Kerajinan-Blangkon-Di-Potrojayan

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Kerajinan-Blangkon-Di-Potrojayan perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 14 BAB II BLANGKON SEBAGAI CINDERAMATA KHAS KOTA SOLO A. Potrojayan Sebagai Centra Industri Blangkon Bagi masyarakat Jawa, blangkon merupakan salah satu identitas budaya, tutup kepala yang terbuat dari kain batik ini selain menjadi pelengkap pakaian tradisional Jawa awalnya juga menjadi ciri kelas masyarakat. Namun sekarang blangkon menjelma menjadi salah satu produk kerajinan yang banyak diminati wisatawan. Di Kecamatan Serengan, Kelurahan Serengan terdapat sebuah kampung bernama Potrojayan yang saat ini kampung tersebut dikenal sebagai sentra kerajinan blangkon di Kota Solo dan kemudian dikenal sebagai kampung blangkon, karena sebagian besar warganya berprofesi sebagai pengrajin blangkon. Hampir sebagian besar penduduk di kampung Potrojayan berprofesi sebagai pengrajin blangkon. Kampung Potrojayan terdapat 95 kepala keluarga yang terpisah menjadi 3 RT dan masih dalam 1 RW. Tidak semua penduduk di Potrojayan yang berprofesi sebagai pengrajin blangkon ini memiliki tempat usaha sendiri, ini dikarenakan usahanya dirintis oleh para sesepuh keluarga dan diturunkan kepada anak dan cucunya. Mereka yang tidak mempunyai usaha sendiri biasanya akan menjadi karyawan tetangganya yang memiliki usaha kerajinan blangkon. Dalam menjalankan usahanya mereka juga membentuk Paguyuban Perajin Blangkon. (Wawancara dengan Ananta Ketua Paguyuban Blangkon Potrojayan pada tanggal 28/05/2015). commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 15 Pengrajin blangkon di Solo sudah berlangsung sejak tahun 1820-an. Menurut cerita, di Notoningratan, Kelurahan Serengan ada seorang pengrawit (penabuh gamelan karawitan) dari yang bernama mbah Joyo yang juga merupakan abdi dalem Keraton Kasunanan Surakarta. Awalnya beliau mendapat pesanan dari Keraton untuk membuat blangkon untuk punggawa keraton. Blangkon pertama yang dibuat berupa model Solo Cekok. Keterampilan mbah Joyo ini yang diwariskan secara turun temurun. (Wawancara dengan Ananta Ketua Paguyuban Blangkon Potrojayan pada tanggal 28/05/2015). Sebagai sebuah karya seni, blangkon ini dibuat dengan ketelitian tingkat tinggi dengan mempertimbangkan siapa yang akan memakai blangkon tersebut, sehingga untuk membuat 1 buah blangkon dahulu membutuhkan waktu 3 – 7 hari. Dengan pertimbangann ekonomi dan pelestarian budaya kemudian mbah Joyo mengajarkan pembuatan blangkon ini kepada para keluarganya. Tidak semua mampu bertahan untuk membuat blangkon, karena kerajinan ini membutuhkan ketelatenan, sementara pada waktu itu konsumen blangkon terbatas kalangan keraton. (Wawancara dengan Ananta Ketua Paguyuban Blangkon Potrojayan pada tanggal 28/05/2015). Namun sejak tahun 1970an, beberapa ahli waris dari mbah Joyo mulai mencoba memasarkan blangkon kepada masyarakat luar keraton, dan ternyata pasar blangkon mulai berkembang. Beberapa wisatawan domestik dan mancanegara tertarik mengkoleksi blangkon sebagai salah satu souvenir ketika mereka berkunjung ke Solo. Sejak itulah industri blangkon di Potrojayan mulai berkembang. Beberapa warga setempat yang semula tak tertarik dengan kerajinan blangkon pada akhirnya mulai berbisniscommit toblangkon user sehingga sampai sekarang ini perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 16 Kampung Potrojayan terkenal sebagai Kampung Sentra Blangkon. (Wawancara dengan Ananta Ketua Paguyuban Blangkon Potrojayan pada tanggal 28/05/2015). B. Blangkon dan Tradisi Blangkon merupakan sebuah penutup kepala yang dibuat dari batik dan digunakan oleh kaum pria sebagai bagian dari pakaian tradisional Jawa. Blangkon sebenarnya bentuk praktis dari iket yang merupakan tutup kepala yang dibuat dari batik. Tidak ada catatan sejarah yang dapat menjelaskan asal mula pria Jawa memakai ikat kepala atau penutup kepala ini. Pada masyarakat Jawa jaman dahulu, memang ada satu cerita Legenda tentang Aji Soko. Dalam cerita ini, keberadaan iket kapala pun telah disebut, yaitu Aji Soko berhasil mengalahkan Dewata Cengkar, seorang raksasa penguasa tanah Jawa, hanya dengan menggelar sejenis sorban yang dapat menutup seluruh tanah Jawa. Padahal seperti kita ketahui, Aji Soko kemudian dikenal sebagai pencipta dan perumus permulaan tahun Jawa yang dimulai pada 1941 (http://www.indonesiamedia.com: 28 April 2015). Pemakaian blangkon merupakan pengaruh dari budaya Hindu dan Islam yang diserap oleh orang Jawa. Menurut para ahli, orang Islam yang masuk ke Jawa terdiri dari dua jenis etnis yaitu keturunan cina dari Daratan Tiongkok dan para pedagang Gujarat. Para pedagang Gujarat ini adalah keturunan Arab, mereka selalu mengenakan sorban, yaitu kain panjang dan lebar yang diikatkan di kepala mereka. Sorban inilah yang menginspirasi orang Jawa untuk memakai iket kepala commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 17 seperti halnya orang keturunan Arab tersebut. (http://www.indonesiamedia.com: 28 April 2015). Namun ada pendapat lain yang berasal dari para sesepuh yang mengatakan bahwa, ikat kepala tidaklah permanen seperti sorban yang senantiasa diikatkan pada kepala. Tetapi dengan adanya masa krisis ekonomi akibat perang, kain menjadi satu barang yang sulit didapatkan. Oleh sebab itu, para petinggi keraton meminta seniman untuk menciptakan ikat kepala yang menggunakan separoh dari biasanya untuk efisiensi maka terciptalah bentuk penutup kepala yang permanen dengan kain yang lebih hemat yang disebut dengan blangkon. (Wawancara dengan Ananta Ketua Paguyuban Blangkon Potrojayan pada tanggal 28/05/2015). Pada awalnya, blangkon memang hanya dapat dibuat oleh para seniman ahli dengan pakem (aturan) yang baku. Semakin memenuhi pakem yang ditetapkan, maka blangkon tersebut akan semakin tinggi nilainya. Seorang ahli kebudayaan bernama becker pernah meneliti tata cara pembuatan Blangkon ini, ternyata pembuatan blangkon memerlukan satu keahlian yang disebut virtuso skill. Menurutnya blangkon itu sebuah benda yang berguna, yang diperlukan keterampilan virtuoso untuk membuat tak satu pun dai ini menghalangi dari juga berfikir indah. Beberapa kerajinan yang dihasilkan dari dalam tradisi mereka sendiri perasaan untuk kecantikan dan dengan itu sesuai standar estetika. (Wawancara dengan Ananta Ketua Paguyuban Blangkon Potrojayan pada tanggal 28/05/2015). Penilian mengenai keindahan blangkon, selain dari pemenuhan terhadap pakem juga tergantung sejauh mana seseorang mengerti standar cita ras serta commit to user ketentuan-ketentuan yang sudah menjadi standar sosial. Pakem yang berlaku perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 18 untuk blangkon, ternyata bukan hanya harus dipatuhi oleh pembuatnya, tetapi juga oleh para penggunanya. Seperti yang diungkapkan oleh Becker “dengan menerima keindahan sebgai kriteria, peserta dalam kegiatan kerajinan pada karakteristik memperhatikan dari definisi rakyat seni. Definisi yang mencakup penekanan pada kecantikan ditandai dalam tradisi beberapa seni tertentu, pada tradisi dan keprihatinan dunia seni itu sendiri sebagai sumber nilai. (Wawancara dengan Ananta Ketua Paguyuban Blangkon Potrojayan pada tanggal 28/05/2015). Blangkon pada prinsipnya terbuat dari kain iket yang berbentuk persegi empat bujur sangkar. Ukurannya kira-kira selebar 105cm x 105cm. Yang dipergunakan sebenarnya hanya separuh kain tersebut. Ukuran blangkon diambil dari jarak antara garis lintang dari telinga kanan dan kiri melalui dahi dan melalui atas. Blangkon pada umumnya bernomor 48 paling kecil dan 59 paling besar. (Wawancara dengan Ananta Ketua Paguyuban Blangkon Potrojayan pada tanggal 28/05/2015). Blangkon terdiri dari beberapa tipe ada blangkon yang menggunakan mondholan yaitu tonjolan pada bagian belakang blangkon yang berbentuk seperti onde-onde. Blangkon ini disebut sebagai blangkon gaya Yogyakarta. Tonjolan ini menandakan model rambut pria pada masa itu yang sering mengikat rambu panjang mereka di bagian belakang kepala, sehingga bagian tersebut tersembul di bagian belakang blangkon. Lilitan rambut itu harus kencang supaya tidak mudah lepas. Model trepes, yang disebut dengan gaya Surakarta atau Solo. Gaya ini merupakan modifikasi dari gaya Yogyakarta yang mucul karena kebanyakan pria sekarang berambut pendek. Model trepes ini dibuat dengan cara menjahit langsung mondholan pada bagiancommit belakang to user blangkon. Selain dari suku Jawa perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id 19 (sebagian besar berasal dari provinsi Jawa Tengah, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, dan Jawa Timur), ada beberapa suku lain di Indonesia yang memakai iket kepala yang mirip dengan blangkon Jawa yaitu suku Sunda (sebagian besar berasal dari provinsi Jawa Barat dan Banten), suku Madura, suku Bali, dan lain-lain. Hanya saja dengan pakem dan bentuk ikat yang berbeda-beda pada setiap daerah. (Wawancara dengan Ananta Ketua Paguyuban Blangkon Potrojayan pada tanggal 28/05/2015). C. Jenis – jenis dan Ragam Hias Blangkon Dibeberapa tempat yang menjual souvenir seperti di Solo, Yogyakarta, Cirebon dan sekitarnya para wisatawan merasa senang jika pulang mereka membawa oleh-oleh salah satunya blangkon. Blangkon juga kerap digunakan oleh bapak-bapak, remaja bahkan anak laki-laki. Mereka dapat membelinya di toko- toko souvenir, di kaki lima bahkan dari pedagang asongan yang menjual souvenir. Tetapi belum banyak yang mengetahui bahwa jenis-jenis blangkon pada dasarnya itu sama aja baik fungsi, bahan maupun cara pembuatannya. Sedangkan variasi dalam bentuk, gaya, motif warna, dan sebagainya berkembang pada berbagai kelompok masyarakat pemakainya sehingga dapat dibedakan beberapa jenisnya seperti Kejawen, Pasundan, Pesisiran, dan lain-lain. Pada blangkon jenis kejawen misalnya pada blangkon Yogyakarta dibagian belakangnya
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