A REVIEW OF TIlE (CERAMBYCIDAE: ) IN SARAWAK

Puanghatawa Binti Sennang

Bachelor ofScience with Honours QL ( Resource Science and Management) 461 2006 P976 2006 P.KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK UNIMAS 1111111'111111111111111111111 1000143704

A REVIEW OF THE GENUS Pterolophia (CERAMDYCIDAE: LAMIINAE) IN SARAWAK

PUANGHATAWA DINTI SENNANG

This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours (Animal Resource Science and Management Program)

FACULTY OF RESOURCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA W AK 2006 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank Allah S.W.T for without His blessings; this thesis will not be possible to be complete. I

would also like to thank my beloved parents and family for their financial and emotional support

during my study in UNIMAS. Heartiest thanks to my supervisor, Associate Professor Dr.

Fatimah Abang for the continuous advice and support. I would like to thank the Director of

Sarawak Museum, Mr. Sanip Said, Curator of the Zoologist Section of Sarawak Museum, Dr.

Charles Leh and all of his assistants and Manager of Sarawak Forestry Corporation, Miss Lucy

Chong and aU of her assistants for giving the trust, permission to study, examined and

photograph all of the Pterolophia specimens in their collection.

Thanks to all of the STH lecturers, especially Associate Professor Dr. Mohd. Tajuddin Abdullah,

Mr. Azlan, Associate Professor Dr. Mustafa Abdul Rahman, Associated Professor Dr. Andrew

Alek Tuen who always giving moral support and encouragement. For most, I would like to thank

Mr Ngumbang luat and Miss Ratnawati Sazali for their hearties help, dedication and guidance

during this study.

Not forgetting also to the laboratory assistants, Mr lailani Mortada and Mr Wahap Marni for their help and compassion, and STH students who helped me in my study and for sharing their

ideas and time with me. DECLARATION

No portion of the work referred to in this dissertation has been submitted in support of an application for another degree of qualification of this or any other university or institution of higher learning.

PUANGHATA WA BINTI SENNANG Program of Animal Resource Science and Management Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Un iversiti Malaysia Sarawak ,­

~;d ma t Makfumat AkademJJt l ' ~~1 ~§ITI MALAYSIA SARAWA¥. 94,00 KOla 5amarahan

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgments

Table of contents II-IV

List of tables v

List of figures vi-vii

Abstract

1.0 Introduction 2-3

2.0 Literature Review 4-9

2.1 Taxonomic hierarchy level of the genus Pterolophia 4

2.1.1 Order Coleoptera 4

2.1 .2 Suborder Polyphaga 4

2.1.3 Family Cerambycidae 4-5

2.1.4 Subfamily Lamiinae 6

2.1.5 Tribe Niphonini 6-7

2.1.6 Genus Pterolophia 7

ii

1 2.2 Previous studies of the genus Pterolophia 7-9

2.3 The importance of entomological collection in systematics study 9

3.0 Materials and Methods 10-12

4.0 Results and discussion 13-64

4.1 Species diversity 13-14

4.2 Systematic Account 15-43

4.3 Species distribution pattern 44-53

4.4 Changes in taxonomic name of the tribe 54

4.5 Problems encountered during documentation of Pterolophia species 54

4.5.1 Misplace of the arrangement of Pterolophia specimens 54-56

4.5.2 Misidentification of Pterolophia species 56-63

4.5.3 Lack of information and problems encountered among literatures review 63

4.5.4 Synonym name has been applied for the voucher specimens 64

5.0 Conclusion 65

111 References 66-67

Appendices

I

IV LIST OF TABLES

Table I: Species Jist ofgenus Pterolophia deposited in Sarawak Museum, 12 Sarawak Forestry Corporation and UNIMAS reference collection

Table 2: Present list of the PteroJophia species deposited in Sarawak Museum, 14 Sarawak Forestry Corporation and UNIMAS insect reference collection

Table 3: A list ofmispJaced species within the genus Pterolophia encountered 55 in this study and changes made after reviewed

I Table 4: A list of misidentification ofPterolophia species 57

v I

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Distribution of the Pte I and Pte2 of the genus Pterolophia in Sarawak 46

Figure 2: Distribution of the Pte3, Pte4, Pte5, Pte6, Pte7, Pte8 and Pte9 of the genus 46 Plerolophia in Sarawak

Figure 3: Distribution of the Pte 10, Pte II, Pte 12, Pte 13, Pte 14 and Pte 15 of the genus 47 Plerolophia in Sarawak

Figure 4: Distribution of the Ptel6 of the genus Pterolophia in Sarawak 47

Figure 5: Distribution of the Pte 17 and Pte 18 of the genus Pterolophia in Sarawak 48

Figure 6: Distribution of the Pte 19 and P. annulitarsis of the genus 48 Plerolophia in Sarawak

Figu re 7: Distribution of the P. detersa in Sarawak 49

Figure 8: Distribution of the P. punctigera in Sarawak 49

Figure 9: Distribution of the P. secula in Sarawak 50

Figure 10: Distribution of the P. lateralis in Sarawak 50

Figure II: Distribution of the P. banksi in Sarawak 51

Figure 12: Distribution of the P. crassipes in Sarawak 51

vi Figure 13: Distribution of the P. propinqua in Sarawak 52

Figure 14: Distribution ofthe P. melanura in Sarawak 52

Figure 15: Distribution ofthe P. scopulijera in Sarawak 53

Figure 16: Distribution of the P. circulata and P. albivenosa in Sarawak 53

Figure 17: The photograph of a cryptic species: P. melanura, P. detersa 56 and P. scopulijera

Figure 18: The differences among Pte5, P. annulitarsis and Pte 12 58

Figure 19: The differences between Pte8 and P. detersa. 59

Figure 20: The differences among Pte9 and P. annulitarsis 60

Figure 21: The differences among P. scopulijera, Pte 14, P. melanura, 61 Pte 16 and Pte 17

Figure 22: The differences between Pte 19 and P. secuta 62

Figure 23: The differences between Pte II and P. melanura 63

VII A review of the genus Pterolophia (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) in Sarawak

Puanghatawa Binti Sennang

Animal Resource Science and Management Program Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

ABSTRACT

A revision of the genus Plerolophia based on specimens deposited at the Sarawak Museum, Sarawak Forestry Corporation and Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Museum insect reference collection is presented. A total of 244 specimens from thirty-one species of Plerolophia were evaluated, of which all are keyed, described, photographed, their ranges mapped and synonymies discuss: Plerolophia annuliJarsis, P. delersa, P. puneligera, P. seeula, P. laleralis, P. banksi, P. erassipes, P. propinqua, P. melanura, P. seopulijera, P. eireulala, P. albivenosa and nineteen unidentified species. The taxonomic status of the tribe Pteropliini is also discussed. For each species, the number of specimens, sex, locality and date are given, and in some cases, the host plant is included. Four species, P. melanura, P. propinqua, P. seopulijera and P. delersa dominated other species in composition of specimens representing 27.05%, 19.67%, 13.52% and 12.70% of the total number of specimens respectively. While other species, I' namely Pte2, PteS. Pte6, Pte7, Pte8, Pte9, PtelO, Ptel5, Ptel9 and P. albivenosa are each represented by a single specimen. Representation by a single specimen in the collections could probably reflect the rarity of these species in nature. P. albivenosa, P. eirculala, P. banksi. P. secula, P. puneligera and P. annulitarsis are herewith, reported from Sarawak for the first time.

Key words: Cerambycidae, Lamiinae, Pteropliini. Plerolophia, Sarawak.

ABSTRAK

Kajian semula lenlallg genus Plerolophia berdasarkan spesimen-spesimen dari koleksi rujukan serangga Muzium Sarawak, Sarawak Foreslry Corporalion dan Universili Malaysia Sarawak lelah dikemukakan. Sejumlah 244 spesimen lerdiri daripada liga puluh salu spesies dari genus Plerolophia lelah dikaji. Kunei dikalomi, deskriplif, falograji, pela laburan un/uk Plerolophia spesies lelah dikemukakan dan nama synonym lelah dibineangkan: Plerolophia annulilarsis, P. delersa, P. puneligera, P. seeula, P. laleralis. P. banks;. P. erassipes, P. propinqua, P. melanura, P. seopulikra, P. eireulala, P. albivenasa dan sembi/an belas spesies yang belum dikenalpasli. Sialus laxonomi Iribe Pleropliini juga lelah dibineangkan. Bagi seliap species, bi/angan spesimen, jan/ina, lempol dan larikh lelah dikemukan dan pada seselengah kes, lumbuhan perumah juga dikemukakan. Empal spesies seperti P. melanura, P. propinqua, P. seopulikra dan P. delersa merupakan spesies yang mendominasi spesies lain dengan komposisi spesimefl ialah 27.05%, 19.67%, 13.52% dan 12.70% daripada jumlah keseluruhan spesimen masing-masing. Manakala spesies lain seperli Ple2, Ple5, Ple6, Pie 7, Ple8, Ple9, PleIO, Pie 15, PleI9 dan P. albivenosa adalah masing-masing diwakili oleh spesimen lunggal. Perwakilan oleh spesimen lunggal dalam koleksi ini adalah mungkin disebabkan oleh spesies ini jarang ditemui di alam semulajadi. e. albivenosa, P. eireulala, P. banksi, P. seeula, P. puneligera dan P. annulilarsis merupakan spesies yang lelah direkodkan unluk perlama kali dijumpai di Sarawak.

Kala kunei: Cerambycidae,Lamiinae, Pleropliini ,Plerolophia, Sarawak.

.. 1.0 INTRODUCTION

The genus Pterolophia is classified in the order Coleoptera. It belongs to the family

Cerambycidae, subfamily Lamiinae (Borror et al., 1981) and tribe Pteropliini (Mercer, 1982). The members of this genus can be identified by having antennae generally shorter than body; elytra narrowed and separately rounded or subangulate apically. Usually the body length of this genus is around 6.5mm until 14mm (Gressitt, 1940). This genus is distributed primarily in the Oriental

Region, extending into Africa, North East Asia and Australia and hardly represented in Oceania

(Gressitt, 1956). It can be found everywhere in the part of the world, from mountain (Fisher,

1935), terrestrial especially plantation area (Mercer, 1982) to an island (Gressitt, 1940) and occurred throughout the year. Heffern (2005) stated that fifty-four species belonging to this genus has been recorded in Borneo.

As compared to the surrounding regions, taxonomic work on Cerambycidae of Sarawak particularly on this genus still lacking. The works by Gressit (1940, 1956), Fisher (1935), Mercer

(1982), Hayashi (1976, 1986), Duffy (1968) Heffern (2005) and Makihara (1999) on the cerambycids from South-east Asian region only include some information about this genus.

Heffern (2005) stated that some of the literatures related to cerambycids as well as this genus are inaccurate, out of date, misidentified and misspelling which create confusion to researchers. Lack of information and reference problems are among the challenges faced by the taxonomists in identifying and describing these group. The only available key for this genus was prepared by

Gressitt in 1940, which includes some species from Hainan Island. Recently over 1300 described species of Cerambycidae are known from Borneo, with over 60% of the species appearing to be

2 endemic. The total number of described and undescribed species in Borneo probably exceeds

2000 and could be much higher (Heffern, 2005) especially for this genus which synonymous with its relative abundance in terms ofspecies and is very characteristic of Borneo and Indo-Malaysian fauna. Mercer (1982) stated that this genus was always synonymous with its importance in wood industries as a pest of timber. Therefore this study is essential to compile all the valid literatures to provide accurate, upgrade the old data as well as to document the existing species based on specimens deposited in insect reference collections of the Sarawak Museum, Sarawak Forestry

Corporation and UNIMAS Museum to facilitate the work future of researchers.

The main objective of this study was to review the systematics and distribution of the genus

PteroJophia in Sarawak. Apart from that, the aim was to identify and describe the unidentified and undescribed species as well as to provide the key and species list of this genus and map their distribution in Sarawak.

3 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Taxonomic hierarchy level of the genus Pterolophia

2.1.1 Order Coleoptera

This order is the biggest order in the animal kingdom with over 370,000 described species

(Danies, 1988). The classification of Coleoptera was done by Gahan (1911), followed by Fowler

(1912) and Leng (1920). Recently, it has been modified by Ganglbauer, which added more detail explanation (Richards & Davies, (977). Coleoptera is divided into four suborders, the Adephaga, the Polyphaga and two small groups, the Archostemata and the Myxophaga. Cerambycidae is classified in the suborder Polyphaga (Danies, (988).

2.1.2 Suborder Polyphaga

This suborder is an enormous group. The members of Polyphaga can be identified by having often clubbed, lamellate or geniculate antennae. The hind coxal cavities do not completely separate the first apparent abdominal stemite and the hind wings lack an oblongum and have few cross-veins (Danies, 1988).

2.1.3 Family Cerambycidae

Cerambycids or longhorn are categorized as beautiful because of their attractive colours, various shapes and ornamentation among the species (Linsley, 1954). Most species are

SO 1 r brown or black in colour and have striking spots or bands of white, yellow or red on the

4 body (Metcalf & Metcalf, 1993). They have elongate body, sub cylindrical to somewhat flattened usually pubescent (Lawrence & Britton, 1991). The body length is usually from three to sixty milimetres (Borror et al., 1981). It has long antennae, typically at least two-thirds as long as body.

The wings are always parallel sided, broader than the prothorax and head. The head is down bent and the prothorax often with one or marginal spines on each side (Richards & Davies, 1977).

Cerambycidae is distributed world wide with approximately 26,000 recorded species in (Elzinga,

) 931). One thousand five hundred species are found in Australia (Lawrence and Britton, 1991) and one thousand species occur in the United States and Canada (Borror et al., 1981). The adults of the cerambycids are usually found in vegetation and flowers; feed on nectar and pollen while the larvae are inside the wood (Barbosa and Wagner, 1989) and some bore into stems of herbaceous plants. Cerambycids' larvae live in the wood of a tree or log from two to three years

(Elzinga, 1931). According to Borror et al., (1981), different species attack different kinds of trees and shrubs. Several species will attack living trees, but mostly prefer fresh cut logs or weakened and dying trees or branches. They are of economic importance because they attack valuable timber from the family Dipterocarpaceae, Thymelaceae, Sapotaceae and Leguminosae as well as reducing the quality of the timber (Barbosa & Wagner, 1989). They also affect the coniferous and broad-leaved trees (Linsley, 1954). The wood borers also play the important ecological roles in forest succession and in nutrient recycling. Some forest communities are persistent because of the actions of wood boring insects (Barbosa & Wagner, 1989). According to

Lawrence and Newton (1995), this family comprises thirteen subfamilies in the world:

Itinae, Disteninae, Philinae, Anoplodermatinae, Parandrinae, Prioninae, Spondylidinae,

Vesperina Apatophyseinae, Ncydalinae, Lepturinae, Cerambycinae and Lamiinae.

5 2.1.4 Subfamily Lamiinae

There are four subfamilies of Cerambycidae in Sarawak: Cerambycinae (25%), Prioninae (6%),

Lamiinae (68%) and Lepturinae (1 %) (Abang, 2003). Lamiinae is the major subfamily. The

members of this subfamily can be recognized by the following characteristics: broad, cylindrical

and often with tuberculate on pronotum. Apical palpal segments acute and rounded at the end of

scutellum. Head usually erect in front. Fore tibia obliquely grooved on the inside surface. The

anterior coxae more or less prominent and the acetabulae normally angulate on the outside.

Mandibles located far from the antennal insertions. About twenty two tribes belong to this

subfamily has been recorded. There are Monochamini, Agniini, Batocerini, Mesosini,

Ancyconotini, Xylorhizini, Dorcaschematini, Xenoleini, Nyctimenini, Hecyrini, Apomecynini,

Apodosyini, Estoiini, Acanthocinini, Spalacopsini, Saperdini, Gleneini, Phytoeciini, Tetraopini

and Niphonini (Gressitt, 1940).

2.1.5 Tribe Nipbonini

This tribe is also known as Pteropliini (Heffern, 2005). The members can be identified by having

the following characteristics: the head more or less retractile (Gress itt, 1940) and usually erect in

front (Gress itt, 1956). Vertex feebly curved in. Eyes were emarginated. Antennae rarely longer

than body, the scape lacks a cicatrix (Gressitt, 1940). Mandible located far from antenna I

,1II;:)t;IlIUr Pronotum broad, cylindrical and often has tuberculate (Gressitt, 1956), rectangular

:frons which means the upper part larger than below. Apical pal pal segments acute and scutellum

[rounded behind. Anterior coxae more or less prominent, their acetabulae normally angu)ate on the

II 6 I

outside, the middle coxal cavities are open to the epimera outwardly, where middle tibiae

ungrooved exteriorly (Gressjtt, 1940) fore tibia obliquely grooved inside (Gress itt, 1956). Its

tarsal claws deviating (Gressjtt, 1940).

2.1.6 Genus Pler% phia

The genus Plerolophia under the tribe Pteropliini can be characterized as follows: - scape, third

and fourth segments of antennae more or less alike in length, the fourth segment long often nearly

same as fifth and sixth segments combined. Frons subrectangular, vertex curved in. Pronotum

broader than long, evenly swollen at sides, nontuberculate. Eyes divided, sub coarsely facetted,

inferior lobes more often wider than deep. The mesosternal process nontuberculate (Gressitt,

1940).

2.2 Previous studies of the genus Pterolophia

Among early notable works on cerambycids especially for genus Pterolophia of South East Asia

was done by Gressitt in 1940 and 1954. Gressitt (1940) has been described P. camura and

or [ l~ it found in Philippines, Botel-Tobago, Taiwan and Marianas. Gressitt (1954) has been

..I [Ibed five species: P. albognigra, P. annulata, P. camela, P. cervina and P. kaleea during did

ibis study of the longicorn beetles of the Hainan Island. Duffy (1968) wrote a monograph of the

. Inmaturert: stages of Oriental Timber beetles (Cerambycidae). Thirty-eight species of this genus

~c luding with some biology description, the species' host plant and their distribution worldwide

!were orded. Hayashi (1976) described a new species, Pterolophia (Pterolophia) kubokii

7

11-_____ l collected in beating bushes of Michantus sp. Later, Hayashi (1986) reported two species of this

genus which are Pterolophia (Hylobrotus) bisulcaticollis PIC, 1926 found in Thailand reared

from seedling of coconut and Pterolophia (Hylobrotus) lateralis GAHAN, 1984 found in Doi

uthep and Nam Prom Dam, Thai.

In Borneo, the most comprehensive and fundamental taxonomic work on Cerambycidae

especially for this genus was first published by Fisher in 1935 during a study on Mr.

Pendlebury's collections which were collected since 1929 on Mount Kinabalu. Eighty seven

species which represented new seven genera of that collection were reported. Thirty eight of

those specimens were described as new species. All of the new species were deposited at the

United State Natural Museum in Washington, D. C. Two of them belong to Pterolophia. These

were P. monticola and P. borneensis. P. monticola was described from a single male collected at

altitude of 3000 feet, April 7, 1929 in Kiau. P. borneensis was described from a single

. spec:lmcm collected at an altitude of 7000 feet, March 26, 1929 in Kamborangah. Makihara (1999)

Iished a list and photographs of about 700 species of longicorn beetles which were collected

trnm a lowland forest reserve in East Kalimantan. Fourteen species of this genus namely P.

• ~Im i.~el·a. P. banksi, P. melanura, P. annulitarsis, P. albivenosa, P. circulata, P. fractilinea, P .

.u'"U1'Iuc;!asciculata, P. propinqua, P. punctigera, P. scopulijera, P. simulans, P. subtincta and P.

' ~"rjI1t CTlrt~~'n had been reported. Heffern (2005) produced a checklist and bibliography of the

beetles from Borneo which provides accurate names and complete references such as

synonym for most of the Pterolophia species and their distribution worldwide.

8 In Sarawak, Mercer was the first researcher who conducted the systematics work of the

cerambycids particularly this genus in March 1979, when he was sent to Sarawak by Voluntary

ervices Overseas to work as an Entomologist with the Forest Research Section to help carried

out the task of establishment the insects reference collection, particularly emphasize on those

msects well known as the pest to trees, logs and timber. Thirty five individuals of the genus

Ptero!ophia comprise of six identified species and seven individuals not identified yet had been

collected and some were deposited in Sarawak Forestry Corporation insect reference collections

recently. These species are P. iliaca, P. lateralis, P. detersa, P. melanura, P. propinqua and P.

scopulifera. P. propinqua is the dominant species in the collection which represented twelve

individuals and found in various localities from Gunung Serapi, Sibu, Bintu1u and Lambir. Its

host plant is Agathis macrophylla. Probably the rare species are P. lateralis, P. detersa and P.

iliaca, which represented one specimen of each (Mercer, 1982).

2.3 The importance of entomological collection in systematics study

entomological collection provides the biological information. It also provides evidences of the

ofspecies and their presence at particular sites. Many endeavours of systematics study of

Sarawak in terms of identification of unidentified species based on the originally

I'Dlomem:lature were provided by specialists when the collections were established and facilitated

the voucher specimens (Abang & Juat, 2005), instead referring to the available literatures.

also serve as the only available material in the absence of other specimens or in the case of

encountered species as well as the basis for molecular studies (Abang & Juat, 2005).

9 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was based on voucher specimens dated back from 1809 till 2004 deposited at the

foUowing repositories: Sarawak Museum, Sarawak Forestry Corporation and UNIMAS Museum.

Vouchers were collection of organisms which given permanent information about physical

documentation of species, identifications and related data consequential from inventories

(Heywood, 1995).

According to Rothschild (1963) the Sarawak Museum collection was built up during 1890 - ) 915

by the curators such as C.D. Haviland (1893- 1895), R.W.C. Shelford 1897-1905), J. Hewitt

(1 905-1908) and J.c. Moulton (1908-1915). It was the first Museum in Borneo, established at

Kuching in 1886 (Earl of Cranbook and Leh, 1983) and kept about 70, 000 insect specimens.

1,909 specimens belong to Lamiinae consist of 261 species from 18 tribes were

represented in the collection of Sarawak Museum (Abang & Juat, 2005). Most of the arrangement

housing the insect collections and getting material named by specialists overseas was done by

. WIOUlllOn (Rothschild, 1963) .

.s JRl r~n.v~\{ Forestry Corporation (SFC) collection was built up since December 1996 for reference

lections of major insect pest groups of plant. As indicated on the collecting labels of the

_ c)ucner specimens, this genus had been collected by numerous individuals including explorers,

~rotc~ssilon:al collectors and the staffs of SFC. This center becomes a reference entomologist

.....,..I.'hlJirl.. because of its important collections notably by Mercer and Makihara.

10 The UNlMAS Museum collection was set up in 1994. The collections were from vanous

localities throughout Borneo. As indicated on the collecting labels of voucher specimens, most specimens of the genus Pterolophia were collected since 1994 till 2004 from various localities in

Sarawak.

In an attempt to review this genus, a total of 244 specimens with 96 of those specimens

13 species (Table 1) and 148 unidentified specimens were examined by using a lena

Zeiss stereomicroscope (0.8 X - 4.0X) illuminated by a 6V halogen lamp with light blue

. The diagnostic characteristics (Harbach, 2000) such as colors and patterns on elytra and pronotum as well as the colors of the antennae and leg for each species were examined and described. The similarities and differences of the external morphology among the species were evllJU~lte

body were taken using calliper. Species identification was based on Gressitt (1940, 1954),

~ W"uDCI, h l' (1976), Fisher (1935) and Makihara (1999). Distribution mappings were done based on

data labels of the voucher specimens studied using Map Source software. Photographs of

species were taken usi ng NIKON COOLPIX 4600.

11 ble 1. Species list ofthe genus Pterolophia deposited in Sarawak Museum, Sarawak Forestry

Corporation and UNIMAS insect reference collection.

No. Species No. of specimens Repositories SM SFC UNIMAS I P. annulilarsis 4 0 4 0 2 P. detersa 2 I I 0 3 P. l!..ropJnqua 23 6 17 0 4 P. melanura 22 4 18 0 5 P. secuta 8 I 6 I 6 P. ilaceae I 0 I 0 7 P. scol!..ul(fera 13 8 5 0 8 P. quadraticollis 7 7 0 0 9 P. iliaca 2 2 0 0 to P. crassil!..es 7 0 6 I II P. banks; 4 0 4 0 12 P. lateralis 2 0 2 0 I3 P'l!!!.nclif!.era I I 0 0 Total 96 30 64 2

12 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Species diversity

total of 244 specimens of the genus Pterolophia comprising 31 species represented in the

collections of the Sarawak Museum, Sarawak Forestry Corporation and UNlMAS were reviewed

in this study (Table 2). Four species namely P. melanura, P. propinqua, P. scopulifera and P.

_Jersa dominated other species in the number of specimens representing 27.05%, 19.67%, and

13.52% and 12.70% of the total number of specimens respectively. While the other species,

~ ... ,...".II" Pte2, Pte5, Pte6, Pte7, Pte8, Pte9, Ptel0, Ptel5, Ptel9 and P. albivenosa were each

. lreDJreSc~ntc~a by a single specimen. Representation by a single specimen in the collections could

orc:)bably reflect the rarity of these species in nature or this could reflect that they were rarely

The reduction of species diversity of beetles in recent years can be attributed to the

lilamucti<>n of their natural habitats (Sam ways, 1994) and due to the decreasing of collecting

13 able 1. Present list of the Pterolophia species deposited in Sarawak Museum, Sarawak Forestry

and UNIMAS Museum.

No. Species No. of specimens I Pte I 3 2 Pte2 3 Pte3 2 4 Pte4 2 5 Pte5 6 Pte6 7 Pte7 8 Pte8 9 Pte9 10 PtelO II Ptel1 2 12 Ptel2 3 13 Ptel3 2 14 Ptel4 2 15 Pte15 16 Pte16 4 17 Pte17 4 18 Pte18 2 19 Ptel9 20 P. annulitarsis 3 21 P. detersa 31 22 P. punctigera 3 23 P. secuta 7 24 P. lateralis 2 25 P. banksi 4 26 P. crassipes 9 27 P. propinqua 48 28 P. melanura 66 29 P. scopulifera 33 30 P. circulata 2 31 P. albivenosa Total 244

14