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Plutonic Rocks of the Klamath Mountains, California and Oregon

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Plutonic Rocks of the Klamath Mountains, California and Oregon Plutonic Rocks of the Klamath Mountains, California and Oregon GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 684-B Plutonic Rocks of the Klamath Mountains, California and Oregon By PRESTON E. HOTZ SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 684-B Petrography, chemical composition, and age of plutons of the Klamath Mountains and a comparison with plutons of the east-central and western Sierra Nevada UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1971 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. A. Radlinski, Acting Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 76-171032 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 35 cents (paper cover) Stock Number 2401-1129 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract___ _ ______ Bl Plutonic rocks Continued Introduction ______ 1 Quartz monzonite and alaskite____________________ Bll General geology. _ _ 1 Chemical data and compositional trends.______________ 11 Plutonic rocks_ __ 3 Age__________________________________________________ _______ _______________________ 14 Mafic rocks___ 3 Comparison with plutons of western Sierra Nevada. Syenodiorite__ 5 14 Quartz diorite. 5 Comparison with plutons of central Sierra Nevada _. 16 Trondhjemite. 5 Conclusions.__________________________________ 18 Granodiorite _. 10 References..__________________________________ 19 ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURE 1. General geology of the Klamath Mountains. ________________________________________________________ B2 2. Map showing generalized distribution of granitic and gabbroic rocks in plutons of the Klamath Mountains. __ 4 3-9. Diagrams showing: 3. Classification system used for plutonic rocks of the Klamath Mountains ___-______-__-_-____-_-_-_ 5 4. Modal quartz-plagioclase-potassium feldspar ratio for plutons of the Klamath Mountains ___________ 5 5. Variation of common oxides in plutonic rocks of the Klamath Mountains plotted against SiO2_ _-____- 12 6. Normative quartz-orthoclase-plagioclase (Ab +An) ratio for plutonic rocks of the Klamath Mountains. 12 7. Comparison of modal and normative quartz-orthoclase-plagioclase (Ab + An) ratios for plutonic rocks of the Klamath Mountains.____-____________________-_____-_____--____--__--__---_---- 13 8. Alk-F-M ratio (cation percent) for plutonic rocks of the Klamath Mountains_____-__-_-_-__-___- 13 9. Sodium-potassium-calcium ratio (cation percent) for plutonic rocks of the Klamath Mountains. ______ 14 10. Map showing distribution of dated plutons in the Klamath Mountains________________________________ 15 11-19. Diagrams showing: 11. Modal quartz-plagioclase-potassium feldspar ratio for plutonic rocks of the western Sierra Nevada___ 16 12. Normative quartz-orthoclase-plagioclase (Ab + An) ratio for plutonic rocks of the western Sierra Nevada._____________________________________________________________________________ 16 13. Alk-F-M ratio (cation percent) for plutonic rocks of the western Sierra Nevada__________________ 16 14. Sodium-potassium-calcium ratio (cation percent) for plutonic rocks of the western Sierra Nevada___ 16 15. Modal quartz-plagioclase-potassium feldspar ratio for plutonic rocks of the east-central Sierra Nevada.____________________________________________________________________________ 17 16. Normative quartz-orthoclase-plagioclase (Ab + An) ratio for plutonic rocks of the east-central Sierra Nevada.____________________________________________________________________________ 17 17. Alk-F-M ratio (cation percent) for plutonic rocks of the east-central Sierra Nevada._____________ 17 18. Sodium-potassium-calcium ratio (cation percent) for plutonic rocks of the east-central Sierra Nevada. 17 19. Variation of K2O/SiO2 (weight percent) for plutonic rocks of the Klamath Mountains-...- ______ 18 TABLE Page TABLE 1. Chemical and spectrographic analyses, norms, and modes of plutonc rocks of the Klamath Mountains.. .__ B6 ni SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY PLUTONIC ROCKS OF THE KLAMATH MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA AND OREGON By PRESTON E. HOTZ ABSTRACT GENERAL GEOLOGY Pre-Cretaceous sedimentary? volcanic, metamorphic, and ultra- mafic rocks of the Klamath Mountains province, northwestern The Klamath Mountains geologic province is divisi­ California and southwestern Oregon, are intruded 'by numerous ble into four north-trending arcuate lithologic belts (fig. plutons which range from small stocklike bodies to masses of 1) : (1) the eastern Paleozoic belt, (2) the central meta­ batholithic proportions. Quartz diorite is the most plentiful morphic belt, (3) the western Paleozoic and Triassic variety, but the plutons range in composition from diorite and belt, and (4) the western Jurassic belt. (See Irwin, gabbro to quartz monzonite, and some are trondhjemitic. Two small plutons in the eastern part of the province are Permian. 1960, p. 16-30; 1966, p. 21-25.) All the rest are Middle and Late Jurassic. Rocks of the eastern Paleozoic belt range in age from Plutons of the Klamath Mountains are similar in composition early Paleozoic to Jurassic and include typically eugeo- and age to plutons in the western Sierra Nevada, but contrast synclinal clastic sediments and volcanic rocks. They sharply in composition with plutons in the east-central Sierra have an aggregate thickness of approximately 40,000- Nevada, which also are generally younger. The fact that the Klamath Mountains and western Sierra Nevada plutons are 50,000 feet. more sodic than the plutons of the east-central Sierra Nevada Two units make up the central metamorphic belt: possibly reflects fundamental compositional differences in pre- the Salmon Hornblende Schist and Abrams Mica Schist. batholithic rocks in which magmas were generated by anatexis. Their metamorphic age is Devonian, as determined by Alternatively, a hypothesis correlating increase of K2O in vol­ rubidium-strontium techniques (Lanphere and others, canic rocks with increased depth of magma generation along 1968). landward-dipping subduction zones at continental margins may be applicable. The western Paleozoic and Triassic belt, the most ex­ tensive of the four belts, is an assemblage of fine-grained INTRODUCTION clastic sedimentary rocks, chert, mafic volcanic rocks, The Klamath Mountains geologic province is an elon­ and lenticular marble. The age of these rocks is poorly gate north-trending area of approximately 12,000 known, but meager fossil data indicate that they range square miles in northwestern California and south­ from late Paleozoic to Late Triassic. The rocks of this western Oregon. It is bordered on the east by the Cas­ belt are, for the most part, regionally metamorphosed cade province, on the southeast by the Great Valley and belong to the lower greenschist facies (chlorite sub- province of California, and on the west and northwest facies). There are, however, large areas of amphibolites by the Coast Range provinces of Oregon and California. and siliceous metasedimentary rocks of the almandine- Prior to 1960 approximately 12 analyses of plutonic amphibolite facies within this belt, and these may be rocks from the Klamath Mountains province had been higher grade equivalents of the other rocks. A sub- made; thus the size, shape, distribution, number, and circular "window" of graphitic micaceous schist and general composition of the plutons were poorly known. In the last decade, however, more attention has been actinolite schist, called the schists of Condrey Mountain, focused on the geology of this region, and several plu­ underlies the higher grade metamorphic rocks. The tons have been mapped (Davis, 1963; Davis and others, schists of Condrey Mountain were metamorphosed in 1965; Holdaway, 1962; Hotz, 1967; Lipman, 1963; Late Jurassic time, but their parental equivalents are Romey, 1962; Seyfert, 1965). This report summarizes unknown. presently available data on composition and age of the The western Jurassic belt is composed of slate and plutons. graywacke of the Late Jurassic Galice Formation and Bl B2 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY 124 123° 122 C 41 FIGURE 1. General geology of the Klamath Mountains. Modified from Irwin (1964, fig. 1), Da vis, Holdaway, Lapman, and Romey (1965, pi. 1), and Da vis (1968, pi. 1). PLUTONIC ROCKS OF THE KLAMATH MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA AND OREGON B3 volcanic rocks that range in composition from basalt to by point counting of thin sections and stained rock dacite and rhyolite. slabs. The four lithologic belts are bounded by thrust faults MAFIC ROCKS along which each belt overrides its western neighbor. In Many of the plutons are partly composed of mafic each belt the bedding and (or) metamorphic foliation rocks whose modal compositions plot near the plagi­ commonly are inclined to the east. The beds are com­ oclase corner of the quartz-plagioclase-potassium feld­ plexly folded, and the axial planes of the folds com­ spar triangular diagram (fig. 4). Some of the mafic monly dip eastward. rocks form relatively small bodies wholly or partly Bodies of ultramafic rock (peridotite and serpen- enclosed by more f elsic rocks, which constitute the major tinite) occur in all the lithologic belts. They are com­ part of a pluton. Some larger bodies are mafic parts of monly elongate and concordant with the structural composite plutons that are predominantly more silicic. grain of the province and range in size from a few The intimate association'strongly, suggests a consan­ acres to hundreds of square miles (fig. 1). Several large, guineous relationship between the mafic
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