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GIBRALTAR, LAND RECLAMATION, the ENVIRONMENT and BREXIT1 Inmaculada GONZÁLEZ GARCÍA2

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GIBRALTAR, LAND RECLAMATION, the ENVIRONMENT and BREXIT1 Inmaculada GONZÁLEZ GARCÍA2 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Revistas Científicas de la Universidad de Cádiz CUADERNOS DE GIBRALTAR – GIBRALTAR REPORTS Num 3, 2018-2019 | ISSN 2444-7382 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.25267/Cuad_Gibraltar.2019.i3.1306 Citation: GONZÁLEZ GARCÍA, I., «Gibraltar, Land Reclamation, the Environment and Brexit», Cuadernos de Gibraltar–Gibraltar Reports, num. 3, 2018-2019. Received: 28 November 2019. Accepted: 7 April 2020. GIBRALTAR, LAND RECLAMATION, THE ENVIRONMENT AND BREXIT1 Inmaculada GONZÁLEZ GARCÍA2 I. THE ANGLO-SPANISH DISPUTE OVER THE WATERS OF GIBRALTAR AND APPLICATION OF EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION IN SAID WATERS – II. LAND RECLAMATION IN GIBRALTAR AND THE EU- ROPEAN UNION’S RESPONSE – III. THE EFFECT OF BREXIT ON MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND THE EXPANSION OF MARITIME SPACES AROUND GIBRALTAR: THE SPANISH-BRITISH MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING OF 2018 ON ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION – IV. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS. ABSTRACT. The implementation of EU environmental legislation in Gibraltar will be analyzed in this Paper. An study strongly affected by the historical Anglo-Spanish dispute concerning sove- reignty over Gibraltar (Rock and Isthmus), which also extends to the surrounding maritime spaces, the airspace over the territory and the internal waters of the port of Gibraltar. Since environmental matters are the responsibility of the Government of Gibraltar, this latter is also responsible for transposing environmental directives, whereas the UK is answerable to the EU for compliance with them. It also will be analyzed the lack of cooperation between the States, that is evidenced by the over- lapping of spaces protected surrounding Gibraltar, as Sites of Community Importance (SCI) and Special Areas of Conservation (SAC), for which the adoption of conservation measures is envisa- ged, including regulation of fishing activity and navigation, environmental impact assessment of projects with transboundary effects that may derive from the practice of land reclamation (in accor- dance with the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive), pollution prevention, bunkering and 1 INDESS (University Institute for Sustainable Social Development), University of Cádiz, Spain. 2 Associate Professor (Profesora Titular) in International Law and International Relations at the University of Cádiz. Main Researcher of the Project, “The incidence of “Brexit” in cross- border cooperation between Gibraltar-Campo de Gibraltar and Andalusia” PRY2015/19, XI Call for Research Projects of the Foundation ‘Andalusian Studies Centre’ (“La incidencia del “Brexit” en la cooperación transfronteriza entre Gibraltar-Campo de Gibraltar y Andalucía”, PRY2015/19, seleccionado en la XI Convocatoria de Proyectos de Investigación del Centro de Estudios Andaluces). Cuadernos de Gibraltar – Gibraltar Reports Número 2/Issue # 2, 2018-2019, 1306 ISSN 2444-7382 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.25267/Cuad_Gibraltar.2019.i3.1306 1 CGIB03iggrellenos.indd 1 13/04/2020 10:19:10 Gibraltar, Land Reclamation, the Environment and Brexit scientific research. For several years, these activities have been challenged at the European level by the NGO ‘Campo de Gibraltar Verdemar-Ecologists in Action Association’, and have also been the subject of complaints and protests on the part of the Spanish Government to the UK. Finally, the effect of Brexit on marine environment protection and the expansion of maritime spaces around Gibraltar will be studied, specially the Spanish-British Memorandum of Understanding of 2018 on environmental cooperation which was referenced by the Protocol on Gibraltar included in the Agreement on the Withdrawal of the UK from the EU. KEYWORDS: Gibraltar, Brexit, European Union, Disputes, Territorial claims, cross-border coo- peration, environmental cooperation, Land reclamation, Withdrawal Treaty, Protocol, Memoran- dum of Understanding –MoU, maritime zones, Sites of Community Importance –SCI. GIBRALTAR, LOS RELLENOS Y EL MEDIO AMBIENTE ANTE EL BREXIT RESUMEN. En este estudio analizaremos la aplicación de la legislación medioambiental europea en Gibraltar, que se ve fuertemente condicionada por la controversia histórica hispano-británica sobre la soberanía del territorio (Peñón e Istmo). Una controversia que se proyecta asimismo sobre los espacios marítimos que le rodean y sobre el espacio aéreo que se superpone al territorio y a las aguas interiores del puerto de Gibraltar. Siendo el medio ambiente competencia del Gobierno de Gibraltar, éste asume la transposición de las Directivas en la materia, mientras que es el RU el responsable de su cumplimiento ante la UE. Destacaremos, por lo tanto, la falta de cooperación entre los Estados con la superposición de espa- cios protegidos en torno a Gibraltar, como son los Lugares de Importancia Comunitaria (LIC) y las Zonas Especiales de Conservación (ZEC), en las que se prevé la adopción de medidas de conserva- ción que incluyen, entre otras, la regulación de la actividad pesquera, la navegación, la evaluación del impacto ambiental de los proyectos con efectos transfronterizos que pudieran derivar de la práctica de los rellenos (de conformidad con la Directiva de Evaluación del Impacto Ambiental), la prevención de la contaminación, el bunkering o la investigación científica. Y estas activida- des vienen siendo denunciadas desde hace años ante instancias europeas por la ONG ‘Asociación Verdemar-Ecologistas en Acción del Campo de Gibraltar’, siendo igualmente motivo de quejas y protestas por parte del Gobierno español ante el RU. Finalmente, analizaremos la incidencia del Brexit en la protección del medio ambiente marino y en la ampliación de espacios marítimos en torno a Gibraltar, en concreto, el memorando de en- tendimiento hispano-británico de 2018 en materia de cooperación medioambiental, que aparece referenciado en el Protocolo sobre Gibraltar anexo al Acuerdo sobre la Retirada del RU de la UE. PALABRAS CLAVE: Gibraltar, Brexit, Unión Europea, Controversias, reclamaciones territoriales, cooperación transfronteriza, cooperación medioambiental, rellenos, Tratado de Retirada, Protocolo Memorando de Entendimiento- MOU, espacios marítimos, Lugares de Importancia Comunitaria –LIC. Cuadernos de Gibraltar – Gibraltar Reports Número 3/Issue # 3, 2018-2019, 1306 ISSN 2444-7382 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.25267/Cuad_Gibraltar.2019.i3.1306 2 CGIB03iggrellenos.indd 2 13/04/2020 10:19:11 INMACULADA GONZÁLEZ GARCÍA I. THE ANGLO-SPANISH DISPUTE OVER THE WATERS OF GIBRALTAR AND APPLICATION OF EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION IN SAID WATERS The European Union’s Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP) has generated considerable advances in marine environment protection3, in particular the adoption of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive4, which seeks to ensu- re cooperation between Member States when these border the same region or sub-region (for which a marine strategy must be established) and when the state of the sea is so critical that it requires urgent measures and a common plan of action. However, such cooperation has not been achieved in the ma- ritime area of the Strait and Alboran, which includes the Bay of Algeciras, due to the historical Anglo-Spanish dispute over the waters surrounding Gibral- tar5, as shall be discussed below. This lack of cooperation between Spain and the United Kingdom (UK) is evident in the overlapping spaces protected under European environmental legislation (Habitats Directive)6 and included in the European Natura 2000 network of protected areas as Sites of Community Importance (SCI) and Special Areas of Conservation (SAC). These designations imply the adoption 3 On the IMP, see: BOU FRANCH, V., “La política marítima de la Unión Europea y su contribución a la prevención de la contaminación marina” in Pueyo Losa, J., Jorge Urbina, J. (Coords.), La coopera- ción internacional en la ordenación de los mares y océanos, Ed. Iustel, Madrid, 2009, p. 113-130, specifically p. 98-102; KOIVUROVA, T., “A Note on the European Union’s Integrated Maritime Police” in Ocean Development and International Law, 2009, vol. 40, p. 171-183; NÚÑEZ LOZANO, M. C., “La política marítima integrada de la Unión Europea” in Núñez Lozano, M. C. (Dir.), Hacia una política marítima integrada de la Unión Europea. Estudios de política marítima, Ed. Iustel, Madrid, 2010, p. 17-38; REY ANEI- ROS, A., “Las consecuencias de la Política Marítima Integrada de la Unión Europea para el régimen jurídico de la pesca”, Noticias de la Unión Europea, 2012, no. 326, p. 41-49. 4 Directive 2008/56/EC establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy, OJ L 164, 25/06/2008. On the Framework Directive, see the following stud- ies: BOU FRANCH, V., loc. cit. and SANZ LARRUGA, F. J., “La Directiva 2008/56/CE sobre la estrategia marina en el marco de la política ambiental y marítima de la Unión Europea”, in Arana García, E., Sanz Larruga, F. J. (Dirs.), Navarro Ortega, A. (Coord.), La ordenación jurídica del medio marino en Es- paña: estudios sobre la Ley 41/2010, de protección del medio marino, Ed. Civitas, Madrid, 2012, p. 109-168. 5 On marine strategy in Gibraltar, see GONZÁLEZ GARCÍA, I. and ACOSTA SÁNCHEZ, M. A., “La difícil aplicación de la estrategia marina europea y la protección del medio marino en la bahía de Algeci- ras/Gibraltar”, Revista Electrónica de Estudios Internacionales (REEI), no. 25, 2013. 6 See Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, known as the Habitats Directive, OJ
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