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The Discursive Production of Embattled Suburbs and Empowered Suburbanites in America, 1976-1992

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The Discursive Production of Embattled Suburbs and Empowered Suburbanites in America, 1976-1992 UNDER SIEGE: THE DISCURSIVE PRODUCTION OF EMBATTLED SUBURBS AND EMPOWERED SUBURBANITES IN AMERICA, 1976-1992 by Kyle Riismandel Bachelor of Arts, History, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Master of Arts, American Studies, Pennsylvania State University Harrisburg, 2002 A Dissertation submitted to The Faculty of Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 16, 2010 Dissertation directed by Chad Heap Associate Professor of American Studies The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University certifies that Kyle Riismandel has passed the Final Examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy as of December 10, 2009. This is the final and approved form of the dissertation. Under Siege: The Discursive Production of Embattled Suburbs and Empowered Suburbanites in America, 1976-1992 Kyle Riismandel Dissertation Research Committee: Chad Heap, Associate Professor of American Studies, Dissertation Director Melani McAlister, Associate Professor American Studies and International Affairs, Committee Member Suleiman Osman, Assistant Professor of American Studies, Committee Member ii © Copyright 2010 by Kyle Riismandel All rights reserved iii Dedication The author wishes to dedicate this dissertation to his family: Mom, Dad, Paul, Ellen, Robert Beers, Ruth Beers, V. John Riismandel, Elli Riismandel, Sally, and Lucy. iv Acknowledgments I must first thank my advisor and dissertation director, Chad Heap. Chad‘s keen eye and unflinching standards have helped this dissertation immeasurably. It would surely be less without his input. I would also like to thank committee members Melani McAlister and Suleiman Osman. Melani has been with this project from the beginning, even when it was about many other things. Her agile mind helped pare it down and find the most important, and often most fun, things to write about. Suleiman arrived at GW at just the right time for me. He was hired to teach urban studies as I began in earnest to write my suburban studies dissertation. I was able to call upon his expertise frequently while his cool demeanor and good advice reassured me when I needed it most. The outside readers at my defense, Libby Anker and Laura Schiavo, provided an invaluable service to the dissertation. I thank them for bringing fresh eyes and new perspectives that helped me rewrite with renewed focus while thinking about new and provocative questions. The American Studies department at George Washington University funded my graduate study and provided a stimulating intellectual and social community. For those things, I will be eternally grateful. I particularly want to thank Terry Murphy for her support and guidance despite the fact that me and my work had no business being on her radar. I also would not have finished this dissertation without the faculty and staff of Penn State Harrisburg where I completed my Master‘s degree. Without their support and encouragement, I would never have gotten into the GW PhD program. In particular, I v would like to thank Simon Bronner. Not only is he an American Studies legend but he is a fantastic guy. He fought to get me funding to complete my M.A., wrote recommendations, and generally did whatever he could to help. I will always be grateful to him. I would also like to thank my Master‘s thesis advisor, Jessica Dorman. During my time at Penn State Harrisburg, she became a great friend and supporter long after we had both left Harrisburg. I have to give thanks for the resources provided by the libraries I frequently visited—both in person and via the internet. Beyond its holdings, the Gelman Library at GW gave me access to thousands of periodicals whose articles appear frequently in this dissertation. The Library of Congress and the New York Public Library came through when many other repositories did not getting me many texts right when I needed them. I also have a special thanks to the Columbia University Library for having the only copy of the book, Fast Times at Ridgemont High, onsite. It let me answer Chad about whether the book really helped us understand the movie. I must also thank the internet. Without Amazon.com, Ebay, and message boards, I may have missed out on many hard to acquire sources forgotten by time. The actual writing of this dissertation would never have been completed without the love, support, critiques, and encouragement of my writing group. The Brain Trust, no less powerful than FDR‘s, got me from page one to a finished dissertation—no easy feat. Besides introducing me to my wife and being an excellent cook, Laurel Clark brought a fresh perspective to my dissertation. As a 19th century historian, she asked penetrating and often unexpected questions that helped me write across disciplinary and temporal barriers. Laura Cook Kenna, in addition to initiating the ritual of homemade baked goods at each of our meetings, always found a way to make my ideas more interesting, complex, and vi relevant often pulling out the essential good idea hidden by unnecessary verbiage. Julie Passanante Elman, besides feeding the group like an Italian grandma, remained an enthusiastic supporter riding the ups and downs of the process right alongside me. She managed to always see the best in my work, and her thoughtful comments helped me stretch beyond what I thought I was capable of. Stephanie Ricker Schulte was my first friend at GW. She and her husband Bret incorporated me into their well-established social circle despite all indications that it would be a bad idea helping me find friendships that last to this day. Beyond that, Steph imposed her clarity of thinking and writing onto my work with a ruthless kindness that sharpened both the ideas and writing in this dissertation. These ladies are all special, smart people whose names you will already know by the time you read this. I also found other great, smart friends during my time at GW. Jeremy Hill, Cameron Logan, Kevin Strait, and Dave Kieran, as well as their significant others, made afternoon drinking, intramural sports, house parties, and, yes, even moving, fun. They are smart, funny, and loyal friends. Getting to know them was one of the best things to happen to me at GW. When it comes to my family, there is nothing I can put on paper that will adequately thank them for all they have done. All I hope is that they know how much I appreciate their kindness and encouragement through easy and tough times. Though my Grandma and Grandpa Beers were far away for most of this process, they always supported any way they could. A card, a check, and just an encouraging word on the phone reminded me that they were they if I needed them and that I had no bigger fans. vii For most of my time at GW, my Grandparents Riismandel lived about a mile away from me. It was a great pleasure to see them so frequently. Each time I would visit, we would have a delicious home-cooked meal or maybe even some Chinese takeout. Through this entire experience, they helped me out in any way they could. Their emotional and financial support was crucial in helping me finish graduate school. My parents did everything short of press the keys to help me get done. Whenever I visited home, they provided a respite from my troubles—comfort food, laundry facilities, practical advice, and even just a friendly ear. Whenever I needed something, they jumped to provide it. They are my biggest fans who promised to love me whether I finished this dissertation or not. Words are inadequate for the task of saying thanks for all they have done, but it‘s the best I can do to say thanks and I love you. My brother Paul and sister-in-law Ellen are also a great blessing in my life. They not only gave good advice, but provided many hilarious birthday and xmas gifts that raised my spirits. I hope now that I am done I will get to visit them more often and laugh even more. Lastly, I want to thank my wife Sally and our dog Lucy. I met Sally just as I began to work in earnest on this dissertation. It is no coincidence that I was more productive after I met her. She was unyieldingly positive about me and my work. Though she was writing professionally, Sally stayed up late to read every page and comment with an eye toward clarity that made every sentence better. Beyond being a fantastic editor, she supported our family while I completed the dissertation keeping a roof over our heads and food on our table. Lucy, though she did no editing and provided no income, helped keep me sane. Her walk followed by play time every day inevitably brought a smile to my face and reminded viii me how much fun it was to get up from my desk. Over the past five years, she and Lucy have become the backbone of my life. I don‘t know what it would be like without them and I hope I never do. Thanks, and I love you both dearly. (ps--Sal, please read this out loud for The Goose.) ix Abstract of Dissertation Under Siege: The Discursive Production of Embattled Suburbs and Empowered Suburbanites in America, 1976-1992 My dissertation details a new era of American suburban life marked by endangerment, defense, and empowerment. In the period from the mid-1970s through the early 1990s, real events, news media narratives, and popular culture representations associated suburban life and space with endemic hazards eclipsing previous notions of suburban safety and security.
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