Erosion in Several Large Gullies, Core Arboretum West Virginia University

Jessica Gormont

Submission for an Option II-Professional Studies Project in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Geology Department of Geology and Geography Morgantown, WV 2007

Committee Members: Steven Kite (Chair) Robert Behling Jonathan Weems

Introduction

The position and dimensions of natural gullies are created by the concentration of overland flow into topologic low spots (Zucca, 2006). When areas above a hillside are developed, it can decrease the ability of water to seep into the ground due to the addition of impervious materials such as pavement. These conditions are ideal for Horton overland flow

(Luce, 2002). The impervious material can also cause a rerouting of the overland flow sending far more water over the surface of the hillside and into gullies than is natural (Nyssen, 2002).

This is doubly true when culverts are added to the heads of the gullies, diverting the overland flow directly into the gullies. Utilization of natural gullies to remove unwanted water during the urbanization process may seem like effective planning. However, an increase in water volume in gullies can increase tractive force within the channel (Saldi-Caromile, 2004), which in turn causes

rates of erosion to increase. Possible consequences of this erosional increase could include

deepening of gullies and instability of adjacent hillsides, which could trigger landslides.

This study examined four gullies within the Core Arboretum of West Virginia University

(WVU) (fig. 1). In order from north to south, the gullies that were studied were Tennis Gully,

located just beneath the middle section of the WVU tennis courts; Roof Gully, which diverts

water from the roof of the Coliseum; Bathtub Gully, named for the size and shape of the gully

beneath the Strausbaugh Trail bridge in the 1970s and 1980s (Weems, pers. comm.); and ZigZag

Gully, named for the zigzag shape created by the intersection of the gully and a diversion ditch at

the top of the hillside that diverts runoff from the Coliseum parking lot. The gullies are all

located on the hillside adjacent to the Coliseum and all divert water from impervious surfaces.

Culverts directing flow into these gullies have caused the natural gullies to widen and incise

dramatically since development of the area above the Arboretum hillside (Weems, pers. comm.).

Figure 1 – Locations of Studied Gullies

The increase in impervious surface area up slope and diversion of excess runoff down the gullies have caused increased instability of the Arboretum hillside, as evidenced by a large landslide

3 caused by improper water management in 1973 (Lessing and others, 1975). Sediment yield downstream has also increased, which may have contributed to the assimilation of nearby

Granville Island into the floodplain in the lower Arboretum.

The Study Area

Arboretum History

The area now occupied by the Core Arboretum was purchased by West Virginia

University in 1948, but student research at this site goes back at least to the 1920s (Weems,

1992). Trail work in the arboretum started in 1949 but it was not until 1954 that the area was named the “West Virginia University Arboretum” and opened to the public (Weems, 1992). The

WVU Physical Plant and Biology graduate students sporadically maintained the Arboretum until

1964, when the first groundskeeper was hired and maintenance became a continuous process

(Weems, 1992).

Figure 2- Core Arboretum Area in 1952 (West Virginia and Regional History Collection, West Virginia University Libraries)

Figure 3 – Core Arboretum Area in 2003 (United Stated Geological Survey)

The Coliseum and adjacent parking lots were built in 1967, taking up about 6 hectares

(15 acres) of what had been Arboretum property, including a pond and a display of exotic trees and shrubs (Weems, 1992). The culverts included in this study were most likely placed at that time. In 1975, the “West Virginia University Arboretum” became the “Core Arboretum”, named after Earl L. Core, a retired West Virginia University professor and Chair of the Biology

Department, who had originally rallied for the creation of the Arboretum (Weems, 1992).

Bedrock Geology

Donaldson (1968) shows that shales are the most common rock type in the Arboretum

(fig. 4). Sandstones occur in the Saltsburg Sandstone, but are most prominent in the Morgantown

Sandstone. The Morgantown Sandstone has thick beds and is composed of medium to coarse grains.

Figure 4 – Stratigraphic Column of the Study Area (Donaldson, 1968)

Limestones occur in several Arboretum stratigraphic units, including the “Pittsburg”

Ewing limestone, Ames Limestone, Grafton-Birmingham shale, and Clarksburg limestone.

Limestones in the study area are a bluish-gray and weather yellow-gray. Limestones are rarely

thicker than 0.6 m (2 ft), are typically very argillaceous with gradational contacts with shales.

The Ames Limestone contains marine fossils, whereas the other limestones contain non-marine

fossils, including trace fossils, burrows, plants, and snails.

There are two coal beds in the study area: the Harlem coal and the Elk Lick coal. These

coals may contain clay partings. The Elk Lick coal has been mined in the Arboretum.

The deepest gullying in the Arboretum is likely to occur in the most easily erodible rock

underlying the hillside. Due do their low resistance, shales in the Portersville shale, Saltsburg

Sandstone, “Pittsburg” Ewing limestone, Ames Limestone, Grafton-Birmingham shale, and

Clarksburg limestone, are the most easily eroded rocks in the Arboretum. These rocks are abundant in the Tennis, Roof, Bathtub, and ZigZag gullies, showing that the gully sites continue to be altered and are naturally unstable and prone to rapid incision in high-energy environments.

Surficial Geology and Soils

Willem van Eck (1975) stated that soils in the study area are mostly thin residual soils.

The northern half of the Arboretum contains the Culleoka series, brown Ultic Hapludalfs, 0.5 m-

1 m (20 in-40 in) thick, with silt loam to silty clay loam textures. Culleoka soils in the center of the Arboretum are interspersed with the Upshur series, a reddish-brown to purple Typic

Hapludalf with clay to silty clay textures. Willem van Eck (1975) mapped a Culleoka-Upshur complex on slopes near the south end of the Arboretum. Some gentle benches just below the

Arboretum parking area contain Westmoreland series, another Ultic Hapludalf with textures and colors similar to the Culleoka series, but thicker. Colluvial deposits at the base of slopes contain the same textures and properties as the residual soils from which they originated (Willem van

Eck, 1975). The Clarksburg series, a Oxyaquic Fragiudalf, also occurs here. These yellowish- brown to brown soils are commonly >1.5 m (>5 ft) thick and contain silty clay loam subsoil.

The Culleoka and Clarksburg series are the main soil series adjacent to the Tennis, Roof,

Bathtub, and ZigZag gullies, and both are composed largely of silty clays. Fine sands and silts are within the textural range that is most susceptible for detachment and transport (Lal, 1988) making the Culleoka and Clarksburg series very susceptible to gullying.

The Research Problem

Studies have shown that replacing natural vegetation with impervious surfaces can increase the soil erosion rate of adjacent slopes by an order of magnitude or more (Bracken,

2007). When impervious layers are added to the top of a hillside, they reduce the amount of

7 seepage into the ground, causing increased Hortonian overland flow (Luce, 2002). When the overland flow is routed into the heads of natural gullies through culverts, the amount of water that enters the gullies will be higher than prior to development.

There are several affects of the increase of water into natural gullies. According to the

Manning equation,

V = (1.49 R 2/3 S ½)/n

V = Velocity R = Hydraulic Radius S = Stream gradient (slope) N = Manning roughness coefficient,

as the Manning roughness coefficient decreases, which would occur when changing a surface

area from natural ground to pavement or another impervious material, flow velocity increases

(Fetter, 2001). Also, as the depth of water in the gullies increases, tractive force also increases, as

shown by the tractive force equation:

τ = γ R S

τ = Tractive Force γ = Specific Weight of Water R = Hydraulic Radius S = stream gradient (slope),

allowing more sediment to be eroded and carried as bedload (Saldi-Caromile, 2004). As the

velocity increases, the ability of the flow to erode the bed of the channel increases.

According to the Hjulstrom's diagram (fig. 5), silty sized particles, such as those located

in the majority of rock beds in the Arboretum, are the most easily eroded clast size in any given

channel. Therefore, an increase of velocity and depth of the water in gullies in the Arboretum

would cause an intensifying of erosion within gullies located on the hillside.

Figure 5 – Hjulstrom Diagram (Sauchyn, used with permission)

This reaction appears to be occurring, as, since the construction of the Coliseum area in 1967,

ZigZag, Bathtub, Roof, and Tennis gullies appear to have widened and incised rapidly, causing concern for the stability of the slope.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine the geomorphological impact of the addition of impervious material and diversion of flow through culverts above a steep slope underlain by thin colluvial soils and shale-dominated bedrock.

Objectives

The objectives of this project are as follows:

1) Survey cross-sections, spaced at 10 m intervals along four large gullies in the Core

Arboretum.

2) Estimate the total volume of sediment lost from the Arboretum gullies since incision

began.

3) Create base-line gully geometry data for future studies, which may include determining

futures rates of erosion.

Methods

Cross-sections for the Tennis, Bathtub, Roof, and ZigZag gullies were constructed at 10

m spacing, with a few longer increments where necessary due to inaccessibility (fig 6).

Figure 6 – Approximate Locations of Cross-sections 10

Most cross-sections were made using a 100 m fiberglass measuring tape, a Leica Rugby

100/100LR laser level with an accuracy of ± 1.5 mm per 30 m (± 1/16" per 100 ft), and a 7.62 m

(25 ft) measuring rod with a Leica ROD-EYE laser detector. Although the measuring rod was marked in feet, all cross-sections were converted to metric units in order to keep the units consistent throughout the study. Conversions were completed using a Microsoft Excel macro.

Cross-sections of gullies considered too dangerous to climb were created using a Laser

Technology Inc. Impulse 200LR laser range-finder with an accuracy of 3 to 5 cm (1.2 to 2 in).

Each cross-section was reconstructed within Microsoft Excel 2007 and on graph paper

(fig. 7). The slope of uneroded surfaces above observed erosional surfaces on the North and

Figure 7 – Example of Cross-section Graph

South Bank slopes for each cross-section was measured using the inclinometer on a Silva

compass. Slope measurements were extrapolated toward the gully centers to estimate an

11 approximate original topography for each cross-section (fig. 7), following the methodology used by Cenderelli (1994). The estimated original surface topographies were added to Excel and paper graphs. Cross-sectional areas of eroded material were calculated on the paper graphs as the difference between the approximate original topography and modern topography. The calculated cross-sectional areas were entered into a Microsoft Excel worksheet and used to calculate the eroded volume for each 10 m or longer gully reaches immediately down-slope of each cross- section. Volumes for all gully reaches were summed to estimate the approximate total volume of material eroded from each gully since incision of the original surface topography began.

Material above the reconstructed approximate original surface topography was determined, in most cases, to be post-erosional deposition. A few cross-sections, including the two uppermost Roof gully cross-sections, were determined to have no post-gully erosion deposition regardless of where the approximate original contours fell. These cross-sections are within a portion of the gully that has not been eroded, thus maintaining its original surface topography. The other two cross-sections where approximate original surface topography extends below current surface topography and which did not appear to have no post-erosional deposition were the second Bathtub gully cross-section and the sixth Roof gully cross-section

(fig. 11) The original topography for both of these gullies was measured on the surface of a shale bed underlain by a sandstone bed. The underlying sandstone has a slower erosion rate than the silty shale causing incision rate to decrease once the channel is eroded to the level of the more resistant sandstone. This change would not be reflected in the measurements of the approximate of the approximate original contour which were all taken along the slope of the surficial shale layer. The volumes for the post-erosional deposition were calculated in a similar

Figure 11 – Roof Gully Cross-section #6 fashion as the volume of eroded material.

Survey monuments composed of reinforcing bars were set up at the top and second to last cross-sections of each gully, for example at Bathtub Gully cross-sections #1 and #14, to allow fixed boundaries for future study which may not be disturbed by further human impact.

Results

The table below (table 1) shows the final estimated volumes, eroded and aggraded, for each gully.

Eroded Volume Aggradation Gully Name (m3) Volume (m3) ZigZag Gully 726.1 42.8 Bathtub Gully 674.5 0.1 Roof Gully 261.8 0.8 Tennis Gully 511.1 16.2

Table 1: Calculated total eroded volume since 1976

Using these estimations and assuming the gully erosion started after the construction of the

Coliseum in 1967, the erosion rate for each gully is listed in the below (table 2).

Erosion Rate Gully Name (m3/yr) ZigZag Gully 18.2 Bathtub Gully 16.9 Roof Gully 6.5 Tennis Gully 12.8

Table 2: Calculated rate of erosion per year since 1976

Interpretations

The ZigZag, Bathtub, Roof, and Tennis gullies are all similar in form. The cross-sectional

area at the head of each gully is small in comparison to lower portions. The middle reaches of each gully are relatively deep, mainly due to the large shale interval located underlying the middle of the hillside. The lower portions of each gully are relatively shallow, most likely due to the gentle slope toward the bottom of the hillside. All four gullies are deeper where underlain by shale than where underlain by sandstone, due to the higher resistance of sandstone to erosion.

With no prior data on the depth of the gullies in the Core Arboretum, it is not possible to accurately determine how much the gullies have changed since the development of the area above the Core Arboretum hillside. However, based on the estimated original surface topography

of the ZigZag, Bathtub, Roof, and Tennis gullies and their current surface topography, it is

reasonable to conclude that these gullies have rapidly eroded since the onset of construction the

Coliseum in 1967. This construction added a capping layer of impermeable asphalt pavement,

concrete or roofing material that reduces infiltration into the underlying soil and bedrock,

increasing overland flow. The overland flow is then diverted flow into pipes, increasing the

concentration and energy of the water as it enters the gullies, eroding the gullies far more than is

natural. If the erosion in Arboretum gullies continues at recent rates, the hillside will soon

14 become more unstable and could see future landslides and rock falls endangering the developed area above the hillside and sending more sediment into the lower Arboretum and Monongahela river below.

Consideration of development impacts on the surrounding environment should be taken into account prior to any construction, as creation or expansion of gullies is often caused by these activities (Archibold, 2003). All areas where a steep hillside underlain by weak material is capped with an impervious layer, such as asphalt pavement, will be at risk of infiltration reduction and increased overland flow, and, therefore, could be susceptible to intensification of erosion within natural drainageways on the hillside (Luce, 2002; Nyssen, 2002). Erosion is a very complex problem to alleviate post-development. Erosion rates within gullies can change abruptly due to changes in rainfall patterns and other factors, so attempts to reduce erosion should only be made after a careful study of erosion factors of the catchment area (Belyaev,

2004; Sidorchuk, 2006).

References

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Cross-section Measurements for ZigZag Gully, Core Arboretum, WVU

Orange Numbers Indicate Flag Placement Measurements done with Laser Range Finder are labelled in Red; All other measurements done with the Laser Level Measurement 1 starts at the top of the slope Spacing between measurements was 10m unless otherwise noted; Spacing measurements were taken on the North bank of the gully to ensure safety All depth measurements were taken with Laser Level on the North Bank of the gully

Measurement 1 Measurement 2 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 3.72 0 0.00 0 3.5 0 0.00 0.5 4.08 0.36 0.11 0.5 3.36 -0.14 -0.04 1 4.2 0.48 0.15 1 6.79 3.29 1.00 1.5 5.77 2.05 0.62 1.5 6.95 3.45 1.05 2 5.71 1.99 0.61 2 6.95 3.45 1.05 2.5 5.9 2.18 0.66 2.5 6.69 3.19 0.97 3 5.17 1.45 0.44 3 4.86 1.36 0.41 3.5 4.36 0.64 0.20 3.5 3.48 -0.02 -0.01 4 3.21 -0.51 -0.16 4 1.94 -1.56 -0.48 4.5 2.14 -1.58 -0.48 4.5 1.25 -2.25 -0.69 5 1.28 -2.44 -0.74 4.75 1.06 -2.44 -0.74 North Bank 0.7m 4° North Bank 0.8m 6° South Bank 4.8m 12° South Bank 4.05m 18°

Measurement 3 Measurement 4 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 3.46 0 0.00 0 3.58 0 0.00 0.5 3.86 0.4 0.12 0.5 3.97 0.39 0.12 1 8.52 5.06 1.54 1 5.59 2.01 0.61 1.5 8.78 5.32 1.62 1.5 7.46 3.88 1.18 2 8.63 5.17 1.58 2 8.84 5.26 1.60 2.5 7.31 3.85 1.17 2.5 8.77 5.19 1.58 3 5 1.54 0.47 3 6.97 3.39 1.03 3.5 3.28 -0.18 -0.05 3.5 3.96 0.38 0.12 4 1.78 -1.68 -0.51 4 1.94 -1.64 -0.50 4.5 1.04 -2.42 -0.74 4.5 1.46 -2.12 -0.65 North Bank 0.5m 4° North Bank 0.3m 6° South Bank 3.7m 12° South Bank 3.8m 10° Measurement 5 Measurement 6 Depth Height of Laser Range Finder (m) 1.15 Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) North Bank 0 3.96 0 0.00 Original Contour(degrees) 2 0.5 4.8 0.84 0.26 M1 (m) 1.28 Inclination (degrees) -54.22 1 6.87 2.91 0.89 M2 (m) 1.31 Inclination (degrees) -23.36 1.5 9.22 5.26 1.60 M3 (m) 1.63 Inclination (degrees) 11.28 2 10.39 6.43 1.96 M4 (m) 1.4 Inclination (degrees) 37.61 2.5 9.05 5.09 1.55 South Bank 3 7.81 3.85 1.17 Original Contour(degrees) 12 3.5 6.45 2.49 0.76 M1 (m) 1.07 Inclination (degrees) -72.61 4 4.16 0.2 0.06 M2 (m) 1.36 Inclination (degrees) -48.31 4.5 3.28 -0.68 -0.21 M3 (m) 1.52 Inclination (degrees) -22.27 North Bank 0.4m 3° M4 (m) 2.21 Inclination (degrees) 4.10 South Bank 4m 20° M5 (m) 3.55 Inclination (degrees) 21.14

Measurement 7 Measurement 8 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 4.26 0 0.00 0 4.32 0 0.00 0.5 4.82 0.56 0.17 0.5 5.03 0.71 0.22 1 7.11 2.85 0.87 1 6.02 1.7 0.52 1.5 7.29 3.03 0.92 1.5 6.84 2.52 0.77 2 7.31 3.05 0.93 2 6.95 2.63 0.80 2.5 6.57 2.31 0.70 2.5 6.63 2.31 0.70 3 5.8 1.54 0.47 3 4.96 0.64 0.20 3.5 4.6 0.34 0.10 3.5 4.42 0.1 0.03 4 3.58 -0.68 -0.21 North Bank 0.5m 18° 4.5 2.76 -1.5 -0.46 South Bank 2.9m 16° North Bank 0.8m 10° South Bank 3.8m 26° Measurement 9 Measurement 10 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 3.8 0 0.00 0 4.12 0 0.00 0.5 4.22 0.42 0.13 0.5 5.22 1.1 0.34 1 5.14 1.34 0.41 1 6.6 2.48 0.76 1.5 5.98 2.18 0.66 1.5 6.92 2.8 0.85 2 6.23 2.43 0.74 2 6.99 2.87 0.87 2.5 5.57 1.77 0.54 2.5 6.14 2.02 0.62 3 5.1 1.3 0.40 3 6.27 2.15 0.66 3.5 5.2 1.4 0.43 3.5 5.92 1.8 0.55 4 5 1.2 0.37 4 5.26 1.14 0.35 4.5 4.79 0.99 0.30 4.5 4.87 0.75 0.23 North Bank 1m 10° 5 4.28 0.16 0.05 South Bank 4.2m 13° North Bank 0.4m 8° South Bank 4.5m 19°

Measurement 11 Measurement 12 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 4.24 0 0.00 0 3.84 0 0.00 0.5 5.03 0.79 0.24 0.5 4.25 0.41 0.12 1 5.95 1.71 0.52 1 8.12 4.28 1.30 1.5 5.89 1.65 0.50 1.5 8.09 4.25 1.30 2 5.67 1.43 0.44 2 8.17 4.33 1.32 2.5 5.85 1.61 0.49 2.5 8.77 4.93 1.50 3 5.57 1.33 0.41 3 7.39 3.55 1.08 3.5 5.1 0.86 0.26 3.5 7.41 3.57 1.09 4 4.76 0.52 0.16 4 7.58 3.74 1.14 4.5 4.8 0.56 0.17 4.5 8.31 4.47 1.36 5 5.34 1.1 0.34 5 9.09 5.25 1.60 5.5 6.45 2.21 0.67 5.5 9.37 5.53 1.69 6 6.65 2.41 0.73 6 9.5 5.66 1.73 6.5 6.95 2.71 0.83 6.5 9.83 5.99 1.83 7 8.06 3.82 1.16 7 6.08 2.24 0.68 7.5 8.02 3.78 1.15 7.5 4.16 0.32 0.10 8 8.6 4.36 1.33 8 3.82 -0.02 -0.01 8.5 7.34 3.1 0.94 8.5 3.78 -0.06 -0.02 9 3.24 -1 -0.30 9 3.14 -0.7 -0.21 9.5 2.5 -1.74 -0.53 9.5 1.88 -1.96 -0.60 10 1.62 -2.62 -0.80 10 0.86 -2.98 -0.91 North Bank 0.5m 22° 10.5 0 -3.84 -1.17 South Bank 9.5m 22° North Bank 0.8m 13° South Bank 9.9m 12°

Measurement 13 Measurement 14 Height of Laser Range Finder (m) 1.3 Height of Laser Range Finder (m) 1.3 North Bank North Bank Original Contour(degrees) 17 Original Contour(degrees) 16 M1 (m) 1.21 Inclination (degrees) -69.03 M1 (m) 1.53 Inclination (degrees) -59.68 M2 (m) 1.41 Inclination (degrees) -42.59 M2 (m) 1.92 Inclination (degrees) -43.59 M3 (m) 1.54 Inclination (degrees) -18.76 M3 (m) 2.19 Inclination (degrees) -12.84 M4 (m) 2.3 Inclination (degrees) 6.41 M4 (m) 2.84 Inclination (degrees) 12.91 South Bank M5 (m) 3.97 Inclination (degrees) 19.30 Original Contour(degrees) 15 South Bank M1 (m) 1.26 Inclination (degrees) -66.36 Original Contour(degrees) 10 M2 (m) 1.42 Inclination (degrees) -31.64 M1 (m) 1.43 Inclination (degrees) -57.79 M3 (m) 2.2 Inclination (degrees) 7.79 M2 (m) 1.54 Inclination (degrees) -15.63 M4 (m) 3.71 Inclination (degrees) 23.10 M3 (m) 2.09 Inclination (degrees) 1.60 M4 (m) 2.15 Inclination (degrees) 11.36 Measurement 15 Measurement 16 Height of Laser Range Finder (m) 1.25 Height of Laser Range Finder (m) 1.1 North Bank North Bank Original Contour(degrees) 16 Original Contour(degrees) 14 M1 (m) 1.56 Inclination (degrees) -65.69 M1 (m) 1.72 Inclination (degrees) -61.63 M2 (m) 2.41 Inclination (degrees) -44.65 M2 (m) 2.28 Inclination (degrees) -26.93 M3 (m) 2.67 Inclination (degrees) -21.40 M3 (m) 2.98 Inclination (degrees) -3.89 M4 (m) 2.62 Inclination (degrees) 2.84 M4 (m) 4.3 Inclination (degrees) 17.23 M5 (m) 3.35 Inclination (degrees) 12.81 South Bank South Bank Original Contour(degrees) 20 Original Contour(degrees) 18 M1 (m) 1.59 Inclination (degrees) -47.69 M1 (m) 1.59 Inclination (degrees) -57.86 M2 (m) 1.73 Inclination (degrees) -24.12 M2 (m) 1.74 Inclination (degrees) -10.42 M3 (m) 1.9 Inclination (degrees) -4.55 M3 (m) 2.24 Inclination (degrees) 9.48 M4 (m) 2.7 Inclination (degrees) 8.27 M4 (m) 2.56 Inclination (degrees) 20.08

Measurement 17 Measurement 18 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 3.6 0 0.00 0 3.8 0 0.00 0.5 4.18 0.58 0.18 0.5 4.58 0.78 0.24 1 5.11 1.51 0.46 1 5.26 1.46 0.45 1.5 5.66 2.06 0.63 1.5 6.09 2.29 0.70 2 6.25 2.65 0.81 2 7.13 3.33 1.01 2.5 5.46 1.86 0.57 2.5 7.81 4.01 1.22 3 4.48 0.88 0.27 3 8.35 4.55 1.39 3.5 4.2 0.6 0.18 3.5 9.07 5.27 1.61 4 3.82 0.22 0.07 4 9.84 6.04 1.84 North Bank 0.15m 18° 4.5 9.71 5.91 1.80 South Bank 3.4m 18° 5 9.32 5.52 1.68 5.5 7.71 3.91 1.19 6 7.7 3.9 1.19 6.5 7.74 3.94 1.20 North Bank 1.6m 22° South Bank 5.1m 6° Measurement 19 Measurement 20 Depth Height of Laser Range Finder (m) 1.2 Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) North Bank 0 4.08 0 0.00 Original Contour(degrees) 12 0.5 4.46 0.38 0.12 M1 (m) 1.29 Inclination (degrees) -55.59 1 5.92 1.84 0.56 M2 (m) 1.36 Inclination (degrees) -31.10 1.5 6.64 2.56 0.78 M3 (m) 1.8 Inclination (degrees) 0.90 2 7.16 3.08 0.94 M4 (m) 1.96 Inclination (degrees) 11.68 2.5 7.07 2.99 0.91 South Bank 3 6.28 2.2 0.67 Original Contour(degrees) 15 3.5 5.26 1.18 0.36 M1 (m) 1.04 Inclination (degrees) -67.78 4 4.24 0.16 0.05 M2 (m) 1.33 Inclination (degrees) -48.18 4.5 3.94 -0.14 -0.04 M3 (m) 1.24 Inclination (degrees) -24.32 North Bank 0.5m 6° M4 (m) 1.72 Inclination (degrees) -11.14 South Bank 3.6m 10° M5 (m) 1.9 Inclination (degrees) 1.00

Measurement 21 Measurement 22 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 4.06 0 0.00 0 4.3 0 0.00 0.5 4.21 0.15 0.05 0.5 4.82 0.52 0.16 1 4.84 0.78 0.24 1 5.57 1.27 0.39 1.5 4.84 0.78 0.24 1.5 7.27 2.97 0.91 2 4.48 0.42 0.13 2 7.16 2.86 0.87 2.5 4.5 0.44 0.13 2.5 6.3 2 0.61 3 4.33 0.27 0.08 3 5.84 1.54 0.47 North Bank 0.7m 4° 3.5 4.8 0.5 0.15 South Bank 2.65m 8° 4 3.6 -0.7 -0.21 North Bank 1.1m 12° South Bank 3.8m 12° Measurement 23 Measurement 24 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 3.82 0 0.00 0 2.92 0 0.00 0.5 4.08 0.26 0.08 0.5 2.94 0.02 0.01 1 4.57 0.75 0.23 1 3.25 0.33 0.10 1.5 4.98 1.16 0.35 1.5 3.73 0.81 0.25 2 5.26 1.44 0.44 2 4.64 1.72 0.52 2.5 6.1 2.28 0.69 2.5 5.42 2.5 0.76 3 5.59 1.77 0.54 3 5.13 2.21 0.67 3.5 5.32 1.5 0.46 3.5 4.74 1.82 0.55 4 4.76 0.94 0.29 4 3.82 0.9 0.27 4.5 3.9 0.08 0.02 4.5 3.52 0.6 0.18 North Bank 1.9m 18° North Bank 1.6m 4° South Bank 4.3m 12° South Bank 3.7m 4°

Area Calculations for ZigZag Gully, Core Arboretum, WVU

Total Area and Volume of each Cross-section Area Calculated (m^2) Distance to next gully (m) Volume (m^3) Measurement 1 1.25 10 12.5 Measurement 2 1.66 10 16.6 Measurement 3 2.97 10 29.7 Measurement 4 3.14 10 31.4 Measurement 5 6.13 10 61.3 Measurement 6 3.66 10 36.6 Measurement 7 0.45 10 4.5 Measurement 8 0.4 10 4 Measurement 9 0.12 10 1.2 Measurement 10 0.7 10 7 Measurement 11 0.6 10 6 Measurement 12 6.86 10 68.6 Measurement 13 5.6 10 56 Measurement 14 6.54 10 65.4 Measurement 15 6.36 10 63.6 Measurement 16 12.84 15 192.6 Measurement 17 0.4 10 4 Measurement 18 0.57 10 5.7 Measurement 19 3.02 10 30.2 Measurement 20 1.2 10 12 Measurement 21 0.09 10 0.9 Measurement 22 0.91 10 9.1 Measurement 23 0.31 10 3.1 Distance to end of gully (m) Measurement 24 0.41 10 4.1

Total Missing Volume (m^3) 726.1

Post-Erosional Deposition Area Calculated (m^2) Distance to next gully (m) Volume (m^3) Measurement 9 0.2 10 2 Measurement 10 0.04 10 0.4 Measurement 11 4.03 10 40.3 Measurement 21 0.01 10 0.1

Total Deposited Volume (m^3) 42.8

Cross-section Measurements for Bathtub Gully, Core Arboretum, WVU

Measurement 1 Measurement 2 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 3.9 0 0.00 0 4 0 0.00 0.5 4.2 0.3 0.09 0.5 4.25 0.25 0.08 1 7.23 3.33 1.01 1 4.48 0.48 0.15 1.5 7.74 3.84 1.17 1.5 4 0 0.00 2 7.96 4.06 1.24 2 3.96 -0.04 -0.01 2.5 6.61 2.71 0.83 2.5 3.78 -0.22 -0.07 3 4.3 0.4 0.12 3 3.5 -0.5 -0.15 3.5 4.05 0.15 0.05 3.5 2.88 -1.12 -0.34 North Bank 0.4m 12° 3.85 2.84 -1.16 -0.35 South Bank 3m 4° North Bank 0.3m 16° South Bank 3.6m 15°

Measurement 3 Measurement 4 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 4.2 0 0.00 0 4.3 0 0.00 0.5 5.4 1.2 0.37 0.5 5 0.7 0.21 1 6.8 2.6 0.79 1.5 11.18 6.88 2.10 1.5 8.17 3.97 1.21 2 13.26 8.96 2.73 2 9.82 5.62 1.71 2.5 13.75 9.45 2.88 2.5 10.1 5.9 1.80 3 13.44 9.14 2.79 3 11.17 6.97 2.12 4 11.72 7.42 2.26 3.5 9.07 4.87 1.48 4.5 11.34 7.04 2.15 4 8.14 3.94 1.20 5 11.29 6.99 2.13 4.5 7.41 3.21 0.98 5.5 10.19 5.89 1.80 4.75 6.81 2.61 0.80 6 7.81 3.51 1.07 North Bank 0.3m 34° 9.5 0 -4.3 -1.31 South Bank 5.8m 20° North Bank 0.5m 36° South Bank 9.3m 24°

Measurement 5 Measurement 6 Height of Laser Range Finder (m) 1.3 Height of Laser Range Finder (m) 1.3 North Bank North Bank Original Contour(degrees) 10 Original Contour(degrees) 12 M1 (m) 1.09 Inclination (degrees) -64.83 M1 (m) 1.11 Inclination (degrees) -65.64 M2 (m) 1.7 Inclination (degrees) -47.42 M2 (m) 1.34 Inclination (degrees) -30.87 M3 (m) 2 Inclination (degrees) -18.28 M3 (m) 1.73 Inclination (degrees) -7.38 M4 (m) 2.53 Inclination (degrees) 1.97 M4 (m) 2.87 Inclination (degrees) 14.44 M5 (m) 3.47 Inclination (degrees) 15.82 M5 (m) 4.82 Inclination (degrees) 24.58 South M6 (m) 3.97 Inclination (degrees) 35.83 Bank M7 (m) 4.55 Inclination (degrees) 47.47 Original Contour(degrees) 30 South Bank M1 (m) 1.15 Inclination (degrees) -73.04 Original Contour(degrees) 15 M2 (m) 2.08 Inclination (degrees) -50.75 M1 (m) 1.12 Inclination (degrees) -74.54 M3 (m) 2.26 Inclination (degrees) -31.90 M2 (m) 1.8 Inclination (degrees) -55.29 M4 (m) 2.6 Inclination (degrees) -9.90 M3 (m) 2.8 Inclination (degrees) -34.28 M5 (m) 1.46 Inclination (degrees) 7.58 M4 (m) 2.75 Inclination (degrees) -10.98 M6 (m) 1.14 Inclination (degrees) 33.60 M5 (m) 3.25 Inclination (degrees) 19.36 M7 (m) 1.46 Inclination (degrees) 51.84 M6 (m) 4.67 Inclination (degrees) 43.80 M7 (m) 5.3 Inclination (degrees) 53.25

Measurement 7 Measurement 8 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 3.7 0 0.00 0 3.65 0 0.00 0.5 3.7 0 0.00 0.5 3.9 0.25 0.08 1 7.22 3.52 1.07 1 5.7 2.05 0.62 1.5 9 5.3 1.62 1.5 6.19 2.54 0.77 2 10.94 7.24 2.21 2 9.69 6.04 1.84 2.5 13.4 9.7 2.96 2.5 9.61 5.96 1.82 3 13.57 9.87 3.01 3 9.02 5.37 1.64 3.5 11.04 7.34 2.24 3.5 10.14 6.49 1.98 4 11.08 7.38 2.25 4 9.93 6.28 1.91 4.5 11.17 7.47 2.28 4.5 9.77 6.12 1.87 5 10.4 6.7 2.04 5 8.98 5.33 1.62 5.5 9.98 6.28 1.91 5.5 6.9 3.25 0.99 6 7.57 3.87 1.18 6 6.51 2.86 0.87 6.5 6.96 3.26 0.99 6.5 6.12 2.47 0.75 North Bank 0.7m 3° 7 5.72 2.07 0.63 South Bank 6m 15° North Bank 0.2m 20° South Bank 5.5m 14°

Measurement 9 Measurement 10 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 4 0 0.00 0 3.95 0 0.00 0.5 4.95 0.95 0.29 0.5 4.28 0.33 0.10 1 6.2 2.2 0.67 1 8.1 4.15 1.26 1.5 6.56 2.56 0.78 1.5 8.1 4.15 1.26 2 6.62 2.62 0.80 2 6.85 2.9 0.88 2.5 7.41 3.41 1.04 2.5 7.27 3.32 1.01 3 6.47 2.47 0.75 3 7.24 3.29 1.00 3.5 6.33 2.33 0.71 3.5 7.5 3.55 1.08 4 6.55 2.55 0.78 4 7.1 3.15 0.96 4.5 6.42 2.42 0.74 4.6 3.42 -0.53 -0.16 5 5.72 1.72 0.52 North Bank 0.5m 10° South 5.5 4.78 0.78 0.24 Bank 4.2m 8° 6.1 4.46 0.46 0.14 North Bank 0.5m 12° South Bank 5.5m 6° Measurement 11 Measurement 12 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 4 0 0.00 0 3.7 0 0.00 0.5 4.85 0.85 0.26 0.5 4.26 0.56 0.17 1 6.21 2.21 0.67 1 4.94 1.24 0.38 1.5 7.02 3.02 0.92 1.5 5.34 1.64 0.50 2 7.3 3.3 1.01 2 5.44 1.74 0.53 2.5 7.28 3.28 1.00 2.5 5.28 1.58 0.48 3 7.41 3.41 1.04 3 4.96 1.26 0.38 3.5 6.88 2.88 0.88 3.5 4.51 0.81 0.25 4 5.4 1.4 0.43 3.8 4.34 0.64 0.20 4.5 4.36 0.36 0.11 North Bank 0.3m 7° South 4.8 4.16 0.16 0.05 Bank 3.1m 8° North Bank 0.3m 10° South Bank 4.4m 7°

Measurement 13 Measurement 14 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 3.84 0 0.00 0 4.12 0 0.00 0.5 4.4 0.56 0.17 0.5 4.62 0.5 0.15 1 5.74 1.9 0.58 1 5.4 1.28 0.39 1.5 5.5 1.66 0.51 1.5 6.74 2.62 0.80 2 4.49 0.65 0.20 2 7.19 3.07 0.94 2.5 3.93 0.09 0.03 2.5 7.24 3.12 0.95 3 3.56 -0.28 -0.09 3 5.38 1.26 0.38 North Bank 0.5m 18° 3.5 4.76 0.64 0.20 South Bank 2.5m 15° North Bank 0.8m 13° South Bank 3.15m 4° Measurement 15 Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 3.8 0 0.00 0.5 4.12 0.32 0.10 1 4.18 0.38 0.12 1.5 4.68 0.88 0.27 2 4.7 0.9 0.27 2.5 4.54 0.74 0.23 3 4.27 0.47 0.14 3.5 3.88 0.08 0.02 4 4.14 0.34 0.10 North Bank 0.5m 12° South Bank 3.5m 11°

Area Calculations for Bathtub Gully, Core Arboretum, WVU

Total Area and Volume of each Cross-section Area Calculated Volume (m^2) Distance to next gully (m) (m^3) Measurement 1 1.69 10 16.9 Measurement 2 0 10 0 Measurement 3 0.73 10 7.3 Measurement 4 7 10 70 Measurement 5 32.36 10 323.6 Measurement 6 10.56 10 105.6 Measurement 7 5.34 10 53.4 Measurement 8 3.05 10 30.5 Measurement 9 1.29 10 12.9 Measurement 10 2.12 10 21.2 Measurement 11 1.7 10 17 Measurement 12 0.43 10 4.3 Measurement 13 0.25 10 2.5 Measurement 14 0.93 10 9.3 Distance to End of Gully (m) Measurement 15 0 10 0

Total Volume Missing (m) 674.5

Post-Erosional Deposition Area Calculated Volume (m^2) Distance to next gully (m) (m^3) Measurement 15 0.01 10 0.1

Total Deposited Volume (m^3) 0.1

Cross-section Measurements for Roof Gully, Core Arboretum, WVU

Measurement 1 Measurement 2 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 7.48 0 0.00 0 4.2 0 0.00 0.5 8.15 0.67 0.20 0.5 5.28 1.08 0.33 1 8.87 1.39 0.42 1 6.83 2.63 0.80 1.5 9.62 2.14 0.65 1.5 7.23 3.03 0.92 2 10.31 2.83 0.86 2 8.47 4.27 1.30 2.5 10.68 3.2 0.98 2.5 9.26 5.06 1.54 3 10.93 3.45 1.05 3 9.92 5.72 1.74 3.5 10.3 2.82 0.86 3.5 9.73 5.53 1.69 4 9.33 1.85 0.56 4 9.3 5.1 1.55 4.5 9.02 1.54 0.47 4.5 8.45 4.25 1.30 5 8.42 0.94 0.29 5 7.68 3.48 1.06 5.5 6.85 2.65 0.81 North Bank 1.3m 28° 6 6.03 1.83 0.56 South Bank 4.1m 26° 6.5 5.24 1.04 0.32

North Bank 1.15m 28° South Bank 5.5m 30°

Measurement 3 Measurement 4 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 2.12 0 0.00 0 8.19 0 0.00 0.5 3.03 0.91 0.28 0.5 8.51 0.32 0.10 1 3.6 1.48 0.45 1 8.71 0.52 0.16 1.5 4.62 2.5 0.76 1.5 6.89 -1.3 -0.40 2 5.37 3.25 0.99 2 6.04 -2.15 -0.66 2.5 6.31 4.19 1.28 2.5 4.72 -3.47 -1.06 3 7.07 4.95 1.51 3 3.83 -4.36 -1.33 3.5 7.81 5.69 1.73 4 8.64 6.52 1.99 North Bank 0.15m 27° away from gully 4.5 8.26 6.14 1.87 South Bank 2.1m 20° 5 7.05 4.93 1.50 5.5 5.98 3.86 1.18 6 4.84 2.72 0.83 6.5 3.98 1.86 0.57 7 2.54 0.42 0.13 7.5 1.38 -0.74 -0.23 8 0.87 -1.25 -0.38 8.5 0 -2.12 -0.65

North Bank 1.9m 32° South Bank 7.3m 20°

Measurement 5 Measurement 6 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 5.52 0 0.00 0 4.12 0 0.00 0.5 6.95 1.43 0.44 0.5 5.3 1.18 0.36 1 7.54 2.02 0.62 1 6.15 2.03 0.62 1.5 7.33 1.81 0.55 1.5 6.78 2.66 0.81 2 7.13 1.61 0.49 2 6.74 2.62 0.80 2.5 6.12 0.6 0.18 2.5 6.46 2.34 0.71 3 4.62 -0.9 -0.27 3 5.96 1.84 0.56 3.5 0.28 -5.24 -1.60 3.5 4.9 0.78 0.24 4 0.24 -5.28 -1.61 4 4.04 -0.08 -0.02 4.5 3.3 -0.82 -0.25 North Bank 0.4m 36° South Bank 3.3m 22° North Bank 0.55m 40° South Bank 4.1m 28°

Measurement 7 Measurement 8 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 3.94 0 0.00 0 3.34 0 0.00 0.5 4.32 0.38 0.12 0.5 3.53 0.19 0.06 1 5.7 1.76 0.54 1 4.35 1.01 0.31 1.5 6.78 2.84 0.87 1.5 4.75 1.41 0.43 2 7.72 3.78 1.15 2 4.68 1.34 0.41 2.5 7.73 3.79 1.16 2.5 6.84 3.5 1.07 3 7.35 3.41 1.04 3 6.54 3.2 0.98 3.5 6.58 2.64 0.80 3.5 4.32 0.98 0.30 4 6.44 2.5 0.76 4 3.38 0.04 0.01 4.5 5.61 1.67 0.51 4.5 2.7 -0.64 -0.20 5 4.89 0.95 0.29 5.5 4.78 0.84 0.26 North Bank 0.7m 16° South Bank 3.95m 14° North Bank 0.9m 20° South Bank 4.65m 18°

Measurement 9 Measurement 10 Height of Laser Range Finder (m) 1.25 Height of Laser Range Finder (m) 1.25 North Bank North Bank Original Contour(degrees) 20 Original Contour(degrees) 12 M1 (m) 0.83 Inclination (degrees) -74.20 M1 (m) 1.31 Inclination (degrees) -60.77 M2 (m) 1.32 Inclination (degrees) -58.27 M2 (m) 1.7 Inclination (degrees) -31.67 M3 (m) 1.63 Inclination (degrees) -34.63 M3 (m) 2.1 Inclination (degrees) -11.54 M4 (m) 1.95 Inclination (degrees) -3.44 M4 (m) 2.25 Inclination (degrees) 4.90 M5 (m) 2.37 Inclination (degrees) 4.63 M5 (m) 2.22 Inclination (degrees) 17.16 South Bank M6 (m) 2.35 Inclination (degrees) 28.66 Original Contour(degrees) 20 South Bank M1 (m) 0.91 Inclination (degrees) -73.31 Original Contour(degrees) 10 M2 (m) 1.32 Inclination (degrees) -37.14 M1 (m) 1.6 Inclination (degrees) -62.05 M3 (m) 1.92 Inclination (degrees) -18.90 M2 (m) 1.35 Inclination (degrees) -36.89 M4 (m) 2.3 Inclination (degrees) -0.55 M3 (m) 1.54 Inclination (degrees) -0.72 M5 (m) 2.92 Inclination (degrees) 9.47 M4 (m) 1.76 Inclination (degrees) 15.71

Measurement 11 Measurement 12 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 3.94 0 0.00 0 3.96 0 0.00 0.5 3.98 0.04 0.01 0.5 4.1 0.14 0.04 1 4.47 0.53 0.16 1 4.94 0.98 0.30 1.5 7.38 3.44 1.05 1.5 5.4 1.44 0.44 2 8.61 4.67 1.42 2 9.67 5.71 1.74 2.5 8.67 4.73 1.44 2.5 11.06 7.1 2.16 3 9.18 5.24 1.60 3 11.92 7.96 2.43 3.5 9.3 5.36 1.63 3.5 13.44 9.48 2.89 4 4.86 0.92 0.28 4 13.27 9.31 2.84 4.5 3.38 -0.56 -0.17 4.5 12.02 8.06 2.46 5 2.76 -1.18 -0.36 5 5.76 1.8 0.55 5.5 2.44 -1.5 -0.46 5.5 4.97 1.01 0.31 6 4.95 0.99 0.30 North Bank 1.1m 20° South Bank 4.35m 24° North Bank 0.95m 16° South Bank 5.3m 16° Measurement 13 Measurement 14 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 4.06 0 0.00 0 3.98 0 0.00 0.5 4 -0.06 -0.02 0.5 3.98 0 0.00 1 4.4 0.34 0.10 1 6.28 2.3 0.70 1.5 8.37 4.31 1.31 1.5 8.17 4.19 1.28 2 8.27 4.21 1.28 2 8.38 4.4 1.34 2.5 8.17 4.11 1.25 2.5 7.89 3.91 1.19 3 8.35 4.29 1.31 3 7.87 3.89 1.19 3.5 7.66 3.6 1.10 3.5 7.23 3.25 0.99 4 6.2 2.14 0.65 4 5.24 1.26 0.38 4.5 3.9 -0.16 -0.05 4.5 5.14 1.16 0.35 5 3.66 -0.4 -0.12 North Bank 0.8m 2° North Bank 1.15m 12° South Bank 3.9m 2° South Bank 4.3m 6° 57

Measurement 15 Measurement 16 Depth Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 3.92 0 0.00 0 3.46 0 0.00 0.5 4.73 0.81 0.25 0.5 3.32 -0.14 -0.04 1 6.3 2.38 0.73 1 3.4 -0.06 -0.02 1.5 6.91 2.99 0.91 1.5 4.08 0.62 0.19 2 6.88 2.96 0.90 2 4.28 0.82 0.25 2.5 5.9 1.98 0.60 2.5 3.53 0.07 0.02 3 4.39 0.47 0.14 3 3.27 -0.19 -0.06 3.5 3.62 -0.3 -0.09 North Bank 1.05m 7° North Bank 0.2m 12° South Bank 2.55m 9° South Bank 3.3m 10° Measurement 17 Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) 0 3.78 0 0.00 0.5 3.59 -0.19 -0.06 1 3.68 -0.1 -0.03 1.5 8.1 4.32 1.32 2 8.97 5.19 1.58 2.5 8.21 4.43 1.35 3 7.98 4.2 1.28 3.5 7.85 4.07 1.24 4 8.74 4.96 1.51 4.5 7.93 4.15 1.26 5 7.8 4.02 1.23 5.5 3.53 -0.25 -0.08 6 3.34 -0.44 -0.13

North Bank 1.2m 12° South Bank 5.2m 10°

Area Calculations for Roof Gully, Core Arboretum, WVU

Total Area and Volume of each Cross-section Area Calculated (m^2) Distance to next gully (m) Volume (m^3) Measurement 1 0 10 0.00 Measurement 2 0 10 0.00 Measurement 3 0.78 10 7.80 Measurement 4 0.39 10 3.90 Measurement 5 1.1 1 1.00 Measurement 6 0 10 0.00 Measurement 7 0.31 10.5 3.26 Measurement 8 0.65 10 6.50 Measurement 9 3.26 10 32.60 Measurement 10 6.49 10 64.90 Measurement 11 2.23 10 22.30 Measurement 12 5 10 50.00 Measurement 13 2.18 10 21.80 Measurement 14 1.74 10 17.40 Measurement 15 1.09 10 10.90 Measurement 16 0.11 10 1.10 Distance to End of Gully (m) Measurement 17 1.93 9.5 18.34

Total Volume Missing (m) 261.79

Post-Erosional Deposition Area Calculated (m^2) Distance to next gully (m) Volume (m^3) Measurement 7 0.04 10 0.4 Measurement 8 0.04 10 0.4

Total Deposited Volume (m^3) 0.8

Cross-section Measurements for Tennis Gully, Core Arboretum, WVU

Measurement 1 Measurement 2 Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) Depth (m) 0 3.9 0 0.00 0 4.66 0 0.00 0.5 4.76 0.86 0.26 0.5 5.5 0.84 0.26 1 5.38 1.48 0.45 1 6.32 1.66 0.51 1.5 6.08 2.18 0.66 1.5 6.73 2.07 0.63 2 10.53 6.63 2.02 2 7.19 2.53 0.77 2.5 10.65 6.75 2.06 2.5 7.4 2.74 0.84 3 10.89 6.99 2.13 3 8.72 4.06 1.24 3.5 10.46 6.56 2.00 3.5 9.25 4.59 1.40 4 6.59 2.69 0.82 4 9.85 5.19 1.58 4.5 5.9 2 0.61 4.5 9.38 4.72 1.44 5 5.8 1.9 0.58 5 7.03 2.37 0.72 5.5 5.6 1.7 0.52 5.5 6.45 1.79 0.55 6 5.24 1.34 0.41 6 6.56 1.9 0.58 6.5 4.42 0.52 0.16 6.5 7.84 3.18 0.97 7 4.4 0.5 0.15 7 7.12 2.46 0.75 7.5 6.97 2.31 0.70 North Bank 0.4m 16° 8 4.52 -0.14 -0.04 South Bank 6.4m 7° 8.5 4.24 -0.42 -0.13 North Bank 0.2m 20° South Bank 7.5m 10°

Measurement 3 Measurement 4 Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) Depth (m) 0 3.66 0 0.00 0 6.39 2.85 0.87 0.5 3.82 0.16 0.05 0.5 7.35 3.81 1.16 1 5.4 1.74 0.53 1 9.16 5.62 1.71 1.5 11.34 7.68 2.34 1.5 10.57 7.03 2.14 2 13.05 9.39 2.86 2 11.04 7.5 2.29 2.5 14.7 11.04 3.36 2.5 11.19 7.65 2.33 3 15.03 11.37 3.47 3 11.71 8.17 2.49 3.5 14.37 10.71 3.26 3.5 12.11 8.57 2.61 4 13.34 9.68 2.95 4 12.78 9.24 2.82 4.5 13.02 9.36 2.85 4.5 11.72 8.18 2.49 5 10.45 6.79 2.07 5 10.96 7.42 2.26 5.5 5.89 2.23 0.68 5.5 10.77 7.23 2.20 6 4.56 0.9 0.27 6 10.89 7.35 2.24 6.5 3.6 -0.06 -0.02 6.5 10.95 7.41 2.26 7 3.28 -0.38 -0.12 7 9.31 5.77 1.76 7.5 3.24 -0.42 -0.13 7.5 8.83 5.29 1.61 North Bank 0.7m 6° 8 6.7 3.16 0.96 South Bank 7m 4° 8.5 6.4 2.86 0.87 9 5.74 2.2 0.67 9.5 4.78 1.24 0.38 10 4.06 0.52 0.16 10.5 3.54 0 0.00 North Bank 10.25m 14° South Bank 1m 20°

Measurement 5 Measurement 6 Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Height of Laser Range Finder (m) 1 0 3.76 0 0.00 North Bank Original 0.5 4.44 0.68 0.21 Contour(degrees) 20 1 6.56 2.8 0.85 M1 (m) 0.76 Inclination (degrees) -89.70 1.5 8.13 4.37 1.33 M2 (m) 1.37 Inclination (degrees) -62.09 2 10.62 6.86 2.09 M3 (m) 1.55 Inclination (degrees) -13.30 2.5 11.57 7.81 2.38 M4 (m) 2.37 Inclination (degrees) 14.95 3 11.77 8.01 2.44 M5 (m) 2.72 Inclination (degrees) 20.99 3.5 11.48 7.72 2.35 M6 (m) 4.11 Inclination (degrees) 28.25 4 11.14 7.38 2.25 South Bank Original 4.5 10.48 6.72 2.05 Contour(degrees) 24 5 9.35 5.59 1.70 M1 (m) 1.29 Inclination (degrees) -62.38 5.5 6.22 2.46 0.75 M2 (m) 1.48 Inclination (degrees) -38.40 6 5.54 1.78 0.54 M3 (m) 1.71 Inclination (degrees) -8.52 6.5 5.16 1.4 0.43 M4 (m) 1.88 Inclination (degrees) 6.96 North Bank 0.6m 16° M5 (m) 2.7 Inclination (degrees) 24.42 South Bank 6m 12°

Measurement 7 Measurement 8 Depth Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) (m) Across (m) Depth (ft) Depth w/o Laser Level(ft) Depth (m) 0 3.32 0 0.00 0 3.52 0 0.00 0.5 3.78 0.46 0.14 0.5 4.16 0.64 0.20 1 5.4 2.08 0.63 1 4.16 0.64 0.20 1.5 6.1 2.78 0.85 1.5 3.92 0.4 0.12 2 6.4 3.08 0.94 2 3.57 0.05 0.02 2.5 7.84 4.52 1.38 2.5 3.5 -0.02 -0.01 3 8.03 4.71 1.44 3 4.62 1.1 0.34 3.5 7.65 4.33 1.32 3.5 5.81 2.29 0.70 4 5.5 2.18 0.66 4 5.65 2.13 0.65 4.5 4.26 0.94 0.29 4.5 3.66 0.14 0.04 5 3.12 -0.2 -0.06 5 5 1.48 0.45 5.5 2.54 -0.78 -0.24 5.2 4.8 1.28 0.39 6 1.8 -1.52 -0.46 North Bank 0.25m 10° 6.5 1.22 -2.1 -0.64 South Bank 5.1m 10° North Bank 0.35m 4° South Bank 5.3m 20°

Area Calculations for Tennis Gully, Core Arboretum, WVU

Total Area and Volume of each Cross-section Area Calculated (m^2) Distance to next gully (m) Volume (m^3) Measurement 1 2.42 10 24.2 Measurement 2 0.43 10 4.3 Measurement 3 11.49 17 195.33 Measurement 4 3.99 10 39.9 Measurement 5 4.79 30 143.7 Measurement 6 7.48 10 74.8 Measurement 7 2.85 10 28.5 Distance to End of Gully (m) Measurement 8 0.04 10 0.4

Total Volume Missing (m) 511.13

Post-Erosional Deposition Area Calculated (m^2) Distance to next gully (m) Volume (m^3) Measurement 1 0.1 10 1 Measurement 2 0.55 10 5.5 Measurement 8 0.97 10 9.7

Total Deposited Volume (m^3) 16.2