ethnonym Magyar, i.e.
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