Arrowsmith Program Implementation Brochure
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Arrowsmith Program Implementation www.arrowsmithschool.org Brochure A cognitive program for students with specific learning disabilities A Message from the Director Barbara Arrowsmith Young of the Arrowsmith Program The Arrowsmith Program is based on the application of There have been a number of research studies on the neuroscience research and the premise that it is possible Arrowsmith Program across different schools to address a range of learning disabilities, also know as implementing the program that have demonstrated a range specific learning difficulties, by identifying and of improvements in academic performance and learning strengthening cognitive capacities. abilities. These studies have used different research The Arrowsmith Program, through careful assessment, designs and measures as well as educational and cognitive identifies areas of learning strength and weakness to assessments. For updates on the research being conducted create an individual learning profile for each student on the Arrowsmith Program, please visit the Research and then designs an individualized program page on the website. designed to address their specific areas of weakness. We recommend three books: The Woman Who Changed The goal of the Arrowsmith Program is to strengthen Her Brain by Barbara Arrowsmith-Young that chronicles learning capacities rather than teach ways to the history of the Arrowsmith Program and illustrates compensate for or work around specific learning difficulties. We have been helping children, youth, and through case studies what happens when specific cognitive adults with learning difficulties address their challenges functions are impaired and the transformation that occurs and achieve academic and vocational success since through the application of cognitive exercises to strengthen 1978. Specially trained and dedicated Arrowsmith these weak learning capacities; The Brain That Changes Program teachers have helped thousands of students Itself by Dr. Norman Doidge details the science of through our individualized and specialized programs. neuroplasticity, which is the foundation of the Arrowsmith The goal is to help students of all ages become Program and Chapter 2 describes the work of Arrowsmith effective, confident, and self-directed learners. School; and Brain School by Howard Eaton that describes Learning disabilities are estimated to afflict five to ten the success of students from Eaton Arrowsmith School in percent of the population; within this group there are Vancouver who improved cognitive functioning and thousands of students who could benefit from the demonstrated significant changes on academic and Arrowsmith Program. Students without formal cognitive measures, and were able to participate more fully identification who are struggling in one or more and effectively in the world. subjects may benefit from this program. We offer webinars and information session throughout the The typical Arrowsmith Program student is of average year for educators and others interested in learning more to above average in intelligence and has a combination about our approach. Please visit our website for a list of of the learning difficulties that are described in the dates or contact us to arrange a presentation at another Description of Learning Functions on the Arrowsmith date if you have a group interested in attending. We also Program website. To investigate if the Arrowsmith invite visitors to attend our monthly evening parent open Program may be of benefit the Arrowsmith Program houses at Arrowsmith School Toronto, Canada. Cognitive Profile Questionnaire on our website can help determine if the learning difficulties experienced The Arrowsmith Program is offered at educational are typical of those addressed by the Arrowsmith organizations worldwide. A list of these organizations can Program. be found on the Participating Schools page on the website. Our goal is to see the Arrowsmith Program more The Arrowsmith Program Chart of Learning Functions broadly available in both public and private school and Learning Outcomes, on the website and in this systems. document, provides a description of the relationship between the function of the cognitive areas for which For further information about the Arrowsmith Program the Arrowsmith Program has developed specific and the learning difficulties it addresses or its programs, the learning difficulties a student may have implementation please contact us by email at: if there is a problem in this function, and the learning [email protected] or visit our website at: outcomes achieved related to the cognitive function www.arrowsmithschool.org upon completion of the Arrowsmith Program. Barbara Arrowsmith Young Director, Arrowsmith Program Arrowsmith PROGRAM® Index 4 Neuroplasticity and the Arrowsmith Program A cognitive program for students with specific 6 The Heart of Learning Disabilities earning and Identifying Brain Deficits l disabilities A two-part article by Dr. Norman including: Doidge, author of “The Brain That Changes Itself,” that appeared in the READING Medical Post WRITING 10 Chart of Learning Functions and Learning Outcomes MATHEMATICS Features specific learning disabilities addressed by the Arrowsmith Program and the learning outcomes that may be COMPREHENSION achieved LOGICAL REASONING 12 Implementation and Administration of the Arrowsmith Program EXECUTIVE FUNCTION Information for educators and administrators about implementing and administering the Arrowsmith Program VISUAL MEMORY 19 Conclusions of a Report Documenting AUDITORY MEMORY the Effectiveness of the Arrowsmith Program in the Toronto Catholic DYSLEXIA District School Board, 2007 NON-VERBAL LEARNING 20 Excerpts from an Outcome Study of the Arrowsmith Program, 2005 AUDITORY PROCESSING 21 Conclusions from a Study of WORKING MEMORY the Arrowsmith Program in the TCDSB, 2003 ATTENTION 22 Summary of Additional Research on the Arrowsmith Program 23 Comments from Educators at Schools that offer the Arrowsmith Program www.arrowsmithschool.org 3 Neuroplasticity and the Arrowsmith Program “Every man can, if he so desires, become the sculptor of his own brain” Neuroscientist and Nobel Laureate Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934) In the late 1970s, before neuroplasticity gained widespread Luria’s work led to the identification and understanding of attention, students were using the first of the cognitive the function of specific cognitive areas critical to exercises that today comprise the suite of exercises of the the learning process which became the basis of the Arrowsmith Program at a small tutoring service in Toronto Arrowsmith Program’s cognitive exercises. Rosenzweig’s operated by Barbara Arrowsmith Young. By 1980, contribution was that specific targeted stimulation could Arrowsmith School had been established, and it has been stimulate and improve the functioning of specific areas of in continuous operation since that time, offering the the brain. program to students as well as providing the environment A premise of the Arrowsmith Program, based on these within which the entire suite of cognitive programs have lines of research, is that underperforming or weak been developed and refined. cognitive functions can contribute to specific learning At the core of the Arrowsmith Program is the principle of difficulties. The specific nature of the learning difficulty neuroplasticity. This is the capacity of the brain to change will depend on the nature of the underlying cognitive both structurally and functionally in response to training function impacted. For example, a problem in the area and experience over a person's lifetime. involved in motor planning in learning symbol sequences Research has demonstrated that the brain has the ability will affect learning motor plans in writing, reading, to change as a result of specific stimulation and this speaking and spelling. positively impacts learning: “Now a spate of studies show The Arrowsmith Program has postulated, since it began that mental exercise can have profound effects on mental providing the cognitive exercises, that the functioning fi capacity” (The Society for Neuroscience, Brain Brie ngs, of the cognitive areas that contribute to a range of December 1997). specific learning difficulties can be improved through The Arrowsmith Program integrates two lines of targeted cognitive exercises and this leads to improved neuroscience research - that of Russian learning abilities. neuropsychologist, A. R. Luria and the American The philosophy that the learner is not fixed, but can be psychologist, Mark Rosenzweig - into a new methodology modified through the application of the principles of with practical applications for addressing specific learning neuroplasticity, sets the Arrowsmith Program apart from difficulties. the majority of other programs for students with learning Neuroscientists have been identifying different areas difficulties. The Arrowsmith Program is capacity based, of the brain that contribute to cognitive and perceptual in that the goal is to change the student’s capacity to activities since the 19th century. A.R. Luria established learn, rather than compensatory which tries to work that different areas of the brain work together in functional around the problem. Strengthening these weaker systems to accomplish complex mental activities, such as capacities, it is hypothesized, increases the overall reading or writing or numeracy, and that each brain area functioning of these specific cognitive areas, allowing has a very specific and critical role to