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Efficient Generation of Thymic Epithelium from Induced Pluripotent

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Efficient Generation of Thymic Epithelium from Induced Pluripotent www.nature.com/scientificreports There are amendments to this paper OPEN Efcient generation of thymic epithelium from induced pluripotent stem cells that prolongs allograft survival Ryo Otsuka, Haruka Wada, Hyuma Tsuji, Airi Sasaki, Tomoki Murata, Mizuho Itoh, Muhammad Baghdadi & Ken-ichiro Seino* The thymus plays a signifcant role in establishing immunological self-tolerance. Previous studies have revealed that host immune reaction to allogeneic transplants could be regulated by thymus transplantation. However, physiological thymus involution hinders the clinical application of these insights. Here, we report an efcient generation of thymic epithelial-like tissue derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and its potential to regulate immune reaction in allogeneic transplantation. We established an iPSC line which constitutively expresses mouse Foxn1 gene and examined the efect of its expression during in vitro diferentiation of thymic epithelial cells (TECs). We found that Foxn1 expression enhances the diferentiation induction of cells expressing TEC-related cell surface molecules along with upregulation of endogenous Foxn1. iPSC-derived TECs (iPSC-TECs) generated T cells in nude recipient mice after renal subcapsular transplantation. Moreover, iPSC-TEC transplantation to immuno-competent recipients signifcantly prolonged the survival of allogeneic skin. Our study provides a novel concept for allogeneic transplantation in the setting of regenerative medicine. Te thymus is a crucial lymphoid organ for T-cell generation. During intrathymic development, T cells produce a vast receptor repertoire for defending individuals from invasive microorganisms or eliminating de novo malig- nant neoplasms. However, repertoire expansion also provides a potential cost for self-reactivity, which leads to autoimmune disorders. To prevent the release of auto-reactive T cells from the thymus, immature T cells encoun- ter thymic antigen presenting cells (APCs), which express a wide spectrum of self-antigen-derived peptides com- bined with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Tis process allows elimination of auto-reactive T cells and also induces regulatory T cells1. Given that the thymus functions as a site of T-cell tolerance establishment, previous research attempted thy- mus transplantation to prevent immunological rejection in experimental transplantation models2–5. Immune rejection is mainly mediated by T cells, and eliminating T cells themselves or preventing their activation contrib- utes to prolonged survival of transplanted organs. Indeed, most currently available commercial immunosuppres- sants target T cells and inhibit their activation6. Tere are several subsets of APCs in the thymus, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, or thymic epithelial cells (TECs)7. However, thymic lobes transplanted without haematopoietic cells, but containing epithelial struc- ture, tolerizes the host immune system to the thymus donor mouse strain2,3. Tese results suggest that intrathymic haematopoietic APCs are not necessary for establishing donor-specifc unresponsiveness. Terefore, transplanta- tion of thymic epithelium might be benefcial for preventing immune rejection. However, despite its therapeutic potential, thymus grafing to organ transplantation recipients has not reached clinical settings. Tis would be because of physiological involution of the thymus. Te thymus has its maximum size and potential for T cell generation during childhood; its function decreases with aging. Te degenerated thymus is typifed by a reduced number of T cells and TECs; however, adipose tissues are broadly observed8. Tus, considering that organ donors are usually adult individuals, physiological involution results in decreased thymus availability from organ donors. Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan. *email: seino@ igm.hokudai.ac.jp SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | (2020) 10:224 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-57088-1 1 www.nature.com/scientificreports/ www.nature.com/scientificreports Even though it is possible to graf an aged thymus, there would be less ability to tolerize the recipient immune system. Pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and iPSCs are expected to be an alternative source of grafs for transplantation. Recently, it has been reported that mouse and human ESCs can be induced to dif- ferentiate into thymic epithelial-like cells in vitro9–12; however, these previous reports also showed difculties with efcient TEC derivation. Moreover, application of these pluripotent stem cell-derived TECs to induce donor-specifc tolerance has not been investigated. Here, we report an alternative way to induce iPSC-derived TECs through a stepwise in vitro diferentia- tion protocol along with Foxn1 gene transduction. Foxn1 transduction signifcantly enhanced TEC induction efciency with upregulation of TEC-related marker genes. Furthermore, our results raise the possibility that iPSC-derived TECs transplanted into allogeneic recipients contribute to prolonged survival of the transplants whose MHC is identical to iPSC-TECs. Results Conditioning thymic epithelial cell diferentiation. Te thymus is of endodermal origin, sharing its ancestor with respiratory or gastric organs such as the lung, liver, or pancreas13. We frst focused on constructing a step-by-step protocol for induction of TECs through defnitive endoderm (DE), anterior foregut endoderm (AFE), and pharyngeal endoderm (PE) (Fig. 1a). DE is known to be induced by a high concentration of Activin and is defned by cell surface expression of Cxcr4, c-Kit, and EpCAM14. We established a protocol for DE induc- tion by modifying several induction methods to optimize them for our iPS cell line (Supplementary Figs. 1–4). Flow cytometric analysis revealed highly overlapped expression of these marker molecules, suggesting efcient (c-Kit+Cxcr4+ cells were 86.7% ± 3.25) DE induction (Fig. 1b). Additionally, upregulation of DE marker genes, defned by quantitative PCR (qPCR), also indicated appropriate diferentiation (Fig. 1c). We also examined Foxa2 protein expression and found it to be primarily localized to the nucleus, whereas protein expression of Sox2, one of the key factors responsible for pluripotency, was not detected (Supplementary Fig. 5). Tese results are consist- ent with the estimated efciency determined by fow cytometry (Fig. 1b). Te thymus arises from an anterior portion of developing endoderm, AFE13. Te early anterior-posterior for- mation is regulated by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), fbroblast growth factor (FGF), and Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Previously, screening multiple combinations of signal agonists and antagonists revealed that DE cells could be anteriorized by simultaneous inhibition of transforming growth factor (TGF) and BMP signaling15. By culturing DE cells in the presence of these signal inhibitors, i.e., SB431542 and LDN193189, anterior marker genes were signifcantly upregulated, and immunofuorescence imaging showed merged expression of Sox2 with Foxa2 (Fig. 1d,e). Importantly, suppressed Sox2 expression at the DE stage was restored afer the anteriorization process. To induce pharyngeal endoderm, anterior foregut endoderm cells were exposed to 6 factors to stimulate BMP, FGF, Wnt/β-catenin, and retinoic acid (RA) signalling whilst under combinatory inhibition of TGF and the sonic hedgehog signalling pathway10,15. Tis induction step efciently induced pharyngeal pouch marker Tbx1 and Hoxa3 (Fig. 1f). Because TECs are known to develop from the Hoxa3-expressing region in the 3rd pharyn- geal pouch (3rd p.p.)16,17, we focused on optimizing culture conditions by using Hoxa3 as a guide for sufcient 3rd p.p. induction. We identifed that single or combinatory withdrawal of BMP4, CHIR99021, or cyclopamine from the induction conditions did not afect Hoxa3 and Tbx1 expression on day 9 (Fig. 1g). However, subtracting FGF8, SB431542, or RA resulted in reduced expression of Tbx1 and Hoxa3 (data not shown). We found that thymic specifcation can be carried out by continuous exposure to FGF8, SB431542, and RA until day 14 of diferentiation (morphological changes are shown in Supplementary Fig. 5). Physiological TEC diferentiation is dependent on region-specifc expression of forkhead box protein, Foxn118. Hence, we employed Foxn1 as a key diferentiation marker and quantifed its expression on day 14. A small but signifcant increase in Foxn1 expression indicated the existence of a TEC population in the obtained cells (Fig. 1h). We also analysed marker molecules on the cell surface by fow cytometry. TECs are categorized as an epithelial cell subset, and approximately 5% of obtained cells expressed epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). TECs are further clas- sifed into two subsets based on their surface expression of Ly51 and UEA-1, which are expressed by cortical and medullary TECs, respectively19. Flow cytometry analysis revealed minimal levels of these populations (Fig. 1i). Bilateral cross-talk between developing thymocytes and TEC progenitors is an essential event during mature TEC development1. However, it is indicated by cell surface analysis that the in vitro culture condition promoted termi- nal diferentiation without receiving signals from T cells. Notably, gene expression of delta-like 4 ligand (Dll4) was also determined by qPCR, and the results suggest the possibility of T-cell diferentiation (Fig. 1h). Transduction of exogenous Foxn1 gene promotes iPSC-TEC diferentiation. Foxn1 is known as a key transcription
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