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Level of Urbanization and Consistency Measurement in South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India

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Level of Urbanization and Consistency Measurement in South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808 LEVEL OF URBANIZATION AND CONSISTENCY MEASUREMENT IN SOUTH 24 PARGANAS, WEST BENGAL, INDIA Pompa Moadal1 & Dr. Tapas Mistri2 1Research Scholar of The University of Burdwan, West Bengal. 2Assistant Professor in Geography, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal. (Corresponding Author) Email: [email protected] [email protected] Abstract: Urbanization is the process of concentration of people in densely populated settlements where major portion derive their livelihood from other than primary occupation. It indicates the increase of the number of people living in urban areas mainly due to the natural growth, rural to urban migration, reclassification. Urbanization also reflects the level of development of any unit. To formulate the plan and policies of the development and to overcome the urban problems of any area it is necessary to know the nature and level of urbanization of this unit. Present study is concerned with the level of urbanization based on four selected urbanity and socio-economic indicators and consistency measurement in S. 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. Hence, different statistical, cartographic and GIS methods have been used to fulfil the aim and objectives. This study reveals that the study area is a highly urbanised district both in terms of growth of urban population and urban centres but in sense of share of urban population it stands much bellow the state average. It also reveals that there is huge intra spatial disparity in the level of urbanization and the consistency of the urbanization in the study area. Keywords: urbanization; level of urbanization; spatial disparity; consistency; GIS. Introduction: Urbanization is the proportion of urban population to the total population of any area. Urbanization is a quite natural process and a reflection of signature of human culture. In every parts of the world this process is continuing unabatedly that started since the time immemorial. Urbanization occurs when certain settlements grow at the cost of their surrounding countryside. Urbanization is the result of a combination of natural increase of the urban population and net in- migration to urban areas (Pacione, 2005). Urbanization is the process which reveals itself through temporal, spatial and sectoral changes in the demographic, social, economic, technological and environmental aspects of life in a given society. Urbanization is a Progressive concentration of population in urban unit (Colmer, n.d.). Urban growth is related to the urban sprawl is the result of extreme population pressure in the core of the city and man’s desire to live in cities or adjacent to the cities but very limited space in the city heart that already facing congestion. No of urban centres, sizes of population, density, area occupied by urban area are other factors in the study of urbanization. In demographic perspective level of urbanization is the share of urban population to the total population of the area, but in true sense to measure the level of urbanization it must be studied other criteria such as percentage of urban area to total urban area of the C.D. Block, urban population density, urban spacing means number of urban centres per sq km know the actual status of the area in terms of urbanization (Paul and Chatterjee, 2012). Volume 8, Issue 3, 2020 http://aegaeum.com/ Page No: 1108 AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808 To understand the level of urbanization in any area specially the growth pattern, development and other changing population dynamics are very important. The level of urbanization gives us an idea to which extent an area gradually evolves into urban unit by changing its rural characteristics. It also helps to understand the extent and rate of urban growth in our study area. The process of urbanization in third world country mostly shows in the study area as an urban unit of India where cities mainly primate city plays an active role in the process of urbanization. According to dependency theory of urbanization continuously expansion of cities gives birth of peripheral urbanization which creates a strong rural urban linkage and obscures the traditional rural urban distinction (Pacione, 2005). Location of the city of Kolkata adjacent to the study area controls the urbanization process in it. South 24 Parganas is a part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration. Overcrowded mega city encourage the process of de-concentration which means people from core of the city migrated towards the peripheral areas to enjoy less land value, fresh fruits and vegetables and to avoid negative externalities such as pollution, traffic congestion etc. That’s why rate of urbanization in the study area is more in adjacent areas to the city of Kolkata and decreases toward southwards direction. On the other hand Over the year it is observe that the characteristics of rural area adjacent to urban units changing very rapidly and due to rural urban migration, natural increase of population land use land cover changes are being so fast that the old agrarian non industrialised slow monotonous rural life is gradually transforming into a place of diversified economy fast moving by the influence of huge infrastructural and economic changes that becoming slowly insulated into the rural nerves. Literature review: The Researcher has reviewed books, journals, reports, conference proceedings etc. related to the present the study. In important observation Davis (1965) explained the nature of urbanization, and progress of census towns of the surrounding important towns in different parts of the world which have grown with the direct influence of various important mother cities. In a similar observation Pacione (2005) identified the relevance of dependency theory and the symptoms of peripheral urbanization in the third world countries are diagnostically conforms to the level of urbanization. Colmer (NA) relates the level of urbanization in India with its demographic changes. In another way Kundu (2011) analysed the trends and processes of urbanization in India where he projected the relationship of contemporary urban growth with migration from adjacent areas. The similar pattern of urbanization related to huge migration is also observed in the present study in the district of South 24 Parganas. Level of urbanization has analysed in different ways by Paul and Chatterjee (2012). Different indicators of the level of urbanization and techniques of consistency measurement of the level urbanization have also adopted in the present study. For the analysis of level of urbanization composite score and other empirical techniques may be useful in this study area Banerjee (2014). Sarkar (1989) focused on urbanization in West Bengal and its city size distribution from 1901 to 2001. From this study it is found that in West Bengal small and medium towns consistently declined in size due to lack of infrastructural facilities and poor attraction capacity whereas larger cities and towns have grown exponentially due to diversified functions and infrastructural facilities. Bagchi and Chatterjee (2015) analysed degree of urbanization in South 24 Parganas, West Bengal by using Volume 8, Issue 3, 2020 http://aegaeum.com/ Page No: 1109 AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808 Figure 1: South 24 Parganas: Location Map Fig.1 Source: District Planning Map Series, NATMO, Kolkata the four major urban attributes where they found that the urbanization in the study area is still the city of Kolkata centric followed by peripheral urbanization. Volume 8, Issue 3, 2020 http://aegaeum.com/ Page No: 1110 AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808 The Study Area: The study area, South 24 Parganas a district of West Bengal lies between 21°29'0" N to 22°33'45"N latitudes and 88°3'45" E and 89°4'50" E longitudes covering an area of about 9960 sq.km with twenty nine community development blocks, seven municipalities (Fig.1). The district is bounded by North 24 Parganas, Kolkata and Howrah district in the North and by Bay of Bengal to the South. In the West it is bordered by Hooghly River and by Bangladesh to the East. According to the 2011 Census this district is a 2nd most populous district in West Bengal with total population of 81, 61,961. From 1951 to 2011 growth rate of urban population is 2083.35% which is 10 times greater than the growth rate of rural population (Census of India, 1951-2011). Objectives: The main objectives of the study are- 1. To show the trend of urbanization in the study area 2. To analyse the level of urbanization in the study area. 3. To measure the consistency of the level of urbanization for the study area. Material and methods: After the extensive review of literatures of different aspects on urbanization mainly the level of urbanization in different countries of the world and relevant reports such as District Human development Reports of S 24 Pgs, Human development Reports of West Bengal secondary data were collected from different sources such as Census of India (District Census Handbook, S 24 Pgs 1901-2011), the Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics: Government of West Bengal (District Statistical Handbook, S 24 Pgs. 2005-2013), different Local Urban Bodies (Municipalities), various administrative and thematic maps related to the study were gathered from National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization, Census of India, local urban offices etc. After calculating the data collected from different secondary sources different statistical measures are used to analyse the data and fulfil the objectives. Different remote sensing and GIS software like Q GIS, Map Info, Arc View, are utilised four mapping the resulted values. I. Decadal growth rate of urban population of an area for a particular time represents by the following formula. Thus, Decadal growth of urban population (2001-2011) = [Urban Population (2011) ─ Urban Population (2001)] ÷ Urban Population (2001) * 100 II. Proportion of urban population with respect to the total population of an area for a particular time represents the rate of urbanization.
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