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Teorie Péče O Architektonické Památky V Itálii V Letech 1918 – 1941

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Teorie Péče O Architektonické Památky V Itálii V Letech 1918 – 1941 UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA KATEDRA DĚJIN VÝTVARNÝCH UMĚNÍ OBOR: DĚJINY VÝTVARNÝCH UMĚNÍ Teorie péče o architektonické památky v Itálii v letech 1918 – 1941 MAGISTERSKÁ DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Bc. MARTINA GEYEROVÁ , Dis. Vedoucí d iplomové práce: Prof. PhDr. Rostislav Švácha, Csc. OLOMOUC 2012 PALACKÝ UNIVERSITY IN OLOMOUC PHILOSOPHICAL FACULTY DEPARTMENT OF ART HISTORY FIELD OF STUDY: HISTORY OF FINE ARTS Theory of architectural preservation in Italy from 1918 to 1941 DIPLOMA THESIS Bc. MARTINA GEYEROVÁ, Dis. Tutor: Prof. PhDr. Rostislav Švácha, Csc. OLOMOUC 2012 2 Čestně prohlašuji, že jsem tuto práci napsala sama, na základě použité literatura a zdrojů. Uvedené materiály jsou řádně citovány. Ve Vedrovicích 7. prosince 2012 ........................................ Martina Geyerová 3 D ěkuji všem, kteří v napsání této práce věřili a nepřestávali mě podporovat. 4 Obsah 1. Ú v o d .......................................................................................................................................... 8 2. Památková péče ve 2. polovině 19. stol e t í ...................................................... 10 Vídeňská Centrální komise ................................................................................................. 10 Metody péče zachování architektonických památek ........................................... 13 3. Vídeňská škola dějin umění a její vliv ................................................................. 15 Alois Riegl (1858 - 1 9 0 5 ) .................................................................................................... 15 Max Dvořák (1874 - 1 9 2 1 ) .................................................................................................. 16 Pražská asanace a zákonné ošetření památkové péče ....................................... 17 4. Situace po vzniku Československa ......................................................................... 20 Struktura památkové péče v Československu .......................................................... 20 Metody prvorepublikové památkové péče ................................................................ 21 Konzervačně analy tický přístup .................................................................................. 21 Vojtěch Birnbaum (7. 1. 1877 Vídeň - D ö b l i n g – 30. 5. 1934 Praha) .... 22 Zdeněk Wirth (11. 8. 1878 Libčany – 2 6 . 2 . 1 9 6 1 P r a h a ) ......................... 24 Syntetizující přístup .......................................................................................................... 26 Václav Wagner (7. 11. 1893 Kimpolong v B u k o v i n ě – 21. 3. 1962 P r a h a ) ..................................................................................................................................... 26 5. I t á l i e v letech 1861 – 1 9 2 2 ........................................................................................ 30 Kulturní a politická situace ............................................................................................... 30 Architektura ve d ruhé polovině 19. století .............................................................. 31 Urbanistické přeměny na přelomu 19. a 20. století ............................................ 31 Památkové zákony ................................................................................................................... 32 Restaurátorské zásahy v druhé polovině 19. století ........................................... 33 Osobnosti italské památkové péče ve druhé polovině 19. století .............. 34 Camillo Boito (30. 10. 1836, Řím – 28. 6. 1914, Milán) ................................ 34 Camillo Boito: Naše staré památky. Konzervovat nebo restaurovat? (I nostri vecchi monumenti. Conservare o restaurare?) ........................... 36 5 Camillo Boito: Naše staré památky. Nutnost zákona na jejich konzervování (I nostri vecchi monumenti. Necessitá di una legge per conservarli) ......................................................................................................................... 40 Gustavo Giovannoni (1. 1. 1873, Řím – 15. 7. 1947, Řím) ........................... 45 Gustavo Giovannoni: Restaurování památek a urbanismus (Restauro dei monumenti e urbanistica) .................................................................................. 47 Gustavo Giovannoni: Vylepšení městských jader a teorie redukce (Il miglioramento dei nuclei interni. La teoria del diradamento) ............. 50 6. Pochod na Řím a jeho důsledky ............................................................................... 53 F a š i s m u s ....................................................................................................................................... 53 Architektura v první polovině 20. století .................................................................. 54 Časopisy o architektuře ....................................................................................................... 57 Památková péče v období fašismu ................................................................................. 58 Památková péče v období fašismu ................................................................................. 59 Restaurátorské zásahy v první polovině 20. století ............................................ 60 Osobnosti italské památkové péče v období fašismu ......................................... 60 Giulio Carlo Argan (17. 5. 1909, Turín - 12. 11. 1992, Řím) .......................... 60 Giulio Carlo Argan: Staré a nové město. Složitost soužití (Cittá antica e cittá moderna. Difficoltá di una coesistenza) ............................. 62 Giulio Carlo Argan: Urbanismus, prostor a prostředí (Urbanistica, spazio e ambiente) ......................................................................................................... 64 Roberto Pane (21. 11. 1897, Taranto - 2 9 . 7. 1987, Sorrento) ................. 66 Roberto Pane: Stará města v novém vydání (Cittá antiche edilizie n u o v a ) .................................................................................................................................... 69 Roberto Pane: Ochrana prostřed í v současné kultuře (La tutela dell´ambiente nella cultura moderna) ................................................................ 71 Cesare Brandi (8. 4. 1906, Siena – 19. 1. 1988, Vignano) ........................... 75 Cesare Brandi: Staré a nové v starobylých italských městech (Il vecchio e il nuovo nelle antiche cittá italiane) ........................................... 77 Cesare Brandi: Podstata teorie restaurování (Il fondamento teorico d e l r e s t a u r o ) ...................................................................................................................... 80 6 7. Kulturní a politická situace v I t á l i i v letech 1861 – 1 9 4 4 ....................... 83 8. Z á v ě r ....................................................................................................................................... 99 9. P o z n á m k y ........................................................................................................................... 102 10. Použitá literatura a jiné zdroje ............................................................................ 105 11. S u m m a r y ............................................................................................................................. 139 12. Seznam obrazové přílohy .......................................................................................... 140 13. Obrazová příloha ........................................................................................................... 143 14. A n o t a c e ............................................................................................................................... 159 7 1. Úvod Cílem této práce je , p ř e d e v š í m , podat ucelený přehled památkové p é č e v I t á l i i v letech mezi dvěma světovými válkami , s důrazem na období Mussoliniho vlády . Pro pochopení kontextu cítím potřebu zmínit situaci i v t e h d e j š í m R a k o u s k o - Uhersku a posléze Československu. V rámci ucelenosti textu a pro lepší orientaci ve vývoji, z a č n u památkovou péčí ve druhé polovině 1 9 . s t o l e t í, a to jak u nás ( z a č í n á m v ídeňskou Centrální komisí), tak v Itálii (zde jsem zvolila jako klíčov ý bod vznik Italského království). Nejdříve nastíním historické události , i z hlediska architektury ( kvůli přirozenému s p o j ení památkové péče se soudobými architektonickými styly ) , a b y text lépe zapadal do kontextu. Po konzultaci s v e d o u c í m d i p l o m o v é práce jsem se rozhodla k tomuto postupu: K rátce popíši systém památkové péče v R a k o u s k o - Uhersku tak, že se budu zabývat důležitými body, jakými jsou v ídeňská Centrální komise a Vídeňská škola dějin umění s j e j í m i hlavními představiteli Aloisem Rieglem a Ma xem Dvořákem. P o v ý k l a d u o situaci v poslední čtvrtině 19. století (asanace, zákonné ošetření památkové péče) plynule přejdu ke struktuře péče o p a m á t k y v Československu, kde porovnám analytický a syntetizující přístup včetně jejich nejdůležitějších předst a v i t e l ů . V p ř í p a d ě konzervačně analytického přístupu se bude jednat o Vojtěcha B i r n b a u m a a Zdeňka Wirtha, v syntetizujícím přístupu zmíním Václava W a g n e r a . V případě památkové péče v Itálii se chci zabývat urbanistickými přeměnami, včetně regulačních plánů historických měst , a památkovými zákony , j a k v druhé polovině 19.
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