Schuylkill River Watershed Conservation Plan
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SCHUYLKILL WATERSHED CONSERVATION PLAN May 31, 2001 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was financed in part by a Keystone Recreation, Park and Conservation Fund Program Grant from the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Recreation and Conservation (DCNR). The William Penn Foundation also awarded Natural Lands Trust a grant to match the DCNR funds for development of this project. The planning team would like to acknowledge and thank the following individuals and organizations who donated their time and expertise as representatives on the Schuylkill Watershed Conservation Plan Technical Advisory Committee. Wayne Bowen, Schuylkill County, Office of Solid Waste and Resource Management Joe DiBello and Julie Bell, National Park Service, Philadelphia Dulcie Flaharty, Montgomery County Lands Trust Robert Folwell and Bill Mineo, Chester County Parks and Recreation Department Paul Gaudini, David Athey, and Charles Ware, US Army Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia Joseph Hoffman, Berks County Conservancy Robert E. Hughes, Eastern PA Coalition for Abandoned Mine Reclamation Daniel J. Koury, Department of Environmental Protection, District Mining Operations, Pottsville Kathryn Kunkel, GPU Energy Scott Leister, Berks County Home Builders Cynthia Lenhart, Hawk Mountain Sanctuary Preston Luitweiler, Philadelphia Suburban Water Company Howard M. Neukrug and Chris Crockett, Philadelphia Water Department Pat Pingel, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Watershed Conservation David Pollison, Pamela V’Combe and Paul Webber, Delaware River Basin Commission Letitia M. Ryan (Tish) and Alix Curran, Perkiomen Watershed Conservancy David Schaffer, USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Montgomery County Barry Seymour and Patti Elkis, Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission Ann Smith, Pennsylvania Environmental Council Frank Snyder, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry Michael Stokes, Montgomery County Planning Commission Dixie Swenson, Schuylkill River Greenway Association Chari Towne, Schuylkill Riverkeeper Hank Zygmunt, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Watersheds The planning team would like to acknowledge Terry Hough and Todd Stell from DCNR for their oversight of this project. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 SCHUYLKILL WATERSHED CONSERVATION PLAN May 31, 2001 In addition, the planning team would like to acknowledge the civic-mindedness of all the interested private citizens and organization representatives who took the time to attend the public meetings and provide the project with feedback, input and proposed implementation project descriptions. Finally, the following organizations and individuals represent the planning team involved with the development of this project. Natural Lands Trust 1031 Palmers Mill Road Media, PA 19063 Tel: (610) 353-5587 Fax: (610) 353-0517 Clare Billett, with assistance from Diane Rosencrance, Holly Harper, David Athey and Andy Pitz. Patrick Center for Environmental Research Academy of Natural Sciences 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 Tel: (215) 299-1104 Fax: (215) 299-1079 Tom Johnson, Cully Hession and Chris Cianfrani, with assistance from Maeve McBride. The Conservation Fund National Office 1800 N. Kent Street, Suite 1120 Arlington, VA 22209 Tel: (703) 525-6300 Fax: (703) 525-4610 Elizabeth Kitchel, with assistance from Will Allen, Anne Desmarais, Nicholas Dilks, Nicholas Napoli and Lawrence A. Selzer. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2 SCHUYLKILL WATERSHED CONSERVATION PLAN May 31, 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 Introduction 1-1 1.1.1 Project Goals 1-1 1.1.2 Public Participation 1-1 1.1.3 Project Documentation 1-2 1.1.4 Project Funding 1-3 1.1.5 Project Partners 1-3 1.2 Watershed Characterization 1-4 1.2.1 Watershed Location 1-4 1.2.2 Watershed Population 1-5 1.2.3 Historic Land Uses 1-5 1.2.4 Physical Characteristics 1-6 1.2.5 Vegetation and Wildlife 1-6 1.3 Key Findings 1-7 1.4 Water Quality 1-7 1.4.1 Water Resource Issues 1-7 1.4.2 Water Quality Analysis 1-8 1.4.3 Recommendations for Water Quality 1-8 1.4.4 Water Quality Subwatershed Guide 1-12 1.5 Landscape Sustainability 1-15 1.5.1 Landscape and Land Use Issues 1-15 1.5.2 Landscape Analysis 1-15 1.5.3 Recommendations for Landscape Sustainability 1-16 1.5.4 Landscape Sustainability: Guide to Key Subwatershed Characteristics 1-20 1.5.5 Landscape Sustainability: Geographic Guide to Subwatershed Recommendations 1-22 1.6 Institutional Assessment 1-25 1.6.1 Institutional and Organizational Issues 1-25 1.6.2 Institutional Assessment 1-25 1.6.3 Recommendations from the Institutional Assessment 1-26 1.6.4 Institutional Assessment: Relative Priority of Recommendations 1-28 1.6.5 Institutional Assessment: Recommendations for Nonprofit Activity by Subwatershed 1-30 1.7 Municipality Locations by Subwatersheds 1-31 1.8 Maps 1-31 1.9 References 1-32 2.0 FOREWORD 2.1 Goals and Principles 2-1 2.2 Project Documentation 2-2 2.3 Project Team and Funding 2-3 3.0 WATERSHED CHARACTERIZATION 3.1 Watershed Location 3-1 3.2 History, Demographics and Land Use 3-1 3.2.1 Early History and Settlement 3-1 3.2.2 Demographics and Population Growth 3-1 3.2.3 Historic Land Uses 3-3 3.3 Physical Setting (Physiography) 3-3 3.4 Climate and Water Resources 3-4 3.4.1 Climate 3-5 TABLE OF CONTENTS i SCHUYLKILL WATERSHED CONSERVATION PLAN May 31, 2001 SECTION PAGE 3.4.2 Surface Water 3-5 3.4.3 Groundwater 3-7 3.5 Vegetation and Wildlife Issues 3-8 3.6 Watershed Conservation Projects 3-11 3.6.1 River Conservation Plans 3-11 3.6.2 Other Current Watershed Projects 3-15 3.6.3 Environmental Education Projects 3-18 3.7 References 3-19 4.0 IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR WATERSHED ISSUES 4.1 Introduction 4-1 4.2 Public Outreach Strategy 4-1 4.2.1 Public Opinion Poll 4-1 4.2.2 Public Meetings 4-3 4.2.3 Research and Expert Sources 4-4 4.3 Issues Identification 4-5 4.3.1 Environmental Education and Outreach Resources 4-5 4.3.2 Recreational and Scenic Resources 4-6 4.3.3 Cultural and Historic Resources 4-7 4.3.4 Water Resources 4-8 4.3.4.1 Urban/Suburban Development and Stormwater Runoff 4-8 4.3.4.2 Non-point Source Pollution 4-9 4.3.4.3 Channel Erosion and Sedimentation 4-10 4.3.4.4 Acid Mine Drainage and Other Mining Impacts 4-10 4.3.4.5 Water Quality Monitoring Data 4-10 4.3.4.6 Effects of Dams 4-11 4.3.4.7 Wastewater Discharges, Non-permitted Discharges, and CSOs 4-11 4.3.4.8 Water Supply and Flooding 4-12 4.3.5 Landscape and Land Use Resources 4-13 4.3.6 Institutional Resources 4-14 4.4 References 4-14 5.0 WATER QUALITY 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.2 Summary Recommendations 5-1 5.3 Pennsylvania DEP Water Quality Assessment 5-5 5.4 Water Quality Monitoring 5-7 5.4.1 Water Quality Sampling Data 5-7 5.4.1.1 Surface Water 5-8 5.4.1.2 Groundwater 5-8 5.4.1.3 Trends in Surface Water Quality 5-9 5.4.1.4 Recommendations for Water Quality Monitoring 5-9 5.5 Watershed Analysis and Modeling 5-10 5.5.1 Watershed Land Cover 5-10 5.5.2 Impervious Cover 5-11 5.5.2.1 Background 5-11 5.5.2.2 Recommendations for Impervious Cover 5-12 5.5.3 Runoff as a Percent of Precipitation 5-12 5.5.3.1 Background 5-12 5.5.3.2 Recommendations for Runoff as a Percent of Precipitation 5-12 5.5.4 Roads and Road/Stream Crossings 5-13 5.5.4.1 Background 5-13 5.5.4.2 Recommendations for Roads and Road/Stream Crossings 5-13 TABLE OF CONTENTS ii SCHUYLKILL WATERSHED CONSERVATION PLAN May 31, 2001 SECTION PAGE 5.5.5 Effects of Dams 5-13 5.5.5.1 Background 5-13 5.5.5.2 Recommendations for Dams 5-14 5.5.6 Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Land Cover 5-14 5.5.6.1 Background 5-14 5.5.6.2 Recommendations for Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Land Cover 5-15 5.5.7 Nitrogen from Septic Systems 5-16 5.5.7.1 Background 5-16 5.5.7.2 Recommendations for Nitrogen from Septic Systems 5-17 5.5.8 Sediment from Land Cover 5-17 5.5.8.1 Background 5-17 5.5.8.2 Recommendations for Sediment from Land Cover 5-18 5.5.9 Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Sewage Treatment Plants 5-19 5.5.9.1 Background 5-19 5.5.9.2 Recommendations for Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Sewage Treatment Plants 5-20 5.5.10 NPDES Permitted Discharges 5-20 5.6 Detailed Recommendations from the Water Quality Analysis 5-21 5.7 References 5-34 6.0 PROMOTING A SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 Summary Recommendations 6-1 6.3 Background and Procedure 6-5 6.3.1 Sustainable Landscape Analysis 6-5 6.3.2 Data Sets and Analysis Components 6-6 6.4 Locational Data Analysis 6-7 6.4.1 Existing Greenspace – Protected Lands 6-7 6.4.2 Proposed Greenspace 6-8 6.4.2.1 Pennsylvania Natural Diversity Inventory (PNDI) and County Natural Area 6-8 Inventories 6.4.2.2 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) 6-10 6.4.2.3 Primary Sensitive Lands: Steep Slopes; Wetlands; and Floodplains 6-10 6.4.3 Secondary Potential Greenspace Nodes and Corridors 6-12 6.4.4 Contiguous Forested Land Cover 6-13 6.4.5 Additional Greenspace GIS Data 6-14 6.4.6 Overview of Locational Data Analysis Results 6-14 6.5 Subwatershed Analysis 6-14 6.5.1 Habitat Value Based on Land Cover 6-15 6.5.2 Habitat Value by Region 6-16 6.5.3 First Order Stream Frequency and Forested Land Cover 6-17 6.5.3.1 First Order Streams 6-17 6.5.3.2 Analyzing Protection Priorities 6-17 6.5.3.3 Analyzing Restoration Priorities 6-18 6.5.4 Overview of Subwatershed Analysis Results 6-19 6.6 Threat Assessment – Population Change 6-20 6.7 Conclusions: The Need for a Watershed Land Protection Collaborative 6-22 6.8 Detailed Recommendations for Landscape Sustainability 6-23 6.9 Sustainable Landscape Protection and Implementation Tools 6-39 6.9.1 Fee Simple