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Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley House 6427 South St

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Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley House 6427 South St Exhibit A LANDMARK DESIGNATION REPORT Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley, December 1954; Source: Mamie Till Mobley Memorial Foundation Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley House 6427 South St. Lawrence Avenue Final Landmark Recommendation adopted by the Commission on Chicago Landmarks, November 5, 2020 CITY OF CHICAGO Lori E. Lightfoot, Mayor Department of Planning and Development Maurice D. Cox, Commissioner 1 CONTENTS Introduction 3 The Murder that Shocked the World 3 Map 5 Building History 6 West Woodlawn Community History 6 Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley 9 Bringing Emmett Till Home 11 Civil Rights, Equity and Justice Movement: Past, Present and Future 13 Emmett Till Murder Trial 14 Criteria For Designation 21 Significant Historical and Architectural Features 22 Selected Bibliography 23 2 EMMETT TILL AND MAMIE TILL-MOBLEY HOUSE 6427 South St. Lawrence Avenue Built: 1895 Architect: Unknown Introduction The Civil Rights movement has been at work to combat slavery, discrimination, and segregation that have plagued American history for centuries. From abolitionists to the Civil War. From the Pullman Porters organizing under A. Philip Randolph in the 1920s to the Freedom Riders of the early 1960s. Then there are the martyrs who open the eyes of the nation to the atrocities of rac- ism, segregation, and an unequal America. In 2020, it is George Floyd and far too many others. In 1955, it was Emmett Till. Emmett Till’s murder on August 28, 1955, when he was just 14 years old, put a face to the victims of segregation and a visualization of how horrific racism and white supremacy are. After Emmett’s murder, his mother Mamie Till-Mobley, began a life-long commitment to sharing his story and advocating for equity and justice. The West Woodlawn neighborhood where Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley lived at the time of his death is rich with Great Migration history and stories of community. West Wood- lawn is part of the Woodlawn Community Area on Chicago’s South Side. The modest 2-flat at 6427 S. St. Lawrence was home to Emmett in the last years of his short life. Emmett’s young life was taken in August 1955, and 65 years later the fight continues for justice and equity for all Americans. In 2020, there has still been no justice for Emmett Till. The home at 6427 S. St. Lawrence Avenue that Emmett Till shared with his mother is an important re- minder of Chicago’s connection to the South and the Civil Rights movement that continues to- day to seek justice for the Emmett Tills of this nation. The memory of Emmett Till, and the con- tributions of his mother Mamie Till-Mobley since his death, are essential to telling the story of equity and justice in America. The Murder That Shocked the World The torture and lynching of Emmett Till in Money, Mississippi on August 28, 1955 set afire the movement to advance Civil Rights in America. His mother, Mamie Till-Mobley, dedicated her life to the Civil Rights movement, keeping Emmett’s story alive to remind people of the horrors of segregation and racism. Their home at 6427 S. St. Lawrence in West Woodlawn is a direct connection to that legacy. On August 20, 1955, Emmett Till boarded the 8:01 a.m. City of New Orleans train at the Illinois Central station at 63rd and Woodlawn with his great Uncle Moses Wright and his cousin Wheeler Parker, Jr. headed for Mississippi. He was to spend two weeks there. They would spend mornings helping their uncle pick cotton on the 40 acres of land he sharecropped under Grover Frederick, freeing up the afternoons (when it was too hot to pick cotton) and evenings 3 for family and especially cousin time. Wheeler Parker, Jr. recalled: “We had so much fun. .just good fun with nothing. We went swimming, telling a lot of jokes.” During that visit, Emmett was kidnapped and then murdered by Roy Bryant and J.W. Milam (and others), for allegedly whistling at Roy Bryant’s wife Carolyn at the Bryant Grocery Store in Money, Mississippi, a small town in the Mississippi Delta. On August 28, 1955, around 2:30 a.m., Bryant and Milam showed up armed at Moses Wright’s home, and took Emmett from the home. The search for him continued three days until his body emerged from the Tallahatchie River. Despite their attempt at sinking Emmett’s body by wrap- ping a heavy cotton gin around him with barbed wire, a young man fishing in the river discov- ered his remains three days later. Back in Chicago, Mamie Till-Mobley and her extended family and friends were frantically do- ing all they could to find her son. She immediately reached out to The Chicago Defender, the black-owned newspaper that was circulated around the country. A reporter from The Chicago Defender, Mattie Smith Colin, stayed with Mamie during the three days until her son was found. The Chicago-based The Chicago Defender and Jet magazine (owned by John H. Johnson) were the first major publications to publish pictures of Emmett’s tortured body. Jet photographer Da- vid Jackson took the image of Emmett Till in his coffin that was circulated worldwide. Mamie encouraged them to do so. Other black-owned papers quickly followed suit. Moses Wright’s family quickly left for Chicago after Emmett’s body was found, but he stayed behind to finish up his cotton harvest and stand as a witness in the murder trial. There were so many threats to his life, he either stayed with friends or hid in the woods with a rifle most nights. During the trial, Moses Wright stood bravely on the witness stand and pointed to Bryant and Milam, identifying them as the men who abducted his nephew. Later, 18-year-old Willie Reed took the stand and testified that he saw Bryant and Milam bring a black man into a shed and lat- er heard brutal beating sounds. He also testified to seeing Milam come out with a gun strapped to his belt. Both Wright and Reed quickly left Mississippi when the trial ended, headed to Chi- cago. There was no justice for Emmett Till. Despite being charged with murder, a sentence punishable by death, Bryant and Milam were found not guilty by a jury of 12 white men. They would later be released from charges of kidnapping as well, a crime they admitted to prior to the murder tri- al. Within a few months, Bryant and Milam would get paid $4,000 to share their murder confession story published in Look magazine. Look placed ads in newspapers across the country promoting this issue of the magazine to boost sales. In 2017, Carolyn Bryant admitted to author Timothy B. Tyson that Emmett Till had done nothing in her store that warranted what her husband and brother-in-law did to him. Mamie Till-Mobley would spend the rest of her life advocating for equal rights and telling the tragic story of Emmett Till’s murder. Civil Rights leaders like Rosa Parks, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and U.S. Representative John Lewis would speak of the profound impact Emmett’s death had on their lives and important work. 4 Building Location Map The Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley House is located at 6427 South St. Lawrence Avenue in the Woodlawn Com- munity Area on Chicago’s South Side. 5 The FBI re-opened an investigation of the murder in 2005, but no new charges were filed. Em- mett Till’s remains were exhumed to confirm DNA results that it was his body (in the 1955 trial, defense attorneys argued it was not Emmett Till who was pulled from the Tallahatchie River). After Carolyn Bryant’s admission that she lied during the trial about Emmett Till’s actions while in her store, the FBI re-opened the investigation a second time in 2017. That case is still open, and the results have been anticipated for a good part of 2020. Building History The two-story, brick, two-flat building was built in 1895. Alma Carthan purchased the two-flat at 6427 S. St. Lawrence Avenue in November 1951. Ma- mie and Emmett Till moved into the three-bedroom apartment on the second floor, and an uncle and aunt lived in the first-floor apartment. Ollie Gordon – Emmett’s cousin – and her family mi- grated up north from Mississippi, and they lived briefly with Mamie and Emmett until the gar- den apartment unit was built out. Mamie Till-Mobley remained in the apartment until the early 1960s, when she had a brick ranch home built in the Chatham neighborhood at 8434 S. Wabash Avenue (extant). Alma Carthan eventually sold 6427 S. St. Lawrence home to a niece. Multiple owners have owned the property since. In 1996, George Liggins transferred the property to Jimmie McCoy. Liggins was Mamie Till- Mobley’s pastor at the time, and that quit claim deed was notarized by Mamie Till-Mobley. Jimmie McCoy lost the property in foreclosure in 2000, and it was acquired by Donna Lilly- bridge. Ms. Lillybridge also lost the home in foreclosure in 2009, and since them it has trans- ferred ownership four more times. The exterior of the home has been modified only slightly since August 1955. The concrete front steps have been replaced with wooden steps and a small covered porch. The basement windows have been replaced by glass block. West Woodlawn Community History The Chicago neighborhood of West Woodlawn is an oblong square mile located immediately west of Woodlawn, bounded by Cottage Grove Avenue on the east and Martin Luther King Jr Drive on the west; Washington Park and 63rd Street to the North, and 69th Street and the diago- nal South Chicago Avenue on the south.
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