Subterranean Fauna Survey

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Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Warrawoona Gold Project:

Biologic Environmental Survey

Report to Calidus Resources Limited

August 2019

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Document Status Revision Review / Approved for Approved for Issue to Author No. Issue Name Date

Tabitha Rudin, Shae Callan, Dave Reeves 1 Brad Durrant August 2019 Dean Main Kate George

Dave Reeves Final Tabitha Rudin, Dean Main Brad Durrant August 2019 Kate George

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary ...... 7

1 Introduction ...... 10 1.1 Background ...... 10 1.2 Legislation and guidance ...... 11 1.3 Subterranean fauna ...... 11

2 Environment ...... 14 2.1 Biogeography ...... 14 2.2 Climate...... 14 2.3 Geology ...... 15 2.4 Surface drainage and indicative catchments ...... 15 2.5 Hydrogeology ...... 16 2.6 Suitability for subterranean fauna habitat ...... 16

3 Methods ...... 21 3.1 Database search and review of previous reports ...... 21 3.2 Survey timing ...... 21 3.3 Site selection and survey effort ...... 23 3.4 Sampling methods ...... 27 3.4.1 Troglofauna trapping ...... 27 3.4.2 Troglofauna scraping ...... 27 3.4.3 Stygofauna net-hauling ...... 27 3.4.4 Water physicochemistry ...... 28 3.4.5 Sorting and taxonomy ...... 28 3.4.6 Conservation status and SRE classification ...... 28

4 Results ...... 31 4.1 Database searches ...... 31 4.3 Previous survey results ...... 37 4.4 Current survey results ...... 39 4.4.1 Troglofauna results ...... 39 4.4.2 Stygofauna results ...... 43

5 Subterranean Habitat assessment ...... 51 5.1 Troglofauna habitats ...... 51 5.1.1 Klondyke ...... 51 5.1.2 Copenhagen ...... 51

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5.2 Stygofauna habitats ...... 55 5.2.1 Klondyke ...... 55 5.2.2 Copenhagen ...... 55 5.2.3 Potential habitat in the wider local area ...... 55 5.3 Groundwater characteristics ...... 56

6 Risk Assessment ...... 58 6.1 Impacts to troglofauna ...... 58 6.2 Risks to troglofauna species ...... 58 6.3 Impacts to stygofauna ...... 62 6.4 Risks to stygofauna species ...... 63

7 Key findings ...... 70 7.1.1 Risks to Troglofauna Species ...... 70 7.1.2 Risks to Stygofauna Species ...... 70

8 References ...... 72

9 Appendices ...... 75

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Regional location and IBRA sub-regions ...... 13

Figure 2.1: Long-term monthly average rainfall and temperature from Marble Bar (BoM 2019) ...... 14

Figure 2.2: Geology of the Study Area and surrounds (GSWA 1:250,000) ...... 18

Figure 2.3: Surface drainage of the Study Area and surrounds ...... 19

Figure 2.4: Regional surface hydrology ...... 20

Figure 3.1: Long term average (LTA) and current (2018-2019) climatic data at Marble Bar ...... 23

Figure 3.2: Sites sampled for troglofauna (current survey) ...... 25

Figure 3.3: Sites sampled for stygofauna (current survey) ...... 26

Figure 4.1: Previous troglofauna records within 60 km of the Study Area ...... 35

Figure 4.2: Previous stygofauna records within 60 km of the Study Area ...... 36

Figure 4.3: Locations of troglofauna taxa collected during the current survey ...... 42

Figure 4.4a: Stygofauna taxa recorded during the current survey (Copepoda) ...... 48

Figure 4.4b: Stygofauna taxa recorded during the current survey (Nematoda, Oligochaeta, Ostracoda and Polychaeta) ...... 49

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Figure 4.4c: Stygofauna taxa recorded during the current survey (Amphipoda, Isopoda and Syncarida) ...... 50

Figure 5.1: Conceptual hydrological model (GRM, 2019b) ...... 52

Figure 5.2: Indicative local extent of habitat features for subterranean fauna ...... 53

Figure 5.3: Permeability modelling (K-zones) and subterranean habitat features ...... 54

Figure 5.4: Groundwater physicochemical measurements recorded during the survey ...... 57

Figure 6.1: Locations of troglofauna taxa at risk from proposed impacts ...... 61

Figure 6.2: Locations of stygofauna taxa at risk from proposed impacts ...... 68

LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Surface geology of the Study Area and generalised suitability for subterranean fauna ...... 17

Table 3.1. Databases searched for subterranean fauna records ...... 21

Table 3.2: Numbers of samples collected within and near each deposit ...... 24

Table 3.3: SRE categorisation used by WAM taxonomists ...... 29

Table 4.1: Troglofauna and stygofauna morphospecies recorded in the databases within 60 km of the Study Area ...... 31

Table 4.2: Summary of previous subterranean fauna survey effort and results within 100 km of the Study Area ...... 38

Table 4.3: Troglofauna results to date, taxonomic and distribution comments, known linear ranges and collection locations. Red fonts indicate taxa detected only within proposed impact areas...... 41

Table 4.4:Stygofauna results to date, taxonomic and distribution comments, known linear ranges and collection locations. Red fonts indicate taxa detected only within proposed impact areas...... 45

Table 4.5: Higher level stygofauna identifications in the Study Area ...... 47

Table 6.1: Troglofauna risk assessment based on current taxonomic factors, habitat factors, and distribution relative to impacts ...... 60

Table 6.2: Stygofauna risk assessment based on current taxonomic factors, habitat factors, and distribution relative to impacts ...... 66

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APPENDICES

Appendix A – Sampling effort ...... 75

Appendix B – Database search results ...... 81

Appendix C – Water physicochemistry ...... 96

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Calidus Resources Limited (Calidus) owns the Warrawoona Gold Project, located approximately 25 kilometres (km) south-east of the town of Marble Bar in the Pilbara Region of Western Australia. The Project comprises the Klondyke, Copenhagen, Coronation and Fieldings Gully Prospects with a global gold resource currently at 1.25 million ounces. Pre-feasibility studies are currently underway to evaluate the potential development of a new open pit and underground mine at Klondyke (which hosts the majority of the gold resource), and the extension of an existing open pit at Copenhagen (and associated infrastructure).

Biologic Environmental Survey Pty Ltd (Biologic) was commissioned by Calidus to undertake a Level 2 subterranean fauna (troglofauna and stygofauna) assessment within the Warrawoona Gold Project (approximately 1,212 ha). The survey was designed and conducted in accordance with relevant EPA guidelines for subterranean fauna assessments, and sampling included a balanced mix of sites in proposed impact areas as well as reference (non-impact) sites. The survey aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of all subterranean species and habitats occurring within the Study Area and immediate surrounds and assess the potential risks to subterranean species and habitats from the proposed developments at the Warrawoona Gold Project.

No previous subterranean fauna sampling has been undertaken within the Study Area. The nearest subterranean fauna survey was conducted 20 km south of the Study Area at Corunna Downs which detected a rich troglofauna species assemblage comprising cockroaches, beetles, diplurans, isopods, millipedes, pseudoscorpions, scolopendrids and symphylans. Similarly, database searches revealed no subterranean fauna records within the Study Area, with the nearest record being located 10 km north of the Study Area.

The current survey sampled a total of 118 bores and holes throughout all prospects within the Study Area resulting in 198 troglofauna samples (87 trapping, and 111 scraping respectively) and 93 stygofauna samples (all net-hauls). A total of 1979 subterranean fauna specimens were recorded, comprising almost 99% stygofauna (1955 specimens) with the remaining 1% representing troglofauna (24 specimens).

Using morphological identification methods, the troglofauna specimens were identified as representatives from 6 morphospecies comprising pseudoscorpions, silverfish, cockroaches, dipterans and weevils. Relative to other subterranean fauna surveys within the wider area, the troglofauna species assemblage recorded within the Study Area is considered depauperate. Blattodea were the most abundant group, accounting for the majority of troglofauna recorded (75%, 19 specimens), followed by Zygentoma (3 specimens) with single records of Pseudoscorpiones, Diptera and Coleoptera. Of the six morphospecies recorded, one taxon is known to be widespread in the Pilbara and one taxon was recorded from multiple sites within the Study Area. Two troglofauna taxa were recorded as singleton records (one individual form a single site). The remaining two groups represented indeterminate taxa that could not be resolved to species-level due to specimens being immature, in poor/damaged condition or the wrong sex for species- level identifications. Of these, one taxon was recorded form multiple locations within the Study Area whereas the remaining taxon was a unique singleton record.

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The stygofauna were also identified using morphological methods, revealing 28 morphospecies and five indeterminate taxa comprising nematode, polychaete and oligochaete worms, ostracods, cyclopoid and harpacticoid copepods, syncarids, amphipods and isopods. This represents a rich stygofauna species assemblage compared to other nearby surveys. Copepods were the most abundant group, accounting for more than 79% of all stygofauna. The majority (14) of stygofauna taxa were widespread taxa known to occur beyond the Study Area. Ten stygofauna taxa were recorded from multiple locations within the Study Area. Three stygofauna taxa were singleton taxa or known only from a single site, whereas the remaining taxon represented a unique higher-level taxon that could not be identified to species level.

The risk assessment for subterranean fauna was based on current taxonomic and ecological information, available habitat information and the likelihood that any species of troglofauna or stygofauna would be limited to habitats directly impacted by the proposed development. For troglofauna, the direct impact area comprised the proposed pit boundaries at Klondyke and Copenhagen, while for stygofauna the direct impact area comprised the estimated groundwater drawdown (based on hydrogeological modelling).

Four (4) troglofauna taxa are currently known only from the direct impact areas of the proposed development. The potential risks to these taxa from mining were characterised using a three-point risk classification system (i.e. high, moderate, or low risk) as follows:

• Low risk (3 taxa): Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087`, Trinemura sp. indet. and Nocticola sp. indet.

Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087` and Trinemura sp. indet. were regarded as low risk because their known records were located in the surface detritals which extend extensively beyond the impact areas. The risk assessment of Nocticola sp. indet. was based on current taxonomic information and the likely extent of suitable habitats (fractured rock habitats) beyond impact areas.

• Moderate risk (1 taxon): Cryptorhynchinae sp. `BCO185`,

This taxon was assessed as moderate risk as it is more likely to represent troglobitic SRE fauna and was recorded as a singleton within the Klondyke pit. Nevertheless, its habitat is likely to continue beyond impact areas in the nearby vicinity.

Seven (7) stygofauna taxa recorded during the current survey of the Study Area are known only from within the estimated groundwater drawdown at Copenhagen and Klondyke. Based on current taxonomic and ecological information, modelling of groundwater drawdown and the likely extent of suitable habitats for stygofauna beyond the modelled extent of drawdown, the following risk categories were assigned to these taxa.

• Low risk (4 taxa): Enchytraeidae sp. `BOL028`, Anzcyclops sp. `BCY060`, Parastenocaris sp. indet., and Bogidiellidae sp. indet.

These taxa were regarded as low risk due to current taxonomic and ecological information, and the likely extent of suitable habitats (surface detritals and fractured rock aquifers) beyond impact areas.

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• Moderate risk (3 taxa): Megastygonitocrella sp. `BHA256`, Pilbaranella sp. `BSY042`, and Billibathynella sp. `BSY043`

These taxa were regarded as moderate risk because of their high likelihood to represent short-range endemic stygobite species, as localised speciation and short-range endemism are common patterns within their respective taxonomic groups. However, hydrogeological connectivity with other nearby aquifers is likely, as several shears extend beyond the impact area to the north, north-west and east, with surface detritals/colluvials extending to the south.

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Calidus Resources Limited (Calidus) owns the Warrawoona Gold Project, located approximately 25 kilometres (km) south-east of the town of Marble Bar in the Pilbara Region of Western Australia. The Project comprises the Klondyke, Copenhagen, Coronation and Fieldings Gully Prospects with a global gold resource currently at 1.25 million ounces. Pre-feasibility studies are currently underway to evaluate the potential development of a new open pit and underground mine at Klondyke (which hosts the majority of the gold resource), and the extension of existing mining operations at the satellite deposit Copenhagen (and associated infrastructure).

The key components of the proposed developments are:

• Development of a new open pit at Klondyke; • Development of an underground mine below the main Klondyke open pit; • Extension of the existing Copenhagen deposit; and • Construction of associated infrastructure, including a processing plant, accommodation village, wastewater treatment plants, mine water treatment plants, surface water management structures and power station. The proposed Klondyke open pit is expected to be approximately 2 kilometres long by 200 metres wide, and the final pit floor elevations will be approximately 150 metres deep. The Copenhagen mining developments will extend the existing pit 35 metres to the perimeter and 25 metres deep.

Groundwater drawdown associated with the proposed mining activities is expected to occur both at Copenhagen and Klondyke. Groundwater modelling predicts that the drawdown impact from dewatering at the end of Copenhagen mining (seven months) will extend out radially to around 500 m from the Copenhagen pit perimeter. This groundwater drawdown is expected to have largely recovered by the end of project mining (six years). At Klondyke, the drawdown impact is predicted to extend around 3 km to the northeast and southeast along the strike of the Warrawoona Ranges by the end of mining. However, this estimate does not take into consideration the frequency of large seasonal recharge events and it is considered likely that the final drawdown impact will be smaller than predicted.

Biologic Environmental Survey (Biologic) was commissioned by Calidus to undertake a baseline two- season Level 2 subterranean fauna survey within the Warrawoona Gold Project. The area of interest, hereafter referred to as the Study Area, covers approximately 1,212 hectares (ha) (Figure 1.1).

This report provides:

• a desktop review of all previous subterranean fauna surveys in the vicinity of the Study Area and existing subterranean fauna databases on the local/ sub-regional scale;

• results of a two-phase Level 2 stygofauna and troglofauna survey throughout the Study Area, including detailed identifications of all species collected;

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• assessment of the likely local occurrence of stygofauna and troglofauna species relative to key habitat units and proposed impact areas, and a discussion of their conservation status and wider potential distribution with reference to regional taxonomic comparisons; and

• a detailed risk assessment of key subterranean fauna values (species and habitat) in relation to the potential impacts of the proposed mining development.

1.2 Legislation and guidance

Western Australia’s subterranean fauna is considered globally-significant due to an unprecedented richness of species and high levels of short-range endemism (EPA, 2016c). The EPA’s environmental objective for subterranean fauna is to “protect subterranean fauna so that biological diversity and ecological integrity are maintained” (EPA, 2016a, p2). In this context, the EPA defines ecological integrity as “the composition, structure, function and processes of ecosystems, and the natural range of variation of these elements” (EPA, 2016a, p2).

Protection for conservation significant subterranean species and/ or Threatened or Priority Ecological Communities (TECs and PECs) is provided under State and Federal legislation, comprising:

• Environmental Protection Act 1986 (EP Act 1986) (WA); • Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (WC Act 1950) (WA); • Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 (BC Act 2016) (WA); and • Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act 1999) (Commonwealth).

Most subterranean species and assemblages are not listed under these Acts, due to incomplete taxonomic or ecological knowledge. Consideration of range-restricted subterranean fauna is therefore also important, including species that only occur within restricted habitats, as these have a higher potential of being Short-Range Endemic (SRE) species (Eberhard et al., 2009; Harvey, 2002).

This assessment has been undertaken in consideration of the following EPA guidance statements:

• EPA (2016c) Technical Guidance Subterranean Fauna Survey; • EPA (2016b) Technical Guidance Sampling Methods for Subterranean Fauna; and • EPA (2016a) Environmental Factor Guideline Subterranean Fauna.

1.3 Subterranean fauna

Subterranean fauna are animals that live underground. In Western Australia, subterranean fauna are mainly invertebrates such as crustaceans, insects, arachnids, myriapods, worms, and snails, but a small number of vertebrate taxa such as fish and reptiles have also been found (EPA, 2013; Humphreys, 1999). Subterranean fauna are grouped into two major ecological categories:

• stygofauna - aquatic animals that inhabit groundwater in caves, aquifers and water-saturated interstitial voids; and

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• troglofauna - air-breathing animals that inhabit air-filled caves and smaller voids above the water table.

Nevertheless, there are some taxa which cross-over between these categories and are known to occur in groundwater as well as air-filled subterranean habitats (e.g. enchytraeid worms), and yet other species that occur within subterranean habitats for only part of their lifecycles (stygoxenes/ stygophiles, and trogloxenes/ troglophiles respectively).

Following EPA (EPA, 2016c) guidelines, obligate subterranean fauna (known respectively as stygobites and troglobites) are defined as species that live their entire lives underground and are completely dependent upon, or restricted to, subterranean habitats. Such species are considered to have a high likelihood of being limited to very narrow ranges (i.e. short-range endemic (SRE) species), and therefore may be at greater risk of impacts from proposed developments (EPA, 2016c). SRE species as described by (Harvey, 2002), are species whose natural ranges are limited to <10,000 km2 (or <100 km x 100 km), whereas Eberhard et al. (2009) regarded even this criterion as potentially too vast for range-restricted subterranean fauna, offering an alternative threshold of <1,000 km2 for subterranean SRE species.

Troglobites and stygobites often display evolutionary adaptations to underground life; these include features such as reduced pigment, reduced or vestigial wings, reduced cuticle thickness, elongation of sensory appendages, and reduced eyes or eyelessness. Additional adaptations to underground life can include changes to physiology, lifecycle, metabolism, feeding and behaviour (Christiansen, 2005; Gibert & Deharveng, 2002)

As the darkness of hypogean environments precludes photosynthesis, subterranean ecosystems are generally dependent upon allochthonous inputs of nutrients and oxygen from the surface (except in cases where chemo-autotrophic bacteria are present) (Hahn, 2009). Energy and nutrients are generally transported into subterranean ecosystems by the infiltration of water, particularly via the roots of groundwater dependent vegetation (Howarth, 1983; Humphreys, 2006; Malard & Hervant, 1999; Poulson & Lavoie, 2000). Thus, the porosity (or otherwise) of the overlying geologies, the distance from the surface, and the presence/absence of caves or fissures that can provide a conduit for water and nutrients are important physical features that influence the suitability of underground habitats for subterranean fauna (Hahn & Fuchs, 2009; Strayer, 1994). Groundwater physicochemistry (including salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and redox potential) is also an important determinant of habitat suitability for stygofauna (Eberhard et al., 2009; Hahn, 2009; Humphreys, 2008; Watts & Humphreys, 2004).

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Marble Bar

Coronation

Fieldings Gully Copenhagen 7640517

Klondyke 7633017 Legend Calidus Resources - Warrawoona Study Area IBRA sub-regions Subterranean Fauna Survey Klondyke Pit Chichester Figure 1.1: Regional location and CopenhagenGreater Paraburdoo Pit Fortescue IBRA sub-regions 1:75,000 RoadsStudy Area Hamersley Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50 0 0.75 1.5 3 Projection: Transverse Mercator Roebourne ¯ km Datum: GDA 1994 Size A4. Created 13/03/2019 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

2 ENVIRONMENT

2.1 Biogeography The Study Area is located within the Pilbara bioregion (Figure 1.1), as defined by the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA; Thackway & Cresswell, 1995). The Pilbara bioregion is characterised by vast coastal plains and inland mountain ranges with cliffs and deep gorges (Thackway & Cresswell, 1995). Vegetation is predominantly mulga low woodlands or snappy gum over bunch and hummock grasses (Bastin, 2008). Within the Pilbara bioregion the Study Area is located within the Chichester (PIL 1) subregion. The Chichester subregion is comprised of undulating Archaean granite and basalt plains with areas of basaltic ranges (Kendrick & McKenzie, 2001). The plains support a shrub steppe characterised by Acacia inaequilatera over Triodia wiseana hummock grasslands, while Eucalyptus leucophloia tree steppes occur through the ranges (Kendrick & McKenzie, 2001).

2.2 Climate The Pilbara bioregion has a semi-desert to tropical climate, with rainfall occurring sporadically throughout the year, although mostly during summer (Thackway & Cresswell, 1995). Summer rainfall is usually the result of tropical storms in the north or tropical cyclones that impact upon the coast and move inland (Leighton, 2004). The winter rainfall is generally lighter and is the result of cold fronts moving north easterly across the state (Leighton, 2004). The average annual rainfall ranges from 200-350 mm, although there are significant fluctuations between years (BoM, 2017), with up to 1,200 mm falling in some locations in some years (McKenzie et al., 2009).

Long-term climatic data is not available for the Study Area itself; however, long term climatic data is available from the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) weather station at Marble Bar located approximately north of the Study Area (BoM, 2017). The Marble Bar weather station is expected to provide the most accurate long-term average (LTA) dataset for climatic conditions experienced within the Study Area (Figure 2.1).

45 100 40 90 35 80 30 70 60 C) 25 ° 50 20 40 15

30 Rainfall (mm) 10 20 5 10 Temperature ( 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

LTA Rainfall (mm) LTA Min Temp (°C) LTA Max Temp (°C)

Figure 2.1: Long-term monthly average rainfall and temperature from Marble Bar (BoM 2019)

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2.3 Geology The Warrawoona Gold Project is situated within the Eastern Pilbara Domain of the Archean Pilbara Craton. The Study Area is located on an Archean greenstone terrain synclinally folded between large granitic batholiths (Calidus, 2019) (Figure 2.2). The greenstone succession comprises layered assemblages of volcanic and intrusive mafic, ultramafic and intermediate rocks interbedded with minor cherts and sedimentary rocks, overlain by Proterozoic banded iron formations (BIF) (Calidus, 2019).

Figure 2.2 shows the surface geology of the Warrawoona Gold Project based on GSWA 1:250,000 mapping, and Table 2.1 shows the generalised suitability for subterranean fauna for each of the geological units. The geology of the Study Area comprises the Warrawoona Group, characterised by high-Mg basaltic lavas with lesser tholeiite, andesite, sodic dacite, potassic rhyolite, chert and banded iron formation (BIF) (Calidus, 2019).

The proposed deposits are hosted within three localized ductile shear zones: the Klondyke, Copenhagen and Fielding’s Find shear zones (Calidus, 2019). Gold mineralisation generally occurs within the shear zones, with mineralisation outcropping at surface. At Klondyke, the shear strikes northwest through the centre of the deposit. Several shears parallel the Klondyke shear including the St. George and Coronation shears. At the Copenhagen deposit, the mineralised units occur within a thick sequence of amphibole- chlorite-quartz mafic schists. The area of mineralisation at Copenhagen is up to 80 m thick and lies between a thick chlorite-quartz schist to the north and a 10 m thick bed of talc carbonate schist to the south. At Fieldings Gully, the shear strikes east-west. The Fieldings Gully deposit comprises a sequence of sheared and hydrothermally altered volcanic and sedimentary rocks.

2.4 Surface drainage and indicative catchments The Warrawoona Gold Project is located within the Brockman Hay Cutting Creek catchment situated along the Warrawoona Ranges which form the local surface water divide. (Figure 2.3, Figure 2.4). The main ephemeral water course within the Study Area is the Brockman Hay Cutting creek, which runs from Klondyke to the west into Coongan River, a tributary of the De Grey River system (Figure 2.3). Several small ephemeral water courses and drainage lines flow through the western section of the Study Area near deposits Copenhagen, Coronation and Fielders Gully before joining with Brockman Hay Cutting Creek (Figure 2.3). All watercourses and drainages in the vicinity of the Warrawoona Gold Project are ephemeral, with flows occurring periodically during the summer, however because the Project is situated within the Warrawoona Ranges there are very limited catchment areas upstream of the proposed mining areas.

The Warrawoona Range runs along the north-eastern section of the Study Area. Areas to the south-west and north-east of these rocky ranges are comparatively low lying with elevations of 230 – 300 m (Figure 2.3). The highest peak in the area is Warrawoona Peak with an elevation of 398 m. The Warrawoona Range is comprised of steep-sided relatively small hills and outcrops trending SE-NW (following the regional shear zone), forming a series of parallel ridges separated by narrow valleys. Drainage lines cut through the Range in certain areas (associated with transverse faulting), connecting the narrow valleys and emptying onto the surrounding undulating plains.

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The Warrawoona Ranges form a local surface and groundwater divide directly to the east of the Study Area (GRM, 2019a). Surface water runoff from the Warrawoona Range moves either to the Brockman Creek catchment to the north-east (which discharges into Talga River) or to the Camel Creek catchment in the south-west (which discharges into the Coongan River) (Figure 2.4).

2.5 Hydrogeology

Within the Study Area, the stratigraphic layers of the Warrawoona syncline run vertical or near vertical along the regional shear zone. Water penetration and permeability is facilitated by infiltration along the geological contacts and preferential flow paths created by the fractures/ faults of the shear zones. However, in some areas, transverse faulting has created flow paths perpendicular to the regional shear trend, and in other areas, dolerite dykes may restrict flow paths along the shear zone, which creates further complexities/ heterogeneity for the hydrogeological setting. The Study Area also features a large (20 km long) north-east striking dyke that is likely to form a local barrier to groundwater flow between Klondyke and Copenhagen (GRM, 2019a).

As fractured rock aquifers dominate the hydrogeological settings at the Study Area, permeability can be moderate to high, although storage is variable depending on the size of individual fractures and the degree of wider hydraulic connectivity (GRM, 2019a).

Groundwater table levels are lowest along the topographic highs of the Warrawoona Ranges, such as the proposed Klondyke deposit where it averages around 25 mbgl. There is a strong hydraulic gradient from the Warrawoona Ranges to the south (towards the Coongan River) and to the north (towards the De Grey River), with groundwater levels rising quickly to less than 5 mbgl in the catchment areas to the north-east and south-west of the Warrawoona Ranges (e.g. including Copenhagen, Fieldings Gully and Coronation). Consequently, prospective troglofauna habitat in the low-lying areas at Copenhagen, Coronation and Fieldings Gully is relatively limited.

2.6 Suitability for subterranean fauna habitat

As described above (section 1.3) subterranean fauna habitat is predicated on the occurrence and interconnectedness of subterranean porosity, aperture spaces, voids, cracks, cavities, and caverns (above and below water table). Other than thin detrital layers (i.e. colluvium in the valleys of the Warrawoona Range, and alluvium following drainage lines), subterranean voids are largely limited to fractured rocks associated with the shear zones and transverse faults. The geological layers found in the Study Area are mostly massive and impermeable (Table 2.1), and in-situ weathering has not enhanced their permeability (in contrast to secondary weathering of ironstone geologies). Therefore, deeper subterranean habitats are expected to be limited to the fractures and faults of the shear zones, with geological contacts/ transverse faults providing preferential flow paths for water. These may be overlain in patches by superficial detrital habitats, potentially forming a network of habitable voids/ porosity, but the overall extent of these kinds of habitats and their interconnectivity at the landscape scale is uncertain.

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Table 2.1: Surface geology of the Study Area and generalised suitability for subterranean fauna

Generalised suitability for subterranean fauna Unit Description (AWT/BWT) Detritals (valley fill, Medium to High, depending upon the degree of Poorly consolidated scree, gravel, sand and silt associated with slope flanks (scree/ colluvium), washplains colluvium, consolidation, interconnectivity of pore spaces/ voids (colluvium), and drainage lines (alluvium). alluvium) and the depth from the surface. Formed by the accumulation of small particles. Permeability depends largely on the type of sedimentary rock and Low to Medium, depending upon the degree of Sedimentary rocks ranges from low to high. fracturing. Medium to High, where sufficient vugs, cavities, Sandstone Sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized mineral particles or rock fragments. Permeable and porous. fractures, or void spaces occur. A clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud. Shale is characterized by parallel layering less than one centimetre Typically low, except where fractured by faulting Shale in thickness (fissility). Shale has generally low permeability, except where deeply fractured or faulted. (Medium) Coarse-grained clastic sedimentary rock that is composed of rounded gravel-sized clasts. Conglomerates typically Typically low, except where fractured by faulting Conglomerate contain finer grained sediment (e.g. sand, silt, clay) filling their interstices (called matrix). (Medium) Dense and hard igneous rock that is granular in texture, consisting mainly of feldspar and quartz. Granite has poor Typically low, except where fractured by faulting Granite permeability, except where deeply fractured or faulted. (Medium) Metamorphic rock formed by high temperature and high-pressure. Gneiss nearly always shows a banded texture Typically low, except where fractured by faulting Gneiss (alternating darker and lighter coloured bands). Gneiss has generally low permeability. (Medium) Low to Medium, depending upon the degree of Basalt Volcanic rock that weathers relatively fast compared to other rocks. fracturing and porosity of the local geology. Basic and ultrabasic volcanic Igneous rock with a very low silica but high magnesium and iron content. Unknown/ uncertain rocks Acid volcanic Igneous rock that is compositionally rich in silica, alumina and alkalis. They are generally less dense and lighter in Unknown/ uncertain rocks colour than basic rocks.

Page | 17 766580 772580 778580 784580 790580 796580 802580 808580 814580 820580 7654343 7650343 7646343 7642343 7638343 7634343 7630343

Legend 7626343 Study Area Geology 250k Copenhagen Pit Acid volcanic rocks Klondyke Pit Basalt, sandstone, conglomerate

7622343 Basic and ultrabasic volcanic rocks Calidus Resources - Warrawoona Gneiss Subterranean Fauna Survey Granite Figure 2.2: Geology of the Study Area Greater Paraburdoo and surrounds (GSWA 1:250,000) Sandstone, shale, conglomerate 1:200,000 Study Area Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50 Sedimentary rocks 0 2.25 4.5 9 Projection: Transverse Mercator ¯ km Datum: GDA 1994 Size A4. Created 13/03/2019 780510 789510 798510 807510

KLONDYKE PIT 7645082

Brockman Creek

Brockman Hay Cutting Creek 7637582

Camel Creek

Sandy Creek

COPENHAGEN PIT 7630082 Legend Calidus Resources - Warrawoona Subterranean Fauna Survey Copenhagen Pit Drainage Lines 260-280 meters Figure 2.3: Surface drainage of the KlondykeGreater Paraburdoo Pit Roads 280-300 meters Study Area and surrounds 1:100,000 StudyStudy Area Area Elevation Contours 300-330 meters Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50 0 1 2 4 Projection: Transverse Mercator km 230-260 meters 330-390 meters ¯ Datum: GDA 1994 Size A4. Created 13/07/2019 784338 793338 802338

Brockman Hay Brockman Cutting Creek Creek 7639459

Camel Creek

Sandy Creek 7631959 Legend Calidus Resources - Warrawoona Study Area Local Catchment Areas Subterranean Fauna Survey Copenhagen Pit Brockman Creek catchment area Figure 2.4: Regional surface hydrology KlondykeGreater Pit ParaburdooBrockman Hay Cutting Creek catchment area 1:75,000 DrainageStudy LinesArea Camel creek catchment area Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50 0 0.75 1.5 3 Projection: Transverse Mercator Sandy Creek catchment area ¯ km Datum: GDA 1994 Size A4. Created 13/03/2019 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

3 METHODS

3.1 Database search and review of previous reports

Four databases were searched for subterranean fauna records in April 2014 (Table 3.1):

• Western Australian Museum (WAM) Arachnida/ Myriapoda database; • WAM Crustacea database; • DBCA’s Pilbara Stygofauna Survey species list (Halse & Eberhard, 2014); and • Subterranean Ecology’s database (last updated in 2012).

All records were filtered based on collection methods and known stygofauna/ troglofauna taxonomic groups where information on subterranean status was not present in the data.

Table 3.1. Databases searched for subterranean fauna records

Database Parameters NatureMap 20 km radius around 21°19`38”S and 119°52`33”E ALA 10 km radius around 21°19`38”S and 119°52`33”E WAM Arachnida/ Myriapoda 60 km radius around 21°19`38”S and 119°52`33”E WAM Crustacea DBCA’s Pilbara Stygofauna 60 km radius around 21°19`38”S and 119°52`33”E Survey Subterranean Ecology 60 km radius around 21°19`38”S and 119°52`33”E database

Reports from subterranean fauna surveys within 100 km of the Study Areas were reviewed for local and regional context. Reports from relevant surveys are listed below:

• Corunna Downs Subterranean Fauna Assessment (MWH, 2016); • McPhee Creek Subterranean Fauna Survey (Subterranean Ecology, 2012a); • Sulphur Springs Subterranean Fauna Survey Report 1 (Subterranean Ecology, 2006); • Panorama Project Subterranean Fauna Survey Report 2 (Subterranean Ecology, 2007); • Mount Webber Desktop Assessment of Subterranean Fauna (Subterranean Ecology, 2012b); • Abydos Troglofauna Survey (Subterranean Ecology, 2009); and • Abydos Troglofauna Survey 2010 (Subterranean Ecology, 2010).

3.2 Survey timing The Level 2 subterranean fauna survey was a two-phase survey, undertaken in accordance with guidelines for subterranean fauna assessments (EPA 2016a, 2016b, 2016c). The first phase of sampling was undertaken during the dry season months May – July 2018, with the second phase being undertaken in March – May 2019, representing a wet season survey. Each survey phase comprised two field trips as follows:

Page | 21 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Phase 1

• Trip 1, 8th – 15th May 2018: trap deployment and scrape / haul / pump sampling; and • Trip 2, 15th July 2018: trap retrieval by Calidus personnel.

Phase 2

• Trip 3, 12 – 19 March 2019: trap deployment and scrape / haul / pump sampling; and • Trip 4, 28th May 2019: trap retrieval by Calidus personnel.

The daily maximum temperatures during Phase 1 (Trip 1: 8 – 15 May 2018) at the Study Area ranged from 35.8°C to 36.2°C, whereas the overnight minima ranged from 17°C to 19.9°C (Figure 3.1). These conditions were consistent with the long-term average temperatures for the same period (Figure 3.1). Marble Bar received no rainfall in the four weeks prior to Phase 1 trap deployment, and rainfall in the three months prior to Trip 1 was well below average (63 mm; 111 mm below the long-term average). However, significant rainfall well above average, was recorded in January 2018 (377 mm; 210 mm above the long-term average). This would be expected to have significantly recharged the subterranean habitats, and therefore fauna sampling during Phase 1 (dry season) survey was unlikely to have been limited by a lack of wet season rainfall.

The daily maximum temperatures during Phase 2 (Trip 3: 12 – 19 March 2019) ranged from 36.7°C to 42.7°C, reflecting slightly warmer than average long-term temperatures. Wet season sampling was conducted following a significant rainfall event (32 mm) in late February, with a further 64 mm received during the course of Phase 2 sampling (BoM, 2019). During the period Phase 2 troglofauna traps were deployed (12 March – 28 May 2019) , the Study Area was hit by Cyclone Veronica, experiencing well above average rainfall for March 2019 (236 mm; 324% above the long-term average) (Figure 3.1). This resulted in groundwater levels throughout the Study Area experiencing significant recharge, particularly through drainage channels and low-lying areas such as Copenhagen. Consequently, a number of troglofauna traps at Copenhagen were flooded with the rise in groundwater levels and were subsequently raised above groundwater levels and remained in-situ for an additional eight weeks to align with recommended guidance statements (EPA, 2016b). This is not expected to be a limitation or have materially affected Phase 2 faunal results of the survey.

Page | 22 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

50 350

45 300 40

35 250

C ° 30 200 25 150

20 Rainfall Rainfall (mm) Temperature 15 100 10 50 5

0 0

Obs Rain LTA Rain Max °C Obs LTA Max Min °C Obs LTA Min

Figure 3.1: Long term average (LTA) and current (2018-2019) climatic data at Marble Bar (Station 004106), (data from BoM 2019*)*Note: Data includes total monthly rainfall (mm) and average monthly maximum and minimum temperatures (°C). Approximate survey timing (trap deployment and scrape/haul sampling) is indicated by the black boxes. The arrows depict the timing of trap retrieval by Calidus personnel.

3.3 Site selection and survey effort Within the Study Area, site selection for subterranean fauna sampling was limited to accessible, vertical bores (i.e. cased, production or monitoring bores) and drill holes (uncased holes). The ratios of troglofauna trapping to scraping and net hauling within and near each deposit were dependent upon drill hole construction (uncased required for troglofauna), angle (90° required for scraping and net hauling), time since drilling (>6 months required for stygofauna, following EPA 2016b), and whether the holes intercepted groundwater (required for stygofauna).

A total of 118 bores and holes were sampled throughout the Study Area over the course of two phases. In total, 82 holes were sampled by troglofauna trapping, 99 bores and holes were sampled by scraping for troglofauna, and 87 were sampled by stygofauna net-hauling. Some holes were sampled during both trips while others were sampled using combined net hauling/ scraping/ trapping methods. Three troglofauna traps (excluded from survey sample numbers) were lost to disturbance.

A total of 207 subterranean fauna samples were collected during the survey. This comprised 198 troglofauna samples collected by trapping (87 samples) and scraping (111 samples), and 93 stygofauna samples collected by net hauling during the survey. Table 3.2 provides details of the number of samples collected within and nearby each sampling area with respect to the methods employed, and Figures 3.2 and 3.3 shows the location of holes visited and sampled throughout the Study Area. Details of bores and drill holes visited during the survey are provided in Appendix A.

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Table 3.2: Numbers of samples collected within and near each deposit

Fieldings Copenhagen Coronation Klondyke Total Gully Traps retrieved 18 6 12 51 87 Scrapes 6 - 2 19 27 Net hauls 5 - 1 3 9 Combined scrape/ net 19 13 11 41 84 haul Troglofauna total 43 19 25 111 198 Stygofauna total 24 13 12 44 93 Grand total, all samples 48 19 26 114 207

Page | 24 784127 793127 802127 )"

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)"*# 7632193 Legend Calidus Resources - Warrawoona Subterranean Fauna Survey Study Area Number of trap samples Number of scrape samples Figure 3.2: Sampling effort for troglofauna Greater Paraburdoo *# )" per site (current survey) Copenhagen Pit 1 1 1:75,000 Study Area Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50 " Klondyke Pit *# 2 ) 2 0 0.75 1.5 3 Projection: Transverse Mercator ¯ km Datum: GDA 1994 Size A4. Created 13/03/2019 784106 793106 802106 *# *# *# *# *#*# *# *# *#*# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *#*# *#*# Coronation *# *#*#*#*# *# Fieldings Gully *#*#*#*#*# Copenhagen *# *#*# *# *#*# *# *# *#*#*#*#*#*#*# *#*#*#*#*#*#*#*# *# *# *#*#*#*# *# *# *# *# 7639736

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*# 7632236 Legend Calidus Resources - Warrawoona Subterranean Fauna Survey Study Area Number of haul samples Figure 3.3: Sampling effort for Stygofauna Greater Paraburdoo *# 1 per site (current survey) Copenhagen Pit 1:75,000 Study Area # Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50 Klondyke Pit * 2 0 0.75 1.5 3 Projection: Transverse Mercator ¯ km Datum: GDA 1994 Size A4. Created 13/03/2019 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

3.4 Sampling methods The sampling methods used were consistent with EAG #12 (EPA, 2016c), Guidance Statement #54A (EPA, 2016b) and the Stygofauna Sampling Protocol developed for the Pilbara Biodiversity Study Subterranean Fauna Survey (Eberhard et al., 2005; Eberhard et al., 2009). The field work was undertaken by Syngeon Rodman, Michael Brown, Phil Runham and Courtney Brown. Laboratory sorting was undertaken by Dean Main, Shae Callan, Syngeon Rodman, Fabian Rudin, Mary van Wees, and Dr Nihara Gunawardene.

3.4.1 Troglofauna trapping

Trapping utilises custom made cylindrical PVC traps (approximately 50 mm x 300 mm) baited with decaying leaf litter (dead spinifex / acacia sourced from the Pilbara region), which were sterilised with boiling water. Traps are lowered via a nylon cord to a suitable depth and left in operation six to eight weeks, before being collected and transported back to the laboratory in Perth.

3.4.2 Troglofauna scraping

Scraping was undertaken at vertical, uncased drill holes using a reinforced 150 µm weighted stygofauna net, with a specialised scraping attachment used above the net to maximise gentle contact with the walls of the hole. The net was lowered and raised through the full length of the hole at least three (3) times for holes where no water was present, with each haul being emptied into a sample bucket as per net-hauling. Where the water table was intercepted, a combined net-haul / scrape sample was taken using the scraping attachment, comprising six (6) hauls throughout the full length of the hole from top to bottom, including both the air filled and below water subterranean habitats. The contents of the sample were elutriated, processed, and stored in 100 % ethanol as per net-hauling. Nevertheless, this technique can frequently result in stygofauna by-catch where scraping nets are lowered below the water table to collect any invertebrates that may have fallen past the net.

3.4.3 Stygofauna net-hauling

Stygofauna were sampled by standard net-hauling methods, using a plankton net of a diameter to suit each bore or drill hole (in most cases 30-80 mm). Each haul sample comprised a total of six hauls from the bottom of the hole to the top, with three hauls using a 150 μm mesh and three hauls using a 50 μm mesh. The base of the net was fitted with a lead weight and a sample receptacle with a base mesh of 50 μm. To stir up sediments, the net was raised and lowered at the bottom of the hole prior to retrieval and hauled at an even pace through the water column to maximise filtration of the water.

The sample from each haul was emptied into a bucket, which was elutriated after the final haul to remove coarse sediments and filtered back through the 50 μm net/ sample receptacle to remove as much water as possible. The sample was transferred to a 50-120 mL preservation vial (depending upon the quantity of sediment) and preserved in 100% ethanol. The ethanol and the samples were kept chilled on ice to facilitate cool-temperature DNA fixation.

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3.4.4 Water physicochemistry

Prior to stygofauna sampling, a groundwater sample was collected using a 1m plastic cylindrical bailer, for the purposes of physicochemical measurements. The bailer was lowered down the hole until reaching groundwater and a water sample was collected at a depth of 2 m below the surface. As such the results were not indicative of water parameters throughout the entire bore (or aquifer) but rather provide a general indication of near surface conditions. Conditions sampled during pumping were measured using a sample collected from the pump outflow, which would have artificially increased the dissolved oxygen readings.

Groundwater physicochemical data (including EC, pH, TDS, Redox ORP, and dissolved O2) was measured using a multi-parameter water meter. Constrictions in piezometer bores, blockages from root material, or excessive depths to groundwater inhibited the collection of physicochemical readings at some sites.

3.4.5 Sorting and taxonomy

Sorting and parataxonomy were undertaken in-house using dissecting microscopes. The personnel involved (D. Main, S. Callan, N. Gunawardene, S. Rodman, F. Rudin, and M. van Wees) were all suitably trained and experienced in sorting and parataxonomy of subterranean fauna.

Parataxonomy of the specimens utilised published literature and taxonomic keys where available. Each morphospecies from each sample was assigned a separate labelled vial and labelled with a specimen tracking code. Taxonomic groups were examined in as much detail as possible using in-house expertise, before sending a reference collection to specialist taxonomists for detailed taxonomic advice. Species comparisons and alignments were performed using regional specimens collected beyond the Study Area throughout the wider sub-regional area. Jane McRae provided specialist taxonomic identifications and regional alignments.

3.4.6 Conservation status and SRE classification

A few subterranean species and assemblages from the Pilbara region are listed under relevant legislation as threatened species, or as Threatened or Priority Ecological Communities in certain locations. Any listed subterranean species or community is regarded as conservation significant although, due to a lack of survey effort and taxonomic certainty for the majority of subterranean fauna in the Pilbara region, there are many potentially range-restricted (SRE) or conservation significant species and communities that do not appear on these lists.

The likelihood of taxa representing SRE species (i.e. distribution <10,000 km2 following Harvey 2002, or <1,000 km2 following Eberhard et al. 2009) was assessed based on the known local species distribution, and regional comparisons where data was available, following advice from the WAM and other relevant taxonomic specialists. The assessment of SRE status was highly dependent on:

1. the degree of taxonomic certainty at the genus and species levels; 2. the current state of taxonomic and ecological knowledge for each taxon (including whether a regional genetic context has been investigated); 3. the scale and intensity of the local and regional sampling effort; and 4. whether or not relevant taxonomic specialists were available to provide advice.

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The SRE status categories used in this report follow the WAM’s categorisation for SRE invertebrates. This system is based upon the 10,000 km2 range criterion proposed by Harvey (2002), and uses three broad categories to deal with varying levels of taxonomic certainty that may apply to any given taxon (Table 3.3). Owing to the fact that the majority of subterranean fauna are poorly known taxonomically, and the general limitations to sampling subterranean fauna, the majority of morphospecies invariably fall within one (or several) of the five Potential SRE sub-categories.

Table 3.3: SRE categorisation used by WAM taxonomists

Taxonomic Certainty Taxonomic Uncertainty

Confirmed SRE Potential SRE • A known distribution of • Patchy sampling has resulted in < 10,000km2. incomplete knowledge of geographic distribution. Distribution • The taxonomy is well known. 2 • Incomplete taxonomic knowledge. <10 000km • The group is well represented in collections and/ or via • The group is not well represented comprehensive sampling. in collections. • Category applies where there are significant knowledge gaps. Widespread (not an SRE)

• A known distribution of > 10,000km2. SRE Sub-categories may apply: Distribution A) Data Deficient • The taxonomy is well known. >10 000km2 B) Habitat Indicators • The group is well represented in collections and/ or via C) Morphology Indicators comprehensive sampling. D) Molecular Evidence

E) Research & Expertise

The degree of stygomorphy or troglomorphy (observable physical adaptations to subterranean habitats such as eyelessness, depigmentation, elongation of sensory appendages and thinning of the cuticle) assessed to determine each morphospecies’ ‘subterranean status’, i.e. whether a taxon was more or less likely to be an obligate subterranean species (stygobite/ troglobite). It is acknowledged that the current EPA guideline for subterranean fauna does not account for non-obligate subterranean fauna, stating, "…subterranean fauna are defined as fauna which live their entire lives (obligate) below the surface of the earth.... Fauna that use a subterranean environment for only part of the day or season (e.g. soil-dwelling or burrowing species, cave-dwelling bats and birds) are not considered as subterranean fauna for this EAG" (EPA, 2013).

Nevertheless, there may be fauna with restricted distributions <10,000 km2 following Harvey (2002), or <1,000 km2 following Eberhard et al. (2009) that are of interest because of their SRE status, regardless of whether they can be definitively regarded as ‘obligate’ subterranean fauna. For this reason, this report presents an assessment of both the subterranean status and the SRE status of each taxon collected, to the best available knowledge.

In some cases where thorough sampling has been conducted and sufficient habitat information and ecological information is available, the potential occurrence of a taxon at a local scale may be inferred via the extent of habitats, particularly where the rest of the assemblages are highly similar, and the

Page | 29 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey habitats appear well-connected. Despite the suggestion within the current EPA (2013) guidelines that related species’ ranges may be used as surrogates for poorly-known species’ ranges, the level of evidence required to support the identification of an appropriate surrogate is almost prohibitively high for most subterranean fauna, therefore this would only be investigated as a last resort.

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4 RESULTS

4.1 Database searches The WAM, Subterranean Ecology and DBCA’s Pilbara Stygofauna Survey records revealed 29 troglofauna taxa belonging to 14 taxonomic groups, and 68 stygofauna (including potential stygofauna) taxa from 12 taxonomic groups within 60 km of the Study Area (Table 4.1). The locations of these subterranean fauna records are shown in Figure 4.1 and 4.2. None of the troglofauna or stygofauna taxa recorded from the database searches were recorded within the Study Area, owing to the lack of previous sampling.

Based on current knowledge, none of the described troglofauna or stygofauna species appear on any threatened species lists. Particularly in relation to the stygofauna taxa, the majority of the records comprise widespread species known to occur beyond the Study Area. However, owing to the indeterminate identifications of many of the taxa recorded, a number of records cannot be assessed for wider local/ regional distributions. A list of all database search records is presented in Appendix B.

Table 4.1: Troglofauna and stygofauna morphospecies recorded in the databases within 60 km of the Study Area (search parameters as per Table 3.1) Likely subterranean SRE status Taxonomy Source status where known Rotifera Bdelloidea sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain DBCA Platyhelminthes Turbellaria sp. D4: ED4: E278 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Platyhelminthes sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain SubEcol Nematoda Nematoda sp. 17 Stygofauna Potential SRE DBCA Nematoda sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain DBCA Polychaeta Aeolosoma sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Oligochaeta Dero furcata Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Enchytraeidae sp. McP Stygofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Insulodrilus lacustris s.l. Pilbara type 2/3 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Monopylephorus n. sp. WA29 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Phreodrilid with dissimilar ventral Stygofauna Widespread DBCA chaetae Phreodrilid with similar ventral chaetae Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Pristina? sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain SubEcol Enchytraeidae sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain SubEcol Phreodrilidae sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain SubEcol Acari Guineaxonopsis sp. S1 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Oribatida sp. indet. Potential stygofauna Uncertain WAM Recifella sp. indet. Potential stygofauna Uncertain WAM & DBCA Wandesia sp. indet. Potential stygofauna Uncertain WAM

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Likely subterranean SRE status Taxonomy Source status where known Guineaxonopsis sp. indet.* Potential stygofauna Uncertain WAM Ostracoda Amphitritecandona secunda Stygofauna Potential SRE WAM & DBCA Areacandona cf. sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Bennelongia sp.2 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Bennelongia strelleyensis Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Candonopsis pilbarae Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Cypretta seurati Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Cyprinotus kimberleyensis Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Gomphodella hirsuta Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Gomphodella 'quasihirsuta' ms Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Heterocypris 'kimberleyensis' ms Stygofauna Widespread DBCA SubEcol & Humphreyscandona capillus Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Kencandona harleyi Stygofauna Widespread WAM & DBCA Leicacandona cf. carinata Stygofauna Potential SRE DBCA Leicacandona jimi Stygofauna Potential SRE DBCA Leicacandona lite Stygofauna Potential SRE WAM & DBCA Leicacandona makra Stygofauna Potential SRE WAM & DBCA Limnocythere sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Strandesia sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain DBCA Cyprididae sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain SubEcol Leicacandona sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain SubEcol SubEcol & Ostracoda sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain DBCA Cyclopoida SubEcol & Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread DBCA SubEcol & Diacyclops humphreysi humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Diacyclops scanloni Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Diacyclops sobeprolatus Stygofauna Widespread WAM & DBCA Meridiecyclops baylyi Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Mesocyclops brooksi Stygofauna Widespread SubEcol Metacyclops sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain DBCA WAM & DBCA & Microcyclops varicans Stygofauna Widespread SubEcol Orbuscyclops westaustraliensis Stygofauna Widespread WAM Cyclopoida sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain SubEcol Harpacticoida Dussartstenocaris sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE SubEcol SubEcol & Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Megastygonitocrella trispinosa Stygofauna Widespread SubEcol Megastygonitocrella unispinosa Stygofauna Widespread WAM Parastenocaris jane Stygofauna Widespread SubEcol Parastenocaris sp. 3 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Parastenocaris sp. B23 Stygofauna Potential SRE WAM

Page | 32 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Likely subterranean SRE status Taxonomy Source status where known Pseudectinosoma galassiae Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Stygonitocrella bispinosa Stygofauna Widespread DBCA SubEcol & Stygonitocrella trispinosa Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Stygonitocrella unispinosa Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Canthocamptidae sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain DBCA Parastenocaris sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain DBCA SubEcol & Harpacticoida sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain DBCA Syncarida Bathynella sp. 2 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Bathynellidae sp. McP Stygofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Billibathynella sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE SubEcol nr Kimberleybathynella sp. McP Stygofauna Potential SRE SubEcol nr Atopobathynella sp. B16 Stygofauna Potential SRE WAM Amphipoda Bogidiellidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Melitidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Melitidae sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Nedsia sp. indet. Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Paramelitidae sp. 2 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Paramelitidae sp. 6 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Paramelitidae sp. 7 Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Paramelitidae sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Pilbarus millsi Stygofauna Widespread DBCA Melitidae sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain DBCA SubEcol & Paramelitidae sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain DBCA Isopoda Coxicerberus sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Hanoniscus? sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Philosciidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Troglarmadillo sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Troglarmadillo sp. Mcp2 Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Microcerberidae sp. indet.* Stygofauna Uncertain WAM & DBCA Scolopendrida Cryptops sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Geophilida Chilenophilidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Polyxenida Polyxenida sp. S1 (MW) Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Polyxenida sp. RRV Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Polyxenida sp. indet.* Troglofauna Uncertain SubEcol Pauropoda Pauropoda sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Diplura

Page | 33 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Likely subterranean SRE status Taxonomy Source status where known Anajapygidae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Anajapygidae sp. McP2 Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Anajapygidae sp. McP3 Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Pseudoscorpiones Indohya sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Palpigradi Palpigradi sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Palpigradi sp. indet.* Troglofauna Uncertain SubEcol Schizomida Draculoides sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Araneae Anapistula sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Prethopalpus sp. indet. Troglofauna Uncertain WAM Oonopidae sp. indet.* Troglofauna Uncertain SubEcol Zygentoma Ateluridae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Trinemura sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Ateluridae sp. indet.* Troglofauna Uncertain SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Nocticola sp. indet.* Troglofauna Uncertain SubEcol Hemiptera Meenoplidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Meenoplidae sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Meenoplidae sp. indet.* Troglofauna Uncertain SubEcol Coleoptera Anillini sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Anillini sp. McP2 Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Anillini sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Cryptorhynchinae sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Curculionidae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Pselaphinae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE SubEcol Note: *Asterisk indicates indeterminate taxa such as ‘Meenoplidae sp. indet.’ which are not included in species counts as they represent specimens that cannot be allocated to the other known species based on current taxonomic information.

Page | 34 732370 748370 764370 780370 796370 812370 828370 844370

7658339 Cryptops-OES5 Curculionidae-OES11 Illaphanus-OES2 Indohya-OES6 InjapxInjapx-OES5 Anajapygidae sp. McP1 Injapx-OES5 Anajapygidae sp. McP2 Lophoproctidae-OES1 Anajapygidae sp. McP3 Nocticola-OES10 Anillini sp. McP1 Philosciidae-OES18 Anillini sp. McP2 Projapygidae-OES2 Ateluridae indet. 7644339 Prosopodesmus-OES8 Ateluridae sp. McP1 Symphyla-OES1 Chilenophilidae sp. McP Tenebrionidae-OES1 Cryptops sp. McP Tyrannochthonius-OES16 Curculionidae sp. McP1 Meenoplidae indet. Meenoplidae sp. McP Nocticola indet. Nocticola sp. McP Anapistula sp. MW Oonopidae indet. Anillini sp. MW Palpigradi indet.

7630339 Cryptorhynchinae sp. MW Palpigradi sp. McP Hanoniscus? sp. MW Pauropoda sp. McP Indohya sp. MW Philosciidae sp. McP Meenoplidae sp. MW Polyxenida indet. Nocticola sp. MW Polyxenida sp. RRV Polyxenida sp. S1 (MW) Prethopalpus sp. indet. Pselaphinae sp. McP Trinemura sp. McP Troglarmadillo sp. McP1 Troglarmadillo sp. McP2 7616339

7602339 Legend Calidus Resources - Warrawoona Study Area Troglofauna Order Diplura Palpigradi Pseudoscorpiones Subterranean Fauna Survey Figure 4.1: Previous troglofauna records Copenhagen Pit Araneae Geophilida Pauropoda Schizomida Greater Paraburdoo within 60 km of the Study Area Blattodea Hemiptera Polydesmida Scolopendrida 1:400,000 KlondykeStudy Area Pit Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50 Isopoda Polyxenida Symphyla Coleoptera 0 4.5 9 18 Projection: Transverse Mercator Zygentoma ¯ km Datum: GDA 1994 Size A4. Created 13/03/2019 713551 737551 761551 785551 809551 833551 857551 881551

7695088 #*#*#* #*#*#*#* #* #*#* #*#*#*#* #*#*#*#* #*#* 7675088

#*#* #* #*#*#* #*#*#*#* #*#* #*#*#* #*#*#* 7655088 #* #*#*#*

7635088 #*#* #* #*#* #*#*#*#* #*#* #*#*#*#* #*#*#* #*#*#* #*#*#*#*#*#* #*#*#*#* 7615088 #*#* #*#*#* #*#*#* 7595088 Legend Calidus Resources - Warrawoona Study Area Higher Order #* Isopoda #* Platyhelminthes Subterranean Fauna Survey Copenhagen Pit #* Acari #* Nematoda #* Polychaeta Figure 4.2: Previous stygofauna records Greater Paraburdoo within 60 km of the Study Area Klondyke Pit #* Amphipoda #* Oligochaeta #* Rotifera 1:600,000 Study Area Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50 0 5 10 20 #* Cyclopoida #* Ostracoda #* Syncarida Projection: Transverse Mercator ¯ km Datum: GDA 1994 Size A4. Created 13/03/2019 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

4.3 Previous survey results

Reports from subterranean fauna surveys within 100 km of the Study Area were reviewed for local and regional context. Little previous subterranean fauna work has been conducted within the immediate vicinity of the Study Area, owing mainly to the low number of nearby (i.e. within 50 km) mining operations. None of the surveys sampled bores/ drill holes within the Study Area and most sampling was undertaken at sites characterised by different geologies to that of the Study Area (e.g. BIF), hindering the direct comparison of subfaunal records.

The closest subterranean fauna survey was conducted at Corunna Downs, located approximately 20 km to the south of the Study Area (MWH, 2016). In total, 140 bores and drill holes were sampled for troglofauna and stygofauna, though no stygofauna specimens were detected. Thirteen troglofauna species from nine higher level taxonomic groups were recorded, comprising Blattodea, Coleoptera, Diplura, Isopoda, Polydesmida, Polyxenida, Pseudoscorpiones, Scolopendromorpha and Symphyla. Troglofauna were collected from geothite-hematite BIF habitat.

Subterranean fauna surveys undertaken at McPhee Creek, approximately 50 km south-east of the Study Area, recorded a diverse troglofauna assemblage (Subterranean Ecology, 2012a). Twenty-one troglofauna species representing 11 higher groups were recorded, comprising Araneae, Palpigradi, Diplura, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Zygentoma, Isopoda, Chilopoda, Diplopoda and Pauropoda. The distributions of troglofauna demonstrated that the habitable geology was not confined to BIF zones but also included the weathered and fractured geological units outside the deposits. A total of 12 stygofauna species from four orders (Copepoda, Syncarida, Oligochaeta and Ostracoda) were collected, most of which were widespread and not of conservation concern.

Surveys conducted at Sulphur Springs, located approximately 50 km north-west of the Study Area, recorded a diverse stygofauna assemblage in the alluvial aquifer systems associated with the upper catchment tributaries of the East Strelley and Shaw Rivers. In contrast, only one species of troglofauna was recorded, a subterranean Nocticola cockroach. This specimen was mainly found in the volcanic- sedimentary units that overlay the granite-greenstone complex.

Subterranean fauna surveys at Mt Webber, located approximately 60 km south-west of the Study Area, revealed a moderately rich troglofauna assemblage, with 12 troglofauna species from nine orders being recorded. The troglofauna were collected from geothite-hematite and chert-rich BIF habitat in the western part of the Mt Webber Project and fractured ultramafic/mafic rock type habitats to the east. A total of ten stygofauna morphospecies and six indeterminate stygofauna taxa were recorded at Mt Webber. Of these, two species were only known from the Study Area (Billibathynella sp. MW and Dussartstenocaris sp. MW).

The two troglofauna surveys at Abydos, approximately 80 km north-west of the Study Area, recorded a diverse troglofauna assemblage from Archean BIF deposits within the Paddy Market Formation. Diamond drill cores from the mineralised zones indicated relatively well-developed secondary porosity that extended to more than 50 mbgl. The distributions of troglofauna collected indicated that many species

Page | 37 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey were not confined to individual deposit areas but were more widely dispersed along the ridge demonstrating that weathered and fractured geological units provided suitable habitat for troglofauna as well as BIF.

Table 4.2: Summary of previous subterranean fauna survey effort and results within 100 km of the Study Area

Corunna Mount Webber Sulphur Downs McPhee Creek Desktop Abydos Abydos Springs Previous survey Subterranean Subterranean Assessment of Troglofauna Troglofauna Subterranean Fauna Fauna Survey Subterranean Survey Survey Fauna Survey Assessment Fauna Subterranean Subterranean Subterranean Subterranean Subterranean Author, year MWH 2016 Ecology 2006 Ecology 2012 Ecology 2012 Ecology 2009 Ecology 2010 & 2007 Distance from 22 km S 50 km SE 53 km NW 63 km SW 77 km NW 77 km NW Study Area Alluvium, Goethite- Goethite- Goethite- calcrete, chert, hematite and BIF, minor BIF, minor Geology hematite BIF hematite BIF shales, chert-rich BIF, shale, siltstone shale, siltstone sandstone ultramafic/mafic Troglofauna & Troglofauna & Troglofauna & Troglofauna & Fauna targeted Troglofauna Troglofauna Stygofauna Stygofauna Stygofauna Stygofauna

Corunna McPhee Sulphur Mount Areas sampled Abydos Abydos Downs Creek Springs Webber

Bores sampled 140 99 53 109 183 95 Bores sampled in current 0 0 0 0 0 0 deposits

Trapping, Trapping, Trapping, Net Scraping, Net Trapping, Methods Scraping, Net Scraping, Net Trapping hauling hauling Scraping hauling hauling

Trog collected Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Araneae ● ● Blattodea ● ● ● ● ● ● Coleoptera ● ● ● ● Diplura ● ● Geophilida ● Hemiptera ● ● Isopoda ● ● ● ● ● Oligochaeta ● ● Palpigradi ● Pauropoda ● Polydesmida ● ● ● Polyxenida ● ● ● ● ● Pseudoscorpiones ● ● ● ● Schizomida ● Scolopendrida ● ● Zygentoma ● Stygo collected Not found Yes Yes Yes No No Acari ● Amphipoda ●

Page | 38 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

4.4 Current survey results

The current survey recorded a total of 1979 subterranean fauna specimens, comprising almost 99% stygofauna (1955 specimens) with the remaining 1% troglofauna (24 specimens). The records were collected from 62 bores and holes throughout Klondyke, Copenhagen, Coronation and Fieldings Gully prospects of the Study Area.

4.4.1 Troglofauna results

A total of 24 troglofauna or potential troglofauna specimens were collected during the current survey, representing six morphospecies belonging to five taxonomic groups: Pseudoscorpiones, Zygentoma, Blattodea, Diptera, and Coleoptera. Blattodea were the most abundant group, accounting for the majority of troglofauna recorded (75%, 19 specimens), followed by Zygentoma (3 specimens) with single records of Pseudoscorpiones, Diptera and Coleoptera.

Compared to other subterranean fauna surveys within the wider area, the troglofauna species assemblage recorded during the current survey is relatively depauperate. Surveys at Corunna Downs, McPhee Creek and Mt Webber recorded at least twice the number of troglofauna morphospecies with similar (or smaller) sample effort, with 13, 21, and 12 species recorded respectively (Table 4.2). The depauperate troglofauna species assemblage at Warrawoona most likely reflects the limited troglofauna habitat available in many of the prospects due to high groundwater levels.

Table 4.3 lists all troglofauna taxa collected within the Study Area alongside taxonomic and distribution comments including known linear ranges. The locations of subterranean troglofauna collected during the survey are shown in Figure 4.3.

Of the six morphospecies recorded; Sciaridae sp. `DPT006` is known to be widespread in the Pilbara with a linear range exceeding 1000 km, and Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087` was recorded from multiple sites across two deposits (Klondyke and Copenhagen) spanning 9 km within the Study Area. Two troglofauna taxa (Lagynochthonius sp. `BPS203` and Cryptorhynchinae sp. `BCO185`) were recorded as singleton

Page | 39 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey records (one individual from a single site) and as such, their distributions are currently unknown. Two further groups; Nocticola sp. indet. and Trinemura sp. indet., represent indeterminate taxa (higher level identifications) that could not be resolved to species-level due to specimens being immature, in poor/damaged condition or the wrong sex for species-level identifications. Nocticola sp. indet. were recorded from multiple sites across deposits Klondyke and Coronation, whilst Trinemura sp. indet. represents a singleton record from Copenhagen. Due to the taxonomic uncertainty, it is unclear whether Nocticola sp. indet. consists of a single or multiple species, whereas Trinemura sp. indet. represents a unique morphospecies to the Study Area.

The survey results identified four troglofauna taxa that are currently known only within the proposed mining pits, as shown in red font in Table 4.3 and listed below:

• Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087` • Cryptorhynchinae sp. `BCO185` • Trinemura sp. indet. • Nocticola sp. indet.

Further details relating to these taxa are discussed in section 6.

Page | 40 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Table 4.3: Troglofauna results to date, taxonomic and distribution comments, known linear ranges and collection locations. Red fonts indicate taxa detected only within proposed impact areas.

Subterranean status, SRE Distribution Known linear Taxonomy COP COR FG KL Total Taxonomic comments status comments range (km) ARACHNIDA

Pseudoscorpiones Lagynochthonius sp. `BPS203` 1 1 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies Troglofauna, Potential SRE Singleton -

INSECTA

Zygentoma Potential Troglofauna, Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087` 1 1 2 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies 2 sites 9 Potential SRE Indeterminate genus-level taxon (juvenile Trinemura sp. indet.* 1 1 Troglofauna, Uncertain Putative Singleton Uncertain specimen) Blattodea Indeterminate genus-level taxon (juvenile Nocticola sp. indet.* 1 17 18 Troglofauna, Uncertain 9 sites Uncertain specimens) Diptera Morphologically identified to unique, widespread Potential Troglofauna, Singleton, Sciaridae sp. `DPT006` 1 1 1000+1 morphospecies Widespread Widespread Coleoptera

Cryptorhynchinae sp. `BCO185` 1 1 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies Troglofauna, Potential SRE Singleton -

TOTAL 3 2 19 24 Note: indeterminate taxa with asterisk (*) were included in species count, as they were regarded as distinct taxa. All other indeterminate taxa were not included, as there was insufficient information to exclude the possibility that they may be the same as other specimens collected. Known linear range based on 1Pilbara Stygofauna Survey occurrence records (Halse & Eberhard, 2014).

Page | 41 784127 793127 802127

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GF 7632193 Legend Calidus Resources - Warrawoona Study Area Higher taxon, Morphospecies +$ Pseudoscorpiones, Lagynochthonius `BPS203` Subterranean Fauna Survey ") Figure 4.3: Locations of troglofauna taxa Copenhagen Pit Blattodea, Nocticola sp. XW Zygentoma, Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087` Greater Paraburdoo collected during the current survey Coleoptera, Cryptorhynchinae `BCO185` Klondyke Pit #* Zygentoma, Trinemura sp. 1:75,000 Study Area X W Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50 GF Diptera, Sciaridae `DPT006` 0 0.75 1.5 3 Projection: Transverse Mercator ¯ km Datum: GDA 1994 Size A4. Created 13/03/2019 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

4.4.2 Stygofauna results

A total of 1955 stygofauna or potential stygofauna specimens were collected during the current survey, representing 28 unique morphospecies belonging to the following taxonomic groups: Nematoda, Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Ostracoda, Copepoda, Syncarida, Amphipoda, and Isopoda (Table 4.4). A further five indeterminate taxa were identified from taxonomic groups previously recorded and may potentially represent species known from the Study Area (Table 4.5).

Copepods were the most abundant group, accounting for more than 79% of all stygofauna, including 58% Cyclopoida (1129 specimens) and 22% Harpacticoida (424 specimens). The remaining stygofauna comprised; Oligochaeta (10%, 195 specimens), Amphipoda (5%, 106 specimens) and Ostracoda (2%, 46 specimens), with the Isopoda and Syncarida accounting for less than 1% (11 and 3 specimens respectively).

Compared to other subterranean fauna surveys within the wider area, the stygofauna species assemblage recorded during the current survey is considered relatively rich. Comparatively, surveys at Corunna Downs, McPhee Creek and Mt Webber recorded half or less the number of stygofauna morphospecies, with 0, 12, and 10 species recorded respectively (Table 4.2).

Table 4.4 lists all stygofauna taxa collected within the Study Area alongside taxonomic and distribution comments including known linear ranges. The locations of subterranean stygofauna collected during the survey are shown in Figures 4.4a-c.

Of the 28 morphospecies recorded, half (14) of the stygofauna taxa were widespread and known to occur throughout the wider catchment or regionally (Table 4.4). This includes two stygofauna taxa; Phreodrilidae sp. AP DVC s.l. and Phreodrilidae sp. AP SVC s.l., that represent species complexes that have historically been extensively recorded with distributions known to occur widespread throughout the Pilbara (Halse & Eberhard, 2014). Ten stygofauna taxa were recorded from multiple locations within the Study Area, as shown in Table 4.4. Of these, the amphipods; Melitidae sp. `BAM159` (sp. 1 group), Paramelitidae Genus 2 sp. `BAM060`, and Pilbarus sp. `BAM059` were recorded more widely throughout the Study Area, with linear ranges ranging from 13 to 17 km. Three stygofauna taxa were singleton records or known only from a single site, comprising Megastygonitocrella sp. `BHA256`, Billibathynella sp. `BSY043` and Parastenocaris sp. indet. that could not be recorded to species-level as the specimen was juvenile. The remaining stygofauna, Bogidiellidae sp. indet., represents a unique family-level taxon recorded from multiple sites including Klondyke, Copenhagen and Fieldings Gully (Table 4.4). Species- level identifications were unable to be achieved due to the current poor taxonomic framework that exists for the group as well as specimens being damaged or in poor condition.

All five indeterminate stygofauna taxa including one nematode (Nematoda sp. indet.), one cyclopoid (Cyclopoida sp. indet.), two amphipods (Paramelitidae Genus 2 sp. indet., Paramelitidae sp. indet.) and one isopod (Microcerberidae sp. indet.) may be representatives of other morphospecies known from elsewhere in the Study Area and surrounds Table 4.5. For instance, Microcerberidae sp. indet. is likely to represent Microcerberidae sp. B01 recorded from multiple sites at the same deposit, though specimens were too immature or of the wrong sex for species-level identifications.

Page | 43 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Seven (7) stygofauna taxa are currently known only from within the estimated groundwater drawdowns at Copenhagen and Klondyke and are therefore considered at risk of impacts:

• Enchytraeidae sp. `BOL028` • Anzcyclops sp. `BCY060` • Megastygonitocrella sp. `BHA256` • Parastenocaris sp. indet. • Pilbaranella sp. `BSY042` • Billibathynella sp. `BSY043` • Bogidiellidae sp. indet.

Further details relating to the potential wider occurrence of these taxa are discussed in section 6.

Page | 44 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Table 4.4:Stygofauna results to date, taxonomic and distribution comments, known linear ranges and collection locations. Red fonts indicate taxa detected only within proposed impact areas. Subterranean status, SRE Distribution Known linear Taxonomy COP COR FG KL Total Taxonomic comments status comments range (km) NEMATODA

Family unknown Nematoda sp. 01 (rat-tailed gp) Not assessed in EIA, 2 sites, 3 3 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. 3301 (PSS) Widespread Widespread POLYCHAETA

Nereididae Morphologically identified to named, widespread Singleton, Namanereis pilbarensis 1 1 Stygofauna, Widespread 4902 species. Widespread OLIGOCHAETA

Enchytraeidae Potential Stygofauna/ Enchytraeidae sp. `BOL028` 112 112 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. 9 sites 0.16 Amphibious, Potential SRE Phreodrilidae 3 sites, Species Morphologically identified to widespread species Potential Stygofauna, Phreodrilidae sp. AP DVC s.l.* 32 32 complex 1000+1 complex Widespread widespread 4 sites, Species Morphologically identified to widespread species Potential Stygofauna, Phreodrilidae sp. AP SVC s.l.* 4 5 9 complex 1000+1 complex Widespread widespread Tubificidae Monopylephorus sp. nov. WA29 Potential Stygofauna, 5 sites, 42 42 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. 3101 (ex Pristina WA3) (PSS) Widespread Widespread OSTRACODA

Candonidae Morphologically identified to named, widespread Candonopsis tenuis 2 2 Stygofauna, Widespread 1 site, Widespread 3601 species. Leicacandona sp. `BOS1236` 10 26 36 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 2 sites 2 Morphologically identified to named, widespread 2 sites, Leicacandona carinata 3 3 Stygofauna, Widespread 2501 species. Widespread Cyprididae Heterocypris sp. `BOS1237` 1 4 5 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 2 sites 2

Page | 45 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Copepoda Cyclopidae Anzcyclops sp. `BCY060` 12 2 14 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 4 sites 11 Morphologically identified to named, widespread 7 sites, Diacyclops cockingi 33 31 100 164 Stygofauna, Widespread 6701 species. Widespread Diacyclops humphreysi Morphologically identified to named, widespread 42 sites, 306 344 162 75 887 Stygofauna, Widespread 7001,3 humphreysi species. Widespread Morphologically identified to named, widespread 4 sites, Diacyclops scanloni 14 1 15 Stygofauna, Widespread 4501 species. Widespread Morphologically identified to named, widespread 2 sites, Microcyclops varicans 10 10 Stygofauna, Widespread 1000+1 species. Widespread nr Pilbaracyclops ngen sp. B02 29 3 32 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 6 sites 2 Morphologically identified to named, widespread Thermocyclops decipiens 7 7 Stygofauna, Widespread 1 site, Widespread 2201 species. Ameiridae Megastygonitocrella sp. 8 8 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 1 site - `BHA256` Morphologically identified to named, widespread 6 sites, Megastygonitocrella trispinosa 2 28 61 91 Stygofauna, Widespread 1354 species. Widespread Canthocamptidae Morphologically identified to named, widespread 18 sites, Elaphoidella humphreysi 109 201 14 324 Stygofauna, Widespread 5501 species. Widespread Parastenocarididae Parastenocaris sp. indet.* 1 1 Indeterminate genus-level taxon. Stygofauna, Uncertain Singleton Uncertain

SYNCARIDA

Bathynellidae Pilbaranella sp. `BSY042` 2 2 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 2 sites 0.13 Parabathynellidae Billibathynella sp. `BSY043` 1 1 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE Singleton - AMPHIPODA

Bogidiellidae Indeterminate family-level taxon (poor taxonomic Bogidiellidae sp. indet.* 5 5 1 11 Stygofauna, Uncertain 7 sites Uncertain resolution/ specimens damaged). Melitidae Melitidae sp. `BAM159` (sp. 1 2 1 1 4 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 4 sites 14.7 group)

Page | 46 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Paramelitidae Paramelitidae Genus 2 sp. 21 12 5 38 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 7 sites 13 `BAM060` Pilbarus sp. `BAM059` 46 14 3 63 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 11 sites 17

ISOPODA

Microcerberidae Microcerberidae sp. B01 8 3 11 Morphologically identified, unique morphospecies. Stygofauna, Potential SRE 4 sites 5 Total 824 599 243 262 1928

Note: only indeterminate taxa with asterisk (*) were included in species count, as they were regarded as distinct taxa. All other indeterminate taxa were not included, as there was insufficient information to exclude the possibility that they may be the same as other specimens collected. Known linear range based on 1Pilbara Stygofauna Survey occurrence records (Halse & Eberhard, 2014), 2Glasby (2014), 3Pesce & De Laurentiis (1996), and 4Karanovic (2006).

Table 4.5: Higher level stygofauna identifications in the Study Area

Taxonomy COP COR FG KL Total Taxonomic comments Probable species Indeterminate higher-level taxon. May represent Nematoda sp. indet. 9 1 10 widespread Nematoda sp. 01 recorded from same deposit Nematoda sp. 01 (rat-tailed gp) (PSS) (Copenhagen) and beyond. Anzcyclops sp. `BCY060` Diacyclops cockingi Indeterminate higher-level taxon (very juvenile specimen). Diacyclops humphreysi humphreysi Cyclopoida sp. indet. 1 1 Likely to represent one of several Cyclopoida spp. recorded Diacyclops scanloni from same deposit (Copenhagen) and beyond. Microcyclops varicans nr Pilbaracyclops ngen sp. B02 Thermocyclops decipiens Indeterminate higher-level taxon (juvenile specimen in poor Paramelitidae Genus 2 sp. condition). Likely to represent Paramelitidae Gen2 sp. 1 1 Paramelitidae Genus 2 sp. `BAM060` indet. BAM060 recorded from multiple sites/deposits at Study Area. Indeterminate higher-level taxon (specimen head fragment Paramelitidae Genus 2 sp. `BAM060` Paramelitidae sp. indet. 1 1 only). May represent one of two Paramelitidae sp. recorded Pilbarus sp. `BAM059` from same deposit (Klondyke). Indeterminate higher-level taxon (immature and wrong sex specimens for species-level ID). Likely to represent Microcerberidae sp. indet. 7 7 14 Microcerberidae sp. B01 Microcerberidae sp. B01 recorded from multiple sites/deposits at Study Area. TOTAL 18 7 0 2 27

Page | 47 784194 793194 802194

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5 SUBTERRANEAN HABITAT ASSESSMENT

The habitat assessment for potentially restricted species within the Study Area is based upon available geological and hydrogeological reports and surface geology maps (GSWA 1: 250,000). Groundwater physicochemical measurements taken during the survey were incorporated into the stygofauna habitat assessment where appropriate.

5.1 Troglofauna habitats

5.1.1 Klondyke Recent hydrological tests of bores in and around the proposed Klondyke pit showed that the majority of the underlying geology at Klondyke is of low to very low permeability (GRM, 2019b) (Figure 5.1). However, the Klondyke shear which strikes northwest through the centre of the deposit (Figure 5.2) provides a zone of preferential flow and permeability (fractured rock habitats), which is the most likely habitat for troglofauna in the area of the deposit. The Klondyke shear zone runs for approximately 40 km throughout and beyond the Klondyke deposit to the north, north-west and south-east (Figure 5.3). The Klondyke shear is paralleled by several other shears, including the St. George and Coronation shears.

Hydrological testing showed that at least two vertical fracture zones and faults cross the Klondyke Shear within and near the deposit (Figure 5.3), though it is very likely that they are more numerous throughout the area (GRM, 2019b). Such fracture zones and faults support enhanced permeability (GRM, 2019b) and are likely to comprise highly suitable habitat for troglofauna (above water table). Therefore, it is likely that a network of habitable rock fractures may occur to the north, north-west and south-east of the proposed pit via the Klondyke shear, and into the west via transverse/ vertical fractures and faults. Potential connectivity between fractured rock habitats and superficial detrital habitats may also occur in the vicinity of weathered saprolite valley fill and alluvials near drainage lines.

Overall, the current geological and hydrogeological information suggests that the potential habitats for troglofauna species found in the proposed Klondyke pit are likely to extend beyond the pit boundaries, particularly to the north, north-west and south-east via shear zones and to the west via faults and fractures.

5.1.2 Copenhagen Due to a strong hydraulic gradient from the Warrawoona Ranges to the south-west, the groundwater table at Copenhagen, Fieldings Gully, and Coronation is very close to the surface. Consequently, potential troglofauna habitat at these deposits is limited to surface geologies <5 mbgl. Similarly to Klondyke, hydraulic testing showed the basement geology (basic and ultrabasic volcanic rocks) to be mostly impermeable, therefore shears/ fracture zones in the rocks and thin detrital layers are likely to be the most suitable habitat at Copenhagen. Figure 2.2 shows that these near-surface habitats are extensive along the Warrawoona Syncline. This is further supported by a recent soil and landforms report (Mine Earth, 2019) which demonstrated that the surface soils between Copenhagen and Klondyke are chemically and physically consistent. Although current geological information is limited, it is likely that suitable habitat for the troglofauna species found within Copenhagen occurs beyond the pit boundaries.

Page | 51 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Figure 5.1: Conceptual hydrological model (GRM, 2019b)

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5.2 Stygofauna habitats

5.2.1 Klondyke Suitable hydrogeological habitat for stygofauna at Klondyke comprises fractured rock aquifers which have developed within the Klondyke shear zone throughout the proposed pit and beyond (Figure 5.1, Figure 5.2, Figure 5.3). These moderately to highly permeable aquifers are constrained by massive/ fresh geologies with very low porosity GRM (2019b). The fractured rock aquifers extend beyond the Study Area to the west along fracture zones and faults (Figure 5.3), potentially connecting to a network of other fractured rock aquifers to the north, north-west and south-east throughout the Klondyke shear zone.

The current habitat information suggests that potentially suitable habitats for stygofauna are likely to extend beyond the boundaries of the proposed pit and drawdown zone, particularly to the north, north- west and south-east via shear zones and to the west via faults and fractures.

5.2.2 Copenhagen Similar to the geologies in the Klondyke area, the underlying geology at the Copenhagen deposit is mostly impermeable (GRM, 2019b). However, suitable stygofauna habitat exists along a shear which strikes northwest through the centre of the Copenhagen deposit (Figure 5.2). The shear extends beyond the deposit both to the north-west and south-east (Figure 5.2). While current geological mapping does not indicate that the Copenhagen shear system is directly connected to the shears and fault/fracture zones in the Klondyke area, the fractured rock habitats of the Study Area may be further connected through detrital habitats (particularly the hyporheic zone following the course of major drainage lines) extending more widely throughout the sub-regional area.

Based on current hydrogeological information, it is considered likely that suitable habitat for stygofauna occurs beyond the proposed pit and groundwater drawdown at Copenhagen, throughout the wider local area.

5.2.3 Potential habitat in the wider local area Geological mapping (GSWA 1:100,000 series, Figure 5.2) revealed the presence of significant calcrete deposits associated with Brockman Hay Cutting Creek approximately 1-2 km south of the Copenhagen deposit (Figure 5.2). There were no bores or drill holes available for sampling in these calcrete deposits, but based on regional patterns of stygofauna occurrence, if these deposits extend beneath groundwater, they would be expected to provide highly suitable habitats for stygofauna species. In addition, the regional patterns of stygofauna occurrence show that stygofauna assemblages can often inhabit and disperse throughout alluvial detrital habitats, where groundwater levels are close enough to the surface to provide a long-term habitat within the hyporheic zone.

There is no current information on groundwater levels within the hyporheic zone of Brockman Hay Cutting Creek and associated tributaries, but the occurrence of near surface water tables upstream at Copenhagen (5 - 17 m measured during the survey), and in the north west corner of the Klondyke Study Area (3.5 m at CRA bore), indicate that areas further downstream on Brockman Hay Cutting Creek (such as the calcrete deposits) may also have elevated groundwater levels, and thus may provide a network of suitable habitat for stygofauna extending throughout the wider local area. This potential habitat network

Page | 55 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey within the detrital layers overlying the basement geology may provide pathways for stygofauna species to disperse between deeper fractured rock habitats hosted within the shear zones and fractures running throughout the Study Area. Potential connectivity between fractured rock habitats may also be possible along the preferential flow pathways offered by the shear zones and transverse faults as shown by permeability mapping (Figure 5.3).

It was observed that in the south-eastern part of Klondyke Study Area (i.e. in the catchment of Sandy Creek, and south east of the dolerite dyke shown in pink on Figure 5.2), groundwater was significantly deeper (average 27 m) than in the northern part of the Klondyke Study Area north west of the dyke. This may have been a contributing factor to the relatively low abundance of stygofauna from the area surrounding Klondyke pit, which probably hosts only fractured rock aquifers. While there may be detrital alluvial aquifers associated with the lower reaches of Sandy Creek to the south west of Klondyke, it is less likely that these may be interconnected with the deeper fractured rock aquifers in the Klondyke Study Area.

5.3 Groundwater characteristics Figure 5.4 shows mean (and standard deviation as error bars) temperature, pH, EC (as a proxy for salinity), ORP (redox potential) and DO (dissolved oxygen) for bores within Copenhagen, Coronation, Fielders Gully and Klondyke.

The average groundwater temperature ranged from 29.7 - 30.6°C and showed little variability across all sites (Figure 5.4A). The pH of the groundwater (Figure 5.4B) ranged from 7.0 to 7.35 across all sites, indicating neutral conditions suitable for stygofauna. The EC measurements (Figure 5.4C) showed that the salinity of the groundwater was low in all five sampling areas, with most sites containing fresh water (EC <1,500 uS/cm) and one site (Fielders Gully) being slightly brackish (EC ~2000 uS/cm). These levels are well within the range suitable for stygofauna and can support rich stygofauna assemblages, which are known to occur up to approximately double the salinity of sea water (EC 60,000 uS/cm).

Redox and DO measurements (Figure 5.4D & E) are typically variable between sites due to individual bore conditions rather than overall aquifer conditions. Most bores contained groundwater with sufficient dissolved oxygen for stygofauna to occur (> 1ppm), with the exception of a few bores at deposits Klondkye and Coronation. The redox potential of groundwater is a measure of the system’s capacity to oxidise materials through chemical reactions and has important implications for metal mobility, bio-availability and toxicity (Schuring et al., 1999). All areas surveyed showed positive or near positive ORP’s, suitable for stygofauna occurrence.

Overall, there was little variability in groundwater characteristics across the prospects which may indicate that the aquifers are relatively well connected throughout the Study Area.

The full range of physicochemical data for all sites (bores and drill holes) measured during the survey can be found in Appendix C.

Page | 56 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

(A) (B)

(E)

Figure 5.4: Groundwater physicochemical measurements recorded during the survey. Mean values are shown as bars, standard deviations as error bars

Page | 57 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

6 RISK ASSESSMENT

6.1 Impacts to troglofauna Direct impacts to troglofauna assemblages and habitats occur as a result of the excavation and removal of subterranean habitat during mining. It can therefore be inferred that the direct impact areas for troglofauna are the proposed pit boundaries at each of the deposits. Although indirect impacts such as shock and vibration from blasting, changes to infiltration beneath stockpiles and waste dumps, and habitat desiccation from pit walls or groundwater drawdown may extend beyond the pit boundaries, these risks are generally considered minor, manageable, and/ or difficult to measure and assess, therefore this section has focussed on the direct impacts of mining only.

6.2 Risks to troglofauna species Four (4) troglofauna taxa recorded during the current surveys of the Study Area are known only from within proposed pit boundaries, comprising:

• Two (2) silverfish: Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087` and Trinemura sp. indet.; • One (1) cockroach: Nocticola sp. indet.; and • One (1) weevil: Cryptorhynchinae sp. `BCO185`.

The current occurrence of these four troglofauna taxa within the proposed deposits is at least partly attributable to sampling artefacts such as the higher numbers of suitable bores/ drill holes within deposit boundaries. Many troglofauna taxa are rare and difficult to detect, especially when primarily using litter traps. Particularly for the rarer and less vagile taxa, detecting a species throughout the full extent of its potential habitat or range can require a very high, repeated survey effort over a long period of time, and even in this case, the extent of sampling is still constrained by the locations of suitable drill holes.

The risks to these taxa from the proposed development are presented in Table 6.1, based on current taxonomic and ecological information and the likely extent of suitable habitats beyond pit boundaries. Figure 6.1 shows the current records of each of these taxa relative to the proposed impact areas.

Three of the four troglofauna taxa; Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087`, Trinemura sp. indet. and Nocticola sp. indet., were assessed as ‘low risk’ due to current knowledge of taxonomy, species distributions and the extent of prospective habitats.

The silverfish Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087` belongs to the subfamily Atelurinae whose members are most frequently known from surface soil habitats or as cohabitors to termites and ants, though some subterranean species are known to occur also (Smith & McRae, 2014). Whilst limited subterranean fauna surveys have been previously undertaken in the immediate area, database searches revealed two silverfish species; Ateluridae sp. McP1 and Trinemura sp. McP, whose distributions were shown to extend approximately 3.5 km and 1.5 km respectively (Atlas Iron, 2014). Given that the record at Copenhagen was collected from a shallow trap (Approx. 5 mbgl), it is considered likely that the taxon inhabits superficial detrital habitats that are known to extend beyond project impacts. This is further supported by its extensive distribution (9km linear range) across deposits, Copenhagen and Klondyke, and inferred habitat connectivity between the two species records. Similarly, the silverfish Trinemura sp. indet. was only

Page | 58 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey collected at Copenhagen from a trap set at 5 mbgl, indicating that it may represent an epigean species inhabiting surface detritals, as is the case for approximately 50% of all described silverfish to date (Smith & McRae, 2014). While species-level taxonomy could not be resolved for Trinemura sp. indet. (owing to the juvenile specimen) it is unlikely this morphospecies, recorded from surface detritals, would be restricted to the proposed mining pit at Copenhagen (<200m diameter).

The cockroach Nocticola sp. indet. is known from 18 records and 9 sites, both inside and outside the proposed Klondyke pit, as well as extending outside of direct impacts at Coronation. Due to all Nocticola specimens collected being immature, or the wrong sex for taxonomic resolution, species-level identifications could not be achieved. Whilst taxonomic constraints could not confirm whether the records represent the same species, morphological consistencies between specimens (both females and male nymphs) suggest they likely represent the same species and were consistent with the described species ‘Nocticola currani’ group known from approx. ~135km south (Jane McRae, pers. comm., Trotter et al., 2017). Subterranean Nocticola have also been found in the nearby Corunna Downs located 20 km south of the Study Area, where a single species (Nocticola OES10) was collected from multiple deposits with distributions spanning approximately 5 km (MWH, 2016). Similarly, only a single Nocticola species,Nocticola sp. McP (confirmed via DNA), was recorded across several deposits (~5.5 km linear range) at the much larger mining tenement at McPhee Creek (Atlas Iron, 2014). Whilst the Nocticola specimens from the current survey could not be compared against these records, these surveys indicate that Nocticola are often found as single species across wider local areas. As such, there is a low likelihood, that current clustered records inside Klondyke impacts would either represent multiple species, or be restricted to pits given their proximity to pit boundaries (<100m) and existing records outside impacts (within ~200m).

The remaining troglofauna taxon Cryptorhynchinae sp. `BCO185`, belonging to the weevil family Curculionidae, was assessed as ‘moderate risk’, as this taxon may potentially represent troglobitic SRE fauna and was recorded as a singleton within Klondyke pit. Molecular analysis of troglobitic weevils from nearby Corunna Downs project, showed species, Curculionidae OES11 (0.4% genetic divergence), to have a distribution extending beyond 3 km (MWH, 2016). While Cryptorhynchinae sp. `BCO185` is currently only known within proposed impacts (singleton record), its close proximity to the pit boundary (30 m) and location within the valley floor habitat, (that extends south, east and west beyond Klondyke pit), suggests a ‘moderate risk’ the species may potentially be restricted to mining impacts (Table 6.1).

Page | 59 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Table 6.1: Troglofauna risk assessment based on current taxonomic factors, habitat factors, and distribution relative to impacts

Taxon Taxonomic factors Distribution factors Habitat factors Risk level

Zygentoma

Known from 2 sites within the proposed Klondyke record from valley floor Potential troglofauna (possible Klondyke and Copenhagen pits fractured rock/ detritals (to 22m bgl). trogloxene/troglophile). Sub- (17KLRC014, KKC002). Current known Copenhagen record most likely from family Atelurinae known from linear range is 9 km. detritals (to 6m bgl). Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087` soil and termite nests as well as LOW subterranean habitats. Potential SRE (C- Morphology Indicators, Most likely habitat is detritals – habitat E- Research and Expertise). Both short- occurs extensively beyond impacts. Morphologically unique, based ranging and widespread species on regional comparisons. Inferred habitat connectivity between collected throughout the Pilbara. records at Klondyke and Copenhagen

Record was collected from a trap set at Putative singleton known only from within ~5 m depth. The groundwater table was the proposed Copenhagen pit (KKC002). Potential Troglobite <6 mbgl, suggesting limited most likely Potential SRE (C- Morphology Indicators, from detrital habitats. Trinemura sp. indet. Indeterminate genus-level LOW E- Research and Expertise). Genus taxon (juvenile specimen). Copenhagen pit <200m in diameter, includes both widespread and restricted most likely habitat is detritals – habitat species. occurs extensively beyond impacts. Blattodea

Potential Troglobite Known from 9 sites, inside and outside Most records likely from fractured rock Indeterminate genus-level impacts (Klondyke, Coronation). habitats (13- 50m bgl). taxon (many juvenile Potential linear range is 13.6 km specimens). Assuming specimens belong to the Nocticola sp. indet. (assuming specimens belong to the same same species, wider habitat LOW Unable to confirm species level species). connectivity may occur between IDs (juvenile specimens), Taxonomic uncertainty precludes deposits (unconfirmed by genetic potential alignment to ‘N. assessment of taxon distribution. analysis). currani’ group. Coleoptera

Singleton known only from within the Record located in the valley floor, proposed Klondyke pit (DD95KL11). Troglobite approximately 30 m from the boundary Cryptorhynchinae sp. Potential SRE (C- Morphology Indicators, of the proposed Klondyke pit. Morphologically unique, based MODERATE `BCO185` E- Research and Expertise). Both short- on regional comparisons. Potential habitat (fractured rock) likely ranging and widespread species extends beyond pit area. collected throughout the Pilbara.

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7634462 Calidus Resources - Warrawoona )" )" Subterranean Fauna Survey )"#* )" )" Figure 6.1: Locations of troglofauna taxa Greater Paraburdoo )" potentially at risk from proposed impacts 1:52,000 Study Area 0 0.25 0.5 1 km Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50 0 0.425 0.85 1.7 Projection: Transverse Mercator ¯ km Datum: GDA 1994 Size A4. Created 09/08/2019 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Legend to Figure 6.1

Page | 62 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

6.3 Impacts to stygofauna Direct impacts to stygofauna assemblages and habitats comprise the removal of porous/ fractured hydrogeological strata from BWT mining, and depletion of groundwater by abstraction for mine dewatering and operational uses. The propagation of groundwater drawdown throughout all suitable, connected hydrogeological habitats is considered to be a direct impact, regardless of distance from the mine or whether the drawdown propagates through strata with different porosities.

6.4 Risks to stygofauna species Seven (7) stygofauna taxa recorded during the current survey of the Study Area are known only from within the estimated groundwater drawdown at Copenhagen and Klondyke, comprising:

• One (1) oligochaete worm: Enchytraeidae sp. `BOL028` (Copenhagen); • One (1) cyclopoid: Anzcyclops sp. `BCY060` (Copenhagen & Klondyke); • Two (2) harpacticoids: Megastygonitocrella sp. `BHA256` (Copenhagen) and Parastenocaris sp. indet. (Copenhagen); • One (1) amphipod: Bogidiellidae sp. indet. (Copenhagen, Klondyke & Fieldings Gully); and • Two (2) syncarids: Pilbaranella sp. `BSY042` (Copenhagen) and Billibathynella sp. `BSY043` (Copenhagen).

The current occurrence of these taxa is at least partly attributable to sampling artefacts such as the high proportion of bores/ drill holes within deposits and their associated estimated groundwater drawdowns. This is particularly relevant for Copenhagen where a high proportion of drill holes were sampled within a relatively small impact area, as availability of holes outside of impact areas was limited. It is also worth noting that the groundwater drawdown at Copenhagen is expected to be relatively restricted (500 m radius) and is expected to be temporal (up to six years) (GRM, 2019a) which was factored into the risk assessment.

Based on current taxonomic and ecological information, modelling of groundwater drawdown and the likely extent of suitable habitats for stygofauna beyond these impacts, the risks to these taxa are presented in Table 6.2. Figure 6.2 shows the current records of each of these taxa relative to the proposed impact areas. All stygofauna risk levels are contingent upon the extent of groundwater drawdown modelling as modelled by GRM (2019a). Any new information/ new modelling that changes the spatial extent or magnitude of drawdown, the duration of drawdown, or the duration of subsequent recovery of aquifer habitats following the end of project may result in changes to the potential risks to stygofauna taxa.

Four of the seven stygofauna taxa were assessed as ‘low risk’ due to current knowledge of taxonomy and habitats: Enchytraeidae sp. `BOL028`, Anzcyclops sp. `BCY060`, Parastenocaris sp. indet., and Bogidiellidae sp. indet. (Table 6.2).

Enchytraeidae sp. `BOL028` belongs to an amphibious family which is known to inhabit both terrestrial and aquatic habitats (Moldovan, 2018). Accordingly, Enchytraeidae sp. `BOL028` has been detected both from traps and from net-hauls/scrapes within the Study Area, indicating that this taxon occurs within water

Page | 63 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey films in the surface detritals above the water table as well as within groundwater. This means that this morphospecies is unlikely to be largely affected by the short-lived groundwater drawdown at Copenhagen, as both groundwater and humid subterranean habitats are likely to extend well beyond drawdown impact areas.

Species of Anzcyclops are infrequently collected and have not been observed to have ranges beyond the scale of a single tributary (McRae et al., 2015). However, Anzcyclops sp. `BCY060` was assessed as low risk as it was detected both at Copenhagen and Klondyke (11 km linear range) and suitable habitats (surface detritals and fractured rock aquifers) extend well outside of impact areas (Figure 6.2).

Parastenocaris sp. indet. could not be identified to species-level as the specimen was juvenile. Most members of this genus are widespread in the Pilbara (Halse & Eberhard, 2014; Karanovic & Cooper, 2011), and detrital/ fractured rock habitats are likely to extend beyond the drawdown at Copenhagen and beyond, suggesting that the risks to this taxon from the proposed mining developments are low. The widespread Parastenocaris jane has been recorded both west and east of the Study Area at nearby Mount Webber and McPhee Creek (Figure 4.2), whereas Parastenocaris sp. 3 has been found 20 km south-east of Klondyke (Figure 4.2).

Bogidiellidae sp. indet. could not be identified to species level due to the current poor taxonomic framework that exists for the group, as well as specimens being damaged or in poor condition. All records were located within shears which are likely connected periodically after rainfall events. Suitable habitat is also likely to extend to the south within detritals (colluvials) which are connected to calcrete deposits further downstream.

The remaining three taxa, Megastygonitocrella sp. `BHA256`, Pilbaranella sp. `BSY042, and Billibathynella sp. `BSY043`, were assessed as ‘moderate risk’ owing mainly to taxonomic information and their only occurrence within aquifers that will be affected by groundwater drawdowns at Copenhagen, although it is likely that suitable habitat continues beyond impact areas.

Pilbaranella sp. `BSY042 belongs to an obligate stygobitic group (Bathynellidae) that is currently undergoing a taxonomic study to describe previously unrecognised species and genera found in Western Australia (G. Perina pers. comm. 2019). Current patterns of diversity across the region suggest the occurrence of many SRE taxa, with turnover at the species-level and generic level between different catchments and discrete hydrogeological habitat units (Perina, 2019; Perina et al., 2018). Similarly, Billibathynella sp. `BSY043` belongs to a group (Parabathynellidae) for which taxonomic studies have shown that most of the species are restricted in their distribution to single calcretes (Guzik et al., 2008). Accordingly, the single species of Billibathynellid (Billibathynella sp. MW) recorded at the nearby Mount Webber operations had a small linear range of ~1 km and was assessed to be likely restricted to the local area (Subterranean Ecology, 2012b).

Bathynellacea are known to have limited dispersal abilities due to their habit of crawling over the sub- strata as opposed to free swimming within water-filled subterranean cavities (Coineau & Camacho, 2013; Schminke, 1974). This would suggest that the distributions of Bathynellacea may be more limited, and species turnover potentially higher per unit of distance, than the more vagile, free-swimming stygofauna

Page | 64 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey such as cyclopoid copepods, ostracods, or amphipods (i.e. groups that contain more well-known, widespread species in the Pilbara).

Similarly, Megastygonitocrella sp. `BHA256` belongs to a group (Stygonitocrella s. l.) that mainly comprises short-range endemic species known only from their type localities within discrete river catchments (Karanovic et al., 2013). With the exception of one taxon (Megastygonitocrella trispinosa) which is more widespread with a distribution spanning several adjacent river catchments, members of this group are characterised by high incidents of localised speciation, endemism and sympatry (Karanovic et al., 2013). Therefore, the distributions of Megastygonitocrella sp. `BHA256` recorded during the current survey may be relatively limited.

Nevertheless, the habitat assessment indicated that suitable habitats for these three species likely exist well beyond impact areas.

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Table 6.2: Stygofauna risk assessment based on current taxonomic factors, habitat factors, and distribution relative to impacts

Potentially restricted taxon Taxonomic factors Distribution factors Habitat factors Risk level

Oligochaeta

Multiple records from troglofauna traps Known from 9 sites within the predicted indicates taxon can occur within water groundwater drawdown at Copenhagen, Amphibious subterranean films/habitats above water table as well current linear range 0.16 km. fauna as within groundwater. Enchytraeidae sp. `BOL028` Potential SRE (C- Morphology Indicators, LOW Morphologically unique Groundwater/ humid subterranean E- Research and Expertise). Genus morphospecies. habitats likely to extend well beyond includes both widespread and restricted drawdown, likely to recover within 6 species. years post mining. Cyclopoida

Known from 4 sites within the predicted groundwater drawdown at Copenhagen Inferred habitat connectivity between and Klondyke, current known linear range Klondyke and Copenhagen – taxon Stygobite 11 km. may occur in fractured rock aquifers Anzcyclops sp. `BCY060` Morphologically unique and detrital aquifers. Habitat likely to LOW Potential SRE (C- Morphology Indicators, morphospecies. extend beyond potential impact areas. E- Research and Expertise). Genus Habitat at Copenhagen likely to recover includes both widespread and restricted within 6 years post mining. species. Harpacticoida

Stygobite Known from a single site within the predicted groundwater drawdown at Morphologically unique taxon Copenhagen. Detrital/ fractured rock habitats likely to Megastygonitocrella sp. (regional comparisons). extend beyond drawdown, groundwater MODERATE `BHA256` Potential SRE (C- Morphology Indicators, habitats likely to recover within 6 years Most species within group E- Research and Expertise). Genus post mining. have been found to be includes both widespread and restricted SREs. species.

Potential Stygobite Putative singleton known only from within Detrital/ fractured rock habitats likely to the predicted groundwater drawdown at extend beyond drawdown, groundwater Parastenocaris sp. indet. LOW Indeterminate genus-level Copenhagen. Most representatives of the habitats likely to recover within 6 years taxon. genus are widespread in the Pilbara. post mining.

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Potentially restricted taxon Taxonomic factors Distribution factors Habitat factors Risk level

Amphipoda

Known from 7 sites inside and outside Known from multiple shears which are impacts (Copenhagen, Klondyke, Potential Stygofauna likely connected and extend beyond Fieldings Gully). drawdown. Indeterminate family-level Potential linear range is 9.3 km Bogidiellidae sp. indet. taxon (specimens damaged). The record at Klondyke will be subject LOW (assuming specimens belong to the same to minimal drawdown (~1m) whereas at Unable to confirm species species). Copenhagen, groundwater habitats are level ID’s. Taxonomic uncertainty precludes likely to recover within 6 years post assessment of taxon distribution. mining. Syncarida

Stygobite Morphologically unique Detrital/ fractured rock habitats likely to Known from 2 sites within the predicted morphospecies extend beyond drawdown, groundwater Pilbaranella sp. `BSY042` groundwater drawdown at Copenhagen, MODERATE habitats likely to recover within 6 years current linear range 0.13 km. All species within family have post mining. been found to be highly restricted SREs. Stygobite Morphologically unique Detrital/ fractured rock habitats likely to Singleton known only from within the morphospecies extend beyond drawdown, groundwater Billibathynella sp. `BSY043` predicted groundwater drawdown at MODERATE habitats likely to recover within 6 years Copenhagen. Most species within family post mining. have been found to be SREs.

Page | 67 785996 786996 787996 788996 789996 790996 791996 792996 793996 794996 795996 796996 797996 798996 799996 800996 801996 802996 7643542 7642542

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16 ") !. 6 11 *# !. 21 26 FG!. 7634542 ^_ ^_ !. !. 31 ") FG ! *# . !. !. !. 7633542 ") Calidus Resources - Warrawoona Subterranean Fauna Survey Figure 6.2: Locations of stygofauna taxa Greater Paraburdoo potentially at risk from proposed impacts 1:62,000 Study Area 0 0.075 0.15 0.3 km Coordinate System: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50 0 0.5 1 2 Projection: Transverse Mercator ¯ km Datum: GDA 1994 Size A4. Created 09/08/2019 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Legend to Figure 6.2

Page | 69 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

7 KEY FINDINGS

The key findings are based on results of all sampling to date (previous and current surveys), available habitat information and current knowledge of the impacts to subterranean fauna from the proposed mining at the Study Area. These findings may be subject to change following the receipt of further molecular studies of subterranean fauna from the Study Area and beyond.

7.1.1 Risks to Troglofauna Species Four (4) troglofauna taxa are currently known only from the direct impact areas of the proposed developments at Copenhagen and Klondyke and were therefore considered to be potentially at risk. The potential risks to these taxa were characterised as follows, using a three-point system (i.e. high, moderate, or low risk):

• Low risk (3 taxa): Dodecastyla sp. `BZY087`, Trinemura sp. indet. and Nocticola sp. indet.

• Moderate risk (1 taxon): Cryptorhynchinae sp. `BCO185`,

This taxon was assessed as moderate risk as it is more likely to represent troglobitic SRE fauna, and was recorded as a singleton within the Klondyke pit. Nevertheless, its habitat is likely to continue beyond impact areas in the nearby vicinity.

7.1.2 Risks to Stygofauna Species The current survey recorded seven (7) stygofauna taxa known only from within the modelled groundwater drawdown at Copenhagen and/or Klondyke. Based on current taxonomic and ecological information, modelling of groundwater drawdown and the likely extent of suitable habitats for stygofauna beyond the modelled extent of drawdown, the following risk categories were assigned to these taxa.

• Low risk (4 taxa): Enchytraeidae sp. `BOL028`, Anzcyclops sp. `BCY060`, Parastenocaris sp. indet., and Bogidiellidae sp. indet.

• Moderate risk (3 taxa): Megastygonitocrella sp. `BHA256`, Pilbaranella sp. `BSY042`, and Billibathynella sp. `BSY043`

Page | 70 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey aquifers is likely, as several shears extend beyond the impact area to the north, north-west and east, with surface detritals/colluvials extending to the south.

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8 REFERENCES

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MWH, Australia. (2016). Corunna Downs Subterranean Fauna Assessment. November 2016.

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Smith, G. B., & McRae, J. M. (2014). New species of subterranean silverfish (Zygentoma: Nicoletiidae: Atelurinae) frm Western Australia's semi-arid Pilbara region. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 29, 105-127.

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Trotter, A. J., McRae, J. M., Main, D. C., & Finston, T. L. (2017). Speciation in fractured rock landforms: towards understanding the diversity of subterranean cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Nocticolidae: Nocticola) in Western Australia. Zootaxa, 4250, 143-170.

Watts, C. H. S., & Humphreys, W. F. (2004). Thirteen new Dytiscidae (Coleoptera) of the genera Boongurrus Larson, Tjirtudessus Watts & Humphreys and Nirripirti Watts and Humphreys, from underground waters in Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 128, 99- 129.

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9 APPENDICES

Appendix A – Sampling effort

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APPENDIX A: Bores and drill holes visited during the survey

Phase 1 Phase 2 Hole ID Easting Northing Deposit Trapping Scraping Hauling Trapping Scraping Hauling 17CP008 791804.9035 7641360.756 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ 17CP009 791831.4332 7641415.334 Copenhagen ✓ 17CPRC006 791824.9135 7641368.887 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓ 17CPRC008 791801.0256 7641356.426 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓ 17CPRC012 791716.5608 7641388.983 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓ 17CPRC013 791687.3758 7641396.813 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓ 17CPRC014 791710.1711 7641471.419 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓ 17CPRC015 791695.2285 7641453.39 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ 17CPRC017 791897.9193 7641434.901 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓ 17CPRC018 791911.5263 7641413.017 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ 17CPRC022 791851.7498 7641370.259 Copenhagen ✓ 17CPRC023 791728.6932 7641329.261 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 17CRDD001 789049.3701 7641992.135 Coronation ✓ ✓ ✓ 17FGRC001 786685.5027 7641446.579 Fieldings Gully ✓ ✓ 17FGRC003 786605.182 7641457.063 Fieldings Gully ✓ ✓ ✓ 17FGRC007 786551.9644 7641467.06 Fieldings Gully ✓ ✓ ✓ 17FGRC008 786476.5504 7641474.908 Fieldings Gully ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 17FGRC009 786518.9267 7641464.869 Fieldings Gully ✓ ✓ 17FGRC010 786816.8034 7641431.733 Fieldings Gully ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 17FGRC011 786739.0362 7641426.183 Fieldings Gully ✓ 17FGRC012 786773.6985 7641419.17 Fieldings Gully ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 17FGRC014 786805.9277 7641389.485 Fieldings Gully ✓ ✓ ✓ 17FGRC017 786686.8614 7641390.244 Fieldings Gully ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 17KLDD002 799883.1575 7637698.282 Klondyke ✓ 17KLRC006 800451.6346 7637576.341 Klondyke ✓ 17KLRC009 800438.5129 7637544.301 Klondyke ✓ ✓

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Phase 1 Phase 2 Hole ID Easting Northing Deposit Trapping Scraping Hauling Trapping Scraping Hauling 17KLRC010 800464.0316 7637526.731 Klondyke ✓ 17KLRC011 800247.7165 7637608.819 Klondyke ✓ ✓ 17KLRC013 800288.2469 7637601.878 Klondyke ✓ ✓ 17KLRC014 800325.7836 7637580.641 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 17KLRC017 800731.4843 7637348.615 Klondyke ✓ 17KLRC018 800659.2224 7637459.049 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 17KLRC020 800686.5873 7637429.566 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 17KLRC022 800800.9805 7637388.947 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 17KLRC027 800768.3565 7637321.239 Klondyke ✓ ✓ 17KLRC028 800816.3061 7637335.504 Klondyke ✓ 17KLRC029 800801.7798 7637315.725 Klondyke ✓ ✓ 17KLRC033 800667.6489 7637394.596 Klondyke ✓ ✓ 17KLRC034 800645.8776 7637433.518 Klondyke ✓ 17KLRC036 800573.3963 7637457.128 Klondyke ✓ ✓ 17KLRC037 800535.2914 7637480.748 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 17KLRC039 800707.8609 7637400.826 Klondyke ✓ ✓ 17KLRC040 800545.28 7637498.816 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 17KLRC045 800847.1608 7637249.25 Klondyke ✓ 17KLRC046 800903.1044 7637215.648 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 17KLRC048 800985.3023 7637168.961 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 17KLRC049 801086.2348 7637132.689 Klondyke ✓ ✓ 17KLRC050 801130.8505 7637105.837 Klondyke ✓ 17KLRC053 801318.7517 7637040.705 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 17KLRC055 800535.4471 7637573.756 Klondyke ✓ 17KLRC059 800209.1504 7637549.276 Klondyke ✓ ✓ 17KLRC067 800029.0505 7637641.066 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 17KLRC068 799942.2851 7637689.172 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓

Page | 77 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Phase 1 Phase 2 Hole ID Easting Northing Deposit Trapping Scraping Hauling Trapping Scraping Hauling 17KLRC070 799768.1998 7637737.186 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 17KLRC073 799637.564 7637816.814 Klondyke ✓ ✓ 17KLRC075 799728.3502 7637810.615 Klondyke 17KLRC077 799695.4993 7637884.669 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 17KLRC078 799644.0312 7637920.799 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 17KLRC081 800836.9656 7637290.374 Klondyke ✓ 17KLRC083 799580.636 7637849.62 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 17KLRC086 799336.1214 7637989.261 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 17KLRC087 799408.061 7637901.414 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 17KLRC091 799620.0092 7637870.097 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 18CPRC024 791869.8085 7641440.091 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓ 18CPRC026 791875.811 7641470.357 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓ 18CPRC027 791954.6471 7641401.133 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓ 18CPRC028 791975.1295 7641442.099 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ 18CPRC030 792014.8548 7641412.778 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ 18CPRC031 792009.0803 7641444.119 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓ 18CPRC034 791825.6542 7641463.894 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓ 18CPRC036 791754.0151 7641473.273 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓ 18CPRC037 791776.4142 7641521.586 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓ 18CPRC038 791943.3329 7641256.615 Copenhagen ✓ 18CPRC039 791678.6909 7641422.791 Copenhagen ✓ 18CPRC040 791717.9362 7641581.271 Copenhagen ✓ 18CRRC003 788907.6418 7642078.876 Coronation ✓ ✓ ✓ 18CRRC005 789419.9544 7641838.503 Coronation ✓ ✓ 18CRRC009 789338.8319 7641847.23 Coronation ✓ ✓ ✓ 18CRRC012 789244.2299 7641928.697 Coronation ✓ ✓ 18CRRC013 789176.3749 7641916.7 Coronation ✓ ✓ ✓

Page | 78 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Phase 1 Phase 2 Hole ID Easting Northing Deposit Trapping Scraping Hauling Trapping Scraping Hauling 18CRRC017 789075.4514 7641946.098 Coronation ✓ ✓ 18CRRC018 789110.0637 7641996.114 Coronation ✓ ✓ ✓ 18CRRC021 788993.5756 7641989.786 Coronation ✓ ✓ ✓ 18CRRC022 789035.9774 7642035.188 Coronation ✓ ✓ 18CRRC024 788989.258 7642056.302 Coronation ✓ ✓ 18KLDD014 800571.0504 7637575.527 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 18KLDD018 800376.9692 7637651.687 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 18KLDD028 800469.3755 7637601.558 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 18KLDD039 800721.6052 7637331.986 Klondyke ✓ ✓ 18KLRC097 802907.9156 7636495.167 Klondyke ✓ 18KLRC101 803340.5097 7636330.535 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 18KLRC103 801983.1852 7636828.941 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 18KLRC115 798864.2559 7638333.864 Klondyke ✓ ✓ 18KLRC116 798595.4183 7638557.859 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 18KLRC118 801827.9491 7636769.422 Klondyke ✓ ✓ 18KLRC121 801598.8735 7636860.786 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 18KLRC126 802419.9176 7636540.66 Klondyke ✓ 18KLRC138 802291.3011 7636641.897 Klondyke ✓ ✓ 18KLRC145 802610.0363 7636453.996 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 18KLRC172 801537.4455 7636918.839 Klondyke ✓ ✓ 18KLRC187 801191.3299 7637251.621 Klondyke ✓ 18SGRC025 801699.2053 7637194.153 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ 18SGRC064 799917.3083 7638037.968 Klondyke ✓ ✓ 18SGRC069 800668.1763 7637644.662 Klondyke ✓ ✓ CalUnk001 791804.9465 7641439.365 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ CRA_bore 796044.0676 7640701.156 Klondyke ✓ CRC8 791827.1933 7641423.299 Copenhagen ✓ ✓ ✓

Page | 79 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Phase 1 Phase 2 Hole ID Easting Northing Deposit Trapping Scraping Hauling Trapping Scraping Hauling DD95KL11 800923.1905 7637175.471 Klondyke ✓ ✓ KKC002 791804.5434 7641439.472 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ KKC005 800201.1708 7637628.536 Klondyke ✓ ✓ KKC007 801168.7264 7637143.579 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ KKC008 801055.4681 7637186.495 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓ KLRC103 800015.1019 7637699.536 Klondyke ✓ ✓ KLRC143 799844.847 7637794.977 Klondyke ✓ PCR1 789949.1871 7641700.41 Coronation ✓ ✓ PCR2 789893.6704 7641709.605 Coronation ✓ ✓ RC95KL37 800051.4207 7637635.191 Klondyke ✓ ✓ ✓

Page | 80 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Appendix B – Database search results

Page | 81 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

APPENDIX B: Database search results Likely subterranean status SRE status where known Order Lowest ID Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source (Biologic) (Biologic) Isopoda Hanoniscus? sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW016 -21.538013 119.285156 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW016 -21.538013 119.285156 SubEcol Coleoptera Anillini sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW025 -21.538 119.2883 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW026 -21.535505 119.286667 SubEcol Coleoptera Cryptorhynchinae sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW026 -21.535505 119.286667 SubEcol Isopoda Hanoniscus? sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW026 -21.535505 119.286667 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW026 -21.535505 119.286667 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW026 -21.535505 119.286667 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW030 -21.536259 119.28804 SubEcol Isopoda Hanoniscus? sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW090 -21.53558 119.288445 SubEcol Coleoptera Anillini sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW090 -21.53558 119.288445 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW090 -21.53558 119.288445 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW099 -21.549984 119.296989 SubEcol Pseudoscorpiones Indohya sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW155 -21.544445 119.298973 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW165 -21.542347 119.299805 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW169 -21.540844 119.300034 SubEcol Isopoda Hanoniscus? sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW169 -21.540844 119.300034 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW169 -21.540844 119.300034 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW169 -21.540844 119.300034 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW197 -21.53335 119.309525 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW199 -21.533106 119.309097 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW199 -21.533106 119.309097 SubEcol Polyxenida Polyxenida sp. S1 (MW) Troglofauna Potential SRE MW199 -21.533106 119.309097 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW200 -21.53396 119.309097 SubEcol Schizomida Draculoides sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW200 -21.53396 119.309097 SubEcol Isopoda Hanoniscus? sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW210 -21.532154 119.305595 SubEcol Hemiptera Meenoplidae sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW210 -21.532154 119.305595 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW214 -21.533276 119.304756 SubEcol

Page | 82 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Likely subterranean status SRE status where known Order Lowest ID Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source (Biologic) (Biologic) Araneae Anapistula sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW215 -21.533842 119.304459 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW215 -21.533842 119.304459 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW215 -21.533842 119.304459 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW227 -21.536312 119.302574 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MW232 -21.539436 119.300392 SubEcol Isopoda Hanoniscus? sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MWD007 -21.538057 119.286835 SubEcol Isopoda Hanoniscus? sp. MW Troglofauna Potential SRE MWD010 -21.535421 119.291176 SubEcol - Tubificida Pristina? Stygofauna Uncertain McPhee Creek Well 120.2094629 SubEcol 21.6247419 - Tubificida Phreodrilidae indet. Stygofauna Uncertain McPhee Creek Well 120.2094629 SubEcol 21.6247419 - Harpacticoida Stygonitocrella trispinosa Stygofauna Widespread McPhee Creek Well 120.2094629 SubEcol 21.6247419 - Cyclopoida Diacyclops humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread McPhee Creek Well 120.2094629 SubEcol 21.6247419 - Coleoptera Anillini sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE MCRC0027 120.1044336 SubEcol 21.6006762 Blattodea Nocticola sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE MCRC0034 -21.596998 120.1062538 SubEcol - Zygentoma Ateluridae indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC279 120.1038094 SubEcol 21.5995461 - Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes indet. Stygofauna Uncertain No. 19 Well 120.1231693 SubEcol 21.4070712 - Tubificida Phreodrilidae indet. Stygofauna Uncertain No. 19 Well 120.1231693 SubEcol 21.4070712 - Amphipoda Paramelitidae indet. Stygofauna Uncertain No. 19 Well 120.1231693 SubEcol 21.4070712 - Podocopida Humphreyscandona capillus Stygofauna Widespread No. 19 Well 120.1231693 SubEcol 21.4070712 - Harpacticoida Parastenocaris jane Stygofauna Widespread No. 19 Well 120.1231693 SubEcol 21.4070712 - Cyclopoida Diacyclops humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread No. 19 Well 120.1231693 SubEcol 21.4070712 - Blattodea Nocticola sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC001 120.1491884 SubEcol 21.5850478 - Blattodea Nocticola sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC120 120.1076355 SubEcol 21.5906132 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC120 120.1076355 SubEcol 21.5906132 - Isopoda Philosciidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC122 120.1080137 SubEcol 21.5910079 - Tubificida Enchytraeidae sp. McP Stygofauna Potential SRE RCMC122 120.1080137 SubEcol 21.5910079

Page | 83 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Likely subterranean status SRE status where known Order Lowest ID Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source (Biologic) (Biologic) - Geophilomorpha Chilenophilidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC122 120.1080137 SubEcol 21.5910079 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC122 120.1080137 SubEcol 21.5910079 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC128 120.109955 SubEcol 21.5923956 - Zygentoma Ateluridae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC149 120.1029652 SubEcol 21.5958937 - Polyxenida Polyxenida sp. RRV Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC149 120.1029652 SubEcol 21.5958937 - Coleoptera Pselaphinae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC149 120.1029652 SubEcol 21.5958937 - Blattodea Nocticola sp. McP troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC162 120.1077522 SubEcol 21.5973671 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC164 120.1068141 SubEcol 21.5969716 - Hemiptera Meenoplidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC164 120.1068141 SubEcol 21.5969716 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC164 120.1068141 SubEcol 21.5969716 - Polyxenida Polyxenida sp. RRV Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC166 120.1062978 SubEcol 21.5962405 - Isopoda Philosciidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC166 120.1062978 SubEcol 21.5962405 - Polyxenida Polyxenida indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC166 120.1062978 SubEcol 21.5962405 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC181 120.1026048 SubEcol 21.6004187 - Hemiptera Meenoplidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC181 120.1026048 SubEcol 21.6004187 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. troglofauna Uncertain RCMC181 120.1026048 SubEcol 21.6004187 Zygentoma Trinemura sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC183 -21.599797 120.1016327 SubEcol Zygentoma Ateluridae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC183 -21.599797 120.1016327 SubEcol Cyclopoida Microcyclops varicans Stygofauna Widespread RCMC183 -21.599797 120.1016327 SubEcol Palpigradida Palpigradi indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC183 -21.599797 120.1016327 SubEcol - Blattodea Nocticola sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC185 120.1020699 SubEcol 21.6001386 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC185 120.1020699 SubEcol 21.6001386 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC185 120.1020699 SubEcol 21.6001386 - Hemiptera Meenoplidae indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC185 120.1020699 SubEcol 21.6001386

Page | 84 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Likely subterranean status SRE status where known Order Lowest ID Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source (Biologic) (Biologic) - Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC187 120.1032889 SubEcol 21.6009632 - Blattodea Nocticola sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC187 120.1032889 SubEcol 21.6009632 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC187 120.1032889 SubEcol 21.6009632 - Cyclopoida Microcyclops varicans Stygofauna Widespread RCMC193 120.1043245 SubEcol 21.6017936 - Cyclopoida Microcyclops varicans Stygofauna Widespread RCMC193 120.1043245 SubEcol 21.6017936 - Zygentoma Trinemura sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC197 120.1021126 SubEcol 21.6018724 - Zygentoma Trinemura sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC197 120.1021126 SubEcol 21.6018724 - Zygentoma Trinemura sp. McP troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC197 120.1021126 SubEcol 21.6018724 - Zygentoma Trinemura sp. McP troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC197 120.1021126 SubEcol 21.6018724 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC199 120.1027679 SubEcol 21.6024074 - Polyxenida Polyxenida indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC202 120.1200137 SubEcol 21.5815847 - Diplura Anajapygidae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC208 120.1224524 SubEcol 21.5783141 - Isopoda Troglarmadillo sp. Mcp2 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC233 120.1168939 SubEcol 21.5807363 - Coleoptera Anillini sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC240 120.1265506 SubEcol 21.5726168 Zygentoma Ateluridae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC244 -21.573612 120.1282488 SubEcol Diplura Anajapygidae sp. McP2 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC244 -21.573612 120.1282488 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC244 -21.573612 120.1282488 SubEcol - Pauropoda Pauropoda sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC257 120.1261176 SubEcol 21.5681502 - Blattodea Nocticola sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC259 120.1265984 SubEcol 21.5682397 Zygentoma Ateluridae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC232 -21.57628 120.124886 SubEcol Coleoptera Anillini sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC330 -21.581013 120.1172359 SubEcol - Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC350 120.1274859 SubEcol 21.5687425 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC350 120.1274859 SubEcol 21.5687425 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC350 120.1274859 SubEcol 21.5687425

Page | 85 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Likely subterranean status SRE status where known Order Lowest ID Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source (Biologic) (Biologic) - Hemiptera Meenoplidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC363 120.1162562 SubEcol 21.5866196 - Zygentoma Ateluridae sp. McP1 troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC363 120.1162562 SubEcol 21.5866196 - Polyxenida Polyxenida indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC373 120.1116341 SubEcol 21.5909534 - Coleoptera Anillini sp. McP2 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC395 120.1087853 SubEcol 21.5973489 - Tubificida Enchytraeidae indet. Stygofauna Uncertain RCMC405 120.0916326 SubEcol 21.5988642 - Zygentoma Ateluridae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC416 120.0903931 SubEcol 21.5961706 - Isopoda Philosciidae sp. McP troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC416 120.0903931 SubEcol 21.5961706 - Zygentoma Trinemura sp. McP troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC417 120.0899603 SubEcol 21.5965783 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC427 120.0953623 SubEcol 21.5938294 - Blattodea Nocticola sp. McP troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC427 120.0953623 SubEcol 21.5938294 - Isopoda Philosciidae sp. McP troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC427 120.0953623 SubEcol 21.5938294 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. troglofauna Uncertain RCMC427 120.0953623 SubEcol 21.5938294 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC427 120.0953623 SubEcol 21.5938294 - Araneae Oonopidae indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC434 120.0954903 SubEcol 21.5907987 - Zygentoma Trinemura sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC434 120.0954903 SubEcol 21.5907987 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. troglofauna Uncertain RCMC434 120.0954903 SubEcol 21.5907987 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC437 120.0959529 SubEcol 21.5908339 - Hemiptera Meenoplidae sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC437 120.0959529 SubEcol 21.5908339 - Isopoda Troglarmadillo sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC437 120.0959529 SubEcol 21.5908339 - Isopoda Troglarmadillo sp. McP2 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC437 120.0959529 SubEcol 21.5908339 - Blattodea Nocticola sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC437 120.0959529 SubEcol 21.5908339 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. troglofauna Uncertain RCMC437 120.0959529 SubEcol 21.5908339 - Coleoptera Curculionidae sp. McP1 Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC437 120.0959529 SubEcol 21.5908339

Page | 86 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Likely subterranean status SRE status where known Order Lowest ID Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source (Biologic) (Biologic) - Polyxenida Polyxenida sp. RRV Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC437 120.0959529 SubEcol 21.5908339 - Isopoda Troglarmadillo sp. McP1 troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC437 120.0959529 SubEcol 21.5908339 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. troglofauna Uncertain RCMC437 120.0959529 SubEcol 21.5908339 - Scolopendromorpha Cryptops sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC442 120.096067 SubEcol 21.5899513 - Zygentoma Trinemura sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC442 120.096067 SubEcol 21.5899513 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC442 120.096067 SubEcol 21.5899513 - Palpigradi Palpigradi sp. McP Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC442 120.096067 SubEcol 21.5899513 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. Troglofauna Uncertain RCMC442 120.096067 SubEcol 21.5899513 - Polyxenida Polyxenida sp. RRV Troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC442 120.096067 SubEcol 21.5899513 - Blattodea Nocticola indet. troglofauna Uncertain RCMC442 120.096067 SubEcol 21.5899513 Diplura Anajapygidae sp. McP3 troglofauna Potential SRE RCMC445 -21.589874 120.0952578 SubEcol Blattodea Nocticola indet. troglofauna Uncertain RCMC445 -21.589874 120.0952578 SubEcol - Podocopida Humphreyscandona capillus Stygofauna Widespread Underwood Well 120.0687125 SubEcol 21.4058652 - Cyclopoida Mesocyclops brooksi Stygofauna Widespread Underwood Well 120.0687125 SubEcol 21.4058652 - Harpacticoida Parastenocaris jane Stygofauna Widespread Underwood Well 120.0687125 SubEcol 21.4058652 - Podocopida Cyprididae indet. Stygofauna Uncertain Underwood Well 120.0687125 SubEcol 21.4058652 - Harpacticoida Stygonitocrella trispinosa Stygofauna Widespread Underwood Well 120.0687125 SubEcol 21.4058652 - Tubificida Pristina? Stygofauna Uncertain UNK 1 (Well) 120.163557 SubEcol 21.3722025 - Podocopida Cyprididae indet. Stygofauna Uncertain UNK 1 (Well) 120.163557 SubEcol 21.3722025 - Cyclopoida Microcyclops varicans Stygofauna Widespread UNK 1 (Well) 120.163557 SubEcol 21.3722025 nr Kimberleybathynella sp. - Bathynellacea stygofauna Potential SRE WBMC001 120.1495194 SubEcol McP 21.5804679 - Bathynellacea Bathynellidae sp. McP stygofauna Potential SRE WBMC001 120.1495194 SubEcol 21.5804679 - Cyclopoida Diacyclops humphreysi stygofauna Widespread WBMC001 120.1495194 SubEcol 21.5804679 nr Kimberleybathynella sp. - Bathynellacea Stygofauna Potential SRE WBMC001 120.1495194 SubEcol McP 21.5804679

Page | 87 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Likely subterranean status SRE status where known Order Lowest ID Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source (Biologic) (Biologic) - Bathynellacea Bathynellidae sp. McP Stygofauna Potential SRE WBMC001 120.1495194 SubEcol 21.5804679 - Cyclopoida Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread GWB1 119.315987 SubEcol 21.5281131 - Cyclopoida Cyclopoida indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB1 119.315987 SubEcol 21.5281131 - Cyclopoida Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread GWB11 119.3294338 SubEcol 21.5440617 - Tubificida Enchytraeidae indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB12 119.3294704 SubEcol 21.5445398 Megastigonitocrella - Harpacticoida Stygofauna Widespread GWB12 119.3294704 SubEcol trispinosa 21.5445398 - Harpacticoida Dussartstenocaris sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB12 119.3294704 SubEcol 21.5445398 - Harpacticoida Parastenocaris jane Stygofauna Widespread GWB12 119.3294704 SubEcol 21.5445398 - Podocopida Ostracoda indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB12 119.3294704 SubEcol 21.5445398 - Isopoda Coxicerberus sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB12 119.3294704 SubEcol 21.5445398 - Cyclopoida Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread GWB12 119.3294704 SubEcol 21.5445398 - Harpacticoida Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread GWB12 119.3294704 SubEcol 21.5445398 - Podocopida Leicacandona sp. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB3 119.3187441 SubEcol 21.5151624 - Harpacticoida Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread GWB3 119.3187441 SubEcol 21.5151624 - Bathynellacea Billibathynella sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB3 119.3187441 SubEcol 21.5151624 - Amphipoda Melitidae sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB3 119.3187441 SubEcol 21.5151624 - Isopoda Coxicerberus sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB3 119.3187441 SubEcol 21.5151624 - Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB3 119.3187441 SubEcol 21.5151624 - Harpacticoida Harpacticoida indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB3 119.3187441 SubEcol 21.5151624 Megastigonitocrella - Harpacticoida Stygofauna Widespread GWB3 119.3187441 SubEcol trispinosa 21.5151624 - Podocopida Ostracoda indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB3 119.3187441 SubEcol 21.5151624 - Podocopida Ostracoda indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB3 119.3187441 SubEcol 21.5151624 - Cyclopoida Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread GWB3 119.3187441 SubEcol 21.5151624

Page | 88 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Likely subterranean status SRE status where known Order Lowest ID Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source (Biologic) (Biologic) - Cyclopoida Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread GWB6 119.3177483 SubEcol 21.5217318 - Tubificida Phreodrilidae indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB6 119.3177483 SubEcol 21.5217318 - Podocopida Leicacandona indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB6 119.3177483 SubEcol 21.5217318 - Harpacticoida Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread GWB6 119.3177483 SubEcol 21.5217318 Megastigonitocrella - Harpacticoida Stygofauna Widespread GWB6 119.3177483 SubEcol trispinosa 21.5217318 - Isopoda Coxicerberus sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB6 119.3177483 SubEcol 21.5217318 Megastigonitocrella - Harpacticoida Stygofauna Widespread GWB7 119.3183204 SubEcol trispinosa 21.5219044 - Harpacticoida Harpacticoida indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB7 119.3183204 SubEcol 21.5219044 - Harpacticoida Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread GWB7 119.3183204 SubEcol 21.5219044 - Isopoda Coxicerberus sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB7 119.3183204 SubEcol 21.5219044 - Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB7 119.3183204 SubEcol 21.5219044 - Cyclopoida Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread GWB7 119.3183204 SubEcol 21.5219044 - Cyclopoida Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread GWB8 119.3222452 SubEcol 21.5150505 - Bathynellacea Billibathynella sp. MW Stygofauna Potential SRE GWB8 119.3222452 SubEcol 21.5150505 - Harpacticoida Parastenocaris jane Stygofauna Widespread GWB8 119.3222452 SubEcol 21.5150505 Megastigonitocrella - Harpacticoida Stygofauna Widespread GWB8 119.3222452 SubEcol trispinosa 21.5150505 - Harpacticoida Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread GWB8 119.3222452 SubEcol 21.5150505 - Harpacticoida Harpacticoida indet. Stygofauna Uncertain GWB8 119.3222452 SubEcol 21.5150505 Aphaneura Aeolosoma sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread MEEN2 -21.17317 119.94103 PSS Aphaneura Aeolosoma sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread COMET1 -21.23175 119.72464 PSS Ostracoda Amphitritecandona secunda Stygofauna Potential SRE MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS Ostracoda Amphitritecandona secunda Stygofauna Potential SRE MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS Ostracoda Areacandona cf. sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK344 -20.83944 119.60722 PSS Syncarida Bathynella sp. 2 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS Syncarida Bathynella sp. 2 Stygofauna Widespread CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS

Page | 89 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Likely subterranean status SRE status where known Order Lowest ID Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source (Biologic) (Biologic) Bdelloidea Bdelloidea sp. Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK344 -20.83944 119.60722 PSS Ostracoda Bennelongia sp.2 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314B -20.95911 119.84769 PSS Ostracoda Bennelongia strelleyensis Stygofauna Widespread MEEN2 -21.17317 119.94103 PSS Amphipoda Bogidiellidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314B -20.95911 119.84769 PSS Amphipoda Bogidiellidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS Amphipoda Bogidiellidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS Ostracoda Candonopsis pilbarae Stygofauna Widespread NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS Copepoda Canthocamptidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS Ostracoda Cypretta seurati Stygofauna Widespread MEEN2 -21.17317 119.94103 PSS Ostracoda Cypretta seurati Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS Ostracoda Cyprinotus kimberleyensis Stygofauna Widespread NPM03 -21.12531 119.35964 PSS Ostracoda Cyprinotus kimberleyensis Stygofauna Widespread NPM03 -21.12531 119.35964 PSS Tubificida Dero furcata Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS Copepoda Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS Copepoda Diacyclops cockingi Stygofauna Widespread NPM01 -21.09728 119.40647 PSS Diacyclops humphreysi Copepoda Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS humphreysi Diacyclops humphreysi Copepoda Stygofauna Widespread CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS humphreysi Diacyclops humphreysi Copepoda Stygofauna Widespread NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS humphreysi Diacyclops humphreysi Copepoda Stygofauna Widespread NPM04 -21.10322 119.40764 PSS humphreysi Copepoda Diacyclops scanloni Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314A -20.95911 119.84769 PSS Copepoda Diacyclops scanloni Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314A -20.95911 119.84769 PSS Copepoda Diacyclops scanloni Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314B -20.95911 119.84769 PSS Copepoda Diacyclops scanloni Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS Copepoda Diacyclops scanloni Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS Copepoda Diacyclops scanloni Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS Copepoda Diacyclops scanloni Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS Copepoda Diacyclops scanloni Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS Copepoda Diacyclops sobeprolatus Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS

Page | 90 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Likely subterranean status SRE status where known Order Lowest ID Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source (Biologic) (Biologic) Copepoda Diacyclops sobeprolatus Stygofauna Widespread NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS Copepoda Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS Copepoda Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS Copepoda Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS Copepoda Elaphoidella humphreysi Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS Ostracoda Gomphodella hirsuta Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK344 -20.83944 119.60722 PSS Ostracoda Gomphodella hirsuta Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK344 -20.83944 119.60722 PSS Ostracoda Gomphodella hirsuta Stygofauna Widespread EGINBAH1 -21.21186 119.77431 PSS Gomphodella 'quasihirsuta' Ostracoda Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS ms Acariformes Guineaxonopsis sp. S1 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS Copepoda Harpacticoida Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS Copepoda Harpacticoida Stygofauna Uncertain NPM04 -21.10322 119.40764 PSS Heterocypris Ostracoda Stygofauna Widespread MEEN2 -21.17317 119.94103 PSS 'kimberleyensis' ms Ostracoda Humphreyscandona capillus Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS Ostracoda Humphreyscandona capillus Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS Ostracoda Humphreyscandona capillus Stygofauna Widespread EGINBAH1 -21.21186 119.77431 PSS Ostracoda Humphreyscandona capillus Stygofauna Widespread COMET1 -21.23175 119.72464 PSS Ostracoda Humphreyscandona capillus Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS Ostracoda Humphreyscandona capillus Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS Insulodrilus lacustris s.l. Tubificida Stygofauna Widespread CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS Pilbara type 2/3 Insulodrilus lacustris s.l. Tubificida Stygofauna Widespread MEEN2 -21.17317 119.94103 PSS Pilbara type 2/3 Ostracoda Kencandona harleyi Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS Ostracoda Leicacandona cf. carinata Stygofauna Potential SRE MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS Ostracoda Leicacandona jimi Stygofauna Potential SRE MBSLK344 -20.83944 119.60722 PSS Ostracoda Leicacandona lite Stygofauna Potential SRE NPM04 -21.10322 119.40764 PSS Ostracoda Leicacandona makra Stygofauna Potential SRE BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS Ostracoda Leicacandona makra Stygofauna Potential SRE BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS Ostracoda Limnocythere sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK344 -20.83944 119.60722 PSS

Page | 91 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Likely subterranean status SRE status where known Order Lowest ID Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source (Biologic) (Biologic) Amphipoda Melitidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK314A -20.95911 119.84769 PSS Amphipoda Melitidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314A -20.95911 119.84769 PSS Amphipoda Melitidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314A -20.95911 119.84769 PSS Amphipoda Melitidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS Amphipoda Melitidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS Amphipoda Melitidae sp. 1 Stygofauna Widespread NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS Copepoda Meridiecyclops baylyi Stygofauna Widespread NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS Copepoda Metacyclops Stygofauna Uncertain BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK284 -21.14025 119.86514 PSS Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain NPM04 -21.10322 119.40764 PSS Copepoda Microcyclops varicans Stygofauna Widespread CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS Copepoda Microcyclops varicans Stygofauna Widespread MEEN2 -21.17317 119.94103 PSS Copepoda Microcyclops varicans Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS Monopylephorus n. sp. Tubificida Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS WA29 Monopylephorus n. sp. Tubificida Stygofauna Widespread CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS WA29 Monopylephorus n. sp. Tubificida Stygofauna Widespread MEEN2 -21.17317 119.94103 PSS WA29 Monopylephorus n. sp. Tubificida Stygofauna Widespread NPM01 -21.09728 119.40647 PSS WA29 Monopylephorus n. sp. Tubificida Stygofauna Widespread NPM04 -21.10322 119.40764 PSS WA29 Monopylephorus n. sp. Tubificida Stygofauna Widespread NPM04 -21.10322 119.40764 PSS WA29 Amphipoda Nedsia sp. Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS Amphipoda Nedsia sp. Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK324 -20.90283 119.76925 PSS Nematoda Nematoda Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS Nematoda Nematoda sp. 17 Stygofauna Potential SRE NPM03 -21.12531 119.35964 PSS

Page | 92 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Likely subterranean status SRE status where known Order Lowest ID Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source (Biologic) (Biologic) Ostracoda Ostracoda (Unident.) Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK284 -21.14025 119.86514 PSS Ostracoda Ostracoda (Unident.) Stygofauna Uncertain CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS Ostracoda Ostracoda (Unident.) Stygofauna Uncertain CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS Ostracoda Ostracoda (Unident.) Stygofauna Uncertain EGINBAH1 -21.21186 119.77431 PSS Ostracoda Ostracoda (Unident.) Stygofauna Uncertain MEEN2 -21.17317 119.94103 PSS Ostracoda Ostracoda (Unident.) Stygofauna Uncertain MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK284 -21.14025 119.86514 PSS Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. Stygofauna Uncertain MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 2 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314A -20.95911 119.84769 PSS Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 2 Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 2 Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 6 Stygofauna Widespread COMET1 -21.23175 119.72464 PSS Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 7 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314A -20.95911 119.84769 PSS Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 7 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK314B -20.95911 119.84769 PSS Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 7 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 7 Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 7 Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS Amphipoda Paramelitidae sp. 7 Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS Copepoda Parastenocaris Stygofauna Uncertain CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS Copepoda Parastenocaris Stygofauna Uncertain CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS Copepoda Parastenocaris Stygofauna Uncertain BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS Copepoda Parastenocaris sp. 3 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS Phreodrilid with dissimilar Tubificida Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK344 -20.83944 119.60722 PSS ventral chaetae Phreodrilid with dissimilar Tubificida Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS ventral chaetae Phreodrilid with dissimilar Tubificida Stygofauna Widespread CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS ventral chaetae Phreodrilid with dissimilar Tubificida Stygofauna Widespread MEEN2 -21.17317 119.94103 PSS ventral chaetae Phreodrilid with dissimilar Tubificida Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS ventral chaetae

Page | 93 Warrawoona Gold Project: Subterranean Fauna Survey

Likely subterranean status SRE status where known Order Lowest ID Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source (Biologic) (Biologic) Phreodrilid with dissimilar Tubificida Stygofauna Widespread NPM01 -21.09728 119.40647 PSS ventral chaetae Phreodrilid with similar Tubificida Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS ventral chaetae Phreodrilid with similar Tubificida Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS ventral chaetae Phreodrilid with similar Tubificida Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS ventral chaetae Phreodrilid with similar Tubificida Stygofauna Widespread NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS ventral chaetae Amphipoda Pilbarus millsi Stygofauna Widespread COMET1 -21.23175 119.72464 PSS Amphipoda Pilbarus millsi Stygofauna Widespread NPM01 -21.09728 119.40647 PSS Copepoda Pseudectinosoma galassiae Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS Acariformes Recifella sp. Potential stygofauna Uncertain BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS Ostracoda Strandesia Stygofauna Uncertain NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS Ostracoda Strandesia Stygofauna Uncertain NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS Copepoda Stygonitocrella bispinosa Stygofauna Widespread CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS Copepoda Stygonitocrella bispinosa Stygofauna Widespread BCR1 -20.93778 119.96014 PSS Copepoda Stygonitocrella trispinosa Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK284 -21.14025 119.86514 PSS Copepoda Stygonitocrella trispinosa Stygofauna Widespread NPM02 -21.09689 119.36628 PSS Copepoda Stygonitocrella unispinosa Stygofauna Widespread CORUNNA1 -21.4595 120.02136 PSS Turbellaria Turbellaria sp.D4:ED4:E278 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK316 -20.93522 119.85008 PSS Turbellaria Turbellaria sp.D4:ED4:E278 Stygofauna Widespread MBSLK240 -21.44986 120.07806 PSS Turbellaria Turbellaria sp.D4:ED4:E278 Stygofauna Widespread MUC03 -20.87278 119.98692 PSS Site PSB003, bore Acari Oribatida sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain -21.3308 120.3756 WAM NRPP1 Site PSB003, bore Acari Wandesia sp. indet. Potential stygofauna Uncertain -21.3308 120.3756 WAM NRPP1 210 km SE. of Port Araneae Prethopalpus sp. indet. Troglofauna Uncertain -21.59083 120.0956 WAM Hedland Site PSS409, bore Acari Recifella sp. indet. Potential stygofauna Uncertain -20.9378 119.9601 WAM BCR1 Site PSS248, bore Acari Guineaxonopsis sp. indet. Potential stygofauna Uncertain -21.4497 120.0781 WAM MBSLK240 Bathynellacea nr Atopobathynella sp. B16 Stygofauna Potential SRE BlueSpec -21.0136 120.004 WAM Cyclopoida Diacyclops sobeprolatus Stygofauna Widespread BlueSpec -21.0136 120.003 WAM Cyclopoida Microcyclops varicans Stygofauna Widespread BlueSpec -21.0136 120.003 WAM

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Likely subterranean status SRE status where known Order Lowest ID Site/ Well Latitude Longitude Source (Biologic) (Biologic) Orbuscyclops Cyclopoida Stygofauna Widespread BlueSpec -21.0136 120.004 WAM westaustraliensis Megastygonitocrella Harpacticoida Stygofauna Widespread BlueSpec -21.0136 120.004 WAM unispinosa Harpacticoida Parastenocaris sp. B23 Stygofauna Potential SRE BlueSpec -21.0136 120.004 WAM Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain Bore MBSLK284 -21.1402 119.865 WAM Sandy Creek Well Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain (a.k.a. Tony Well), -21.4595 120.021 WAM bore COR Box Soak Well, bore Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain -20.9377 119.96 WAM BCR1 Box Soak Well, bore Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain -20.9377 119.96 WAM BCR1 Camp5, bore Isopoda Microcerberidae sp. indet. Stygofauna Uncertain -21.1032 119.408 WAM NPM04 Bamboo Creek, Podocopida Amphitritecandona secunda Stygofauna Potential SRE -20.9352 119.851 WAM Mbslk316 Podocopida Kencandona harleyi Stygofauna Widespread Box Soak Well, Bcr1 -20.9377 119.96 WAM Podocopida Kencandona harleyi Stygofauna Widespread Box Soak Well, Bcr1 -20.9377 119.96 WAM Podocopida Kencandona harleyi Stygofauna Widespread Box Soak Well, Bcr1 -20.9377 119.96 WAM Podocopida Leicacandona lite Stygofauna Potential SRE Camp 5, Npm04 119.408 119.408 WAM Podocopida Leicacandona lite Stygofauna Potential SRE Camp 5, Npm04 119.408 119.408 WAM Podocopida Leicacandona makra Stygofauna Potential SRE Box Soak Well, Bcr1 119.96 119.96 WAM Podocopida Leicacandona makra Stygofauna Potential SRE Box Soak Well, Bcr1 119.96 119.96 WAM Podocopida Leicacandona makra Stygofauna Potential SRE Box Soak Well, Bcr1 119.96 119.96 WAM

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Appendix C – Water physicochemistry

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APPENDIX C: Water physicochemical measurements observed during the current survey Dissolved Bore/ site DTW Temp EC Salinity Acidity Redox Deposit Date oxygen Appearance No. (m) (°C) (μS/cm) (ppm) (pH) (mV) (ppm) Klondyke 17KLRC018 2018-05-10 32 29 1190 0.59 7.32 -51.8 1.2 Stale odor Klondyke 17KLRC027 2018-05-09 37 31.9 1257 0.62 6.92 10.7 1.48 Mineral odor Klondyke 17KLRC033 2018-05-09 38 31.2 946 0.46 7.37 -1 2.4 Slight sulphurous Klondyke 17KLRC040 2018-05-13 48 30.9 1241 0.61 7.22 -89.4 1.3 odor Klondyke 17KLRC046 2018-05-09 28 31.9 7.02 0.34 6.98 -7.2 1.34 Fresh clean odor Klondyke 17KLRC048 2018-05-14 31 29.8 8 0.38 7.62 -44.8 1.85 Fresh clean odor Fielders Gully 17FGRC014 2018-05-11 15 29.6 4300 2.27 7.64 -118.4 1.38 Biological odor Fielders Gully 17FGRC010 2018-05-11 18 28.5 1314 0.65 7.12 -40 2.44 Mineral odor Fielders Gully 17FGRC012 2018-05-11 19 29.9 1593 0.79 7.14 -58.6 1.81 Fresh clean odor Fielders Gully 17FGRC001 2018-05-11 33 29.5 1372 0.68 7.13 -26.2 2.73 Mineral odor Fielders Gully 17FGRC008 2018-05-11 13 32.1 1352 67 7.52 -26.9 2.45 Stale odor Fielders Gully 17FGRC017 2018-05-12 17 27.4 2211 1.13 7.53 -71.2 1.78 Stale odor Coronation 17CRDD001 2018-05-12 23 30.4 707 0.34 7.31 -47.6 1.75 Mineral odor Copenhagen 17CPRC013 2018-05-12 6 29.7 1327 0.66 7.04 -45.8 1.47 Biological odor Copenhagen 17CPRC023 2018-05-12 5 30.7 1095 0.54 7.27 -87.6 0.82 Copenhagen 17CP008 2018-05-12 9 30.3 1214 0.6 6.95 -52.8 1.31 Biological odor Copenhagen 17CPRC018 2018-05-12 10 30.3 1105 0.54 6.63 -50.2 1.26 Copenhagen CalUnk001 2018-05-13 5 25.7 1058 0.52 7.26 -54.1 1.98 Fresh clean odor Copenhagen 17CP009 2018-05-13 8 28 1301 0.64 7.35 -91 0.99 Biological odor Klondyke 17KLRC053 2018-05-09 33 30.9 911 0.44 6.99 75.5 1.27 Fresh clean odor Klondyke 17KLRC067 2018-05-13 137 30.2 795 0.38 7.39 -50 1.29 Fresh clean odor Klondyke 17KLRC068 2018-05-13 37 29.5 1196 0.59 7.29 -52.7 1.54 Fresh clean odor Klondyke 17KLRC070 2018-05-13 30 29.5 874 0.42 7.35 -49.8 1.75 Fresh clean odor Klondyke 17KLRC078 2018-05-10 32 32 1276 0.63 7.36 -22 2.42 Salty odor Klondyke 17KLRC083 2018-05-10 19 32.2 1645 0.82 7.44 -36.8 0.91 Klondyke 17KLRC086 2018-05-13 42 29 1431 0.71 7.39 -53.5 2 Fresh clean odor Klondyke 17KLRC087 2018-05-13 28 28.7 1044 0.51 7.3 -44.2 2.35 Fresh clean odor Copenhagen 18CPRC024 2019-03-17 14.5 29.2 1301 0.59 7 169.9 1.38 Stale odor Copenhagen 17CPRC006 2019-03-17 8 29.6 1319 0.6 7.33 -125.2 0.69 Biological odor Copenhagen 18CPRC036 2019-03-16 6.5 29.5 1210 0.55 6.81 92.6 1.93 Chemical odor Copenhagen 18CPRC034 2019-03-16 8 30.1 1255 0.56 7.08 99.7 3.72 Fresh clean odor Copenhagen 17CPRC022 2019-03-16 8 30 1330 0.6 7.16 -169.4 0.9 Biological odor Copenhagen KKC002 2019-03-17 30.4 1057 0.47 7.32 98.8 4.81 Fresh clean odor Copenhagen 17CPRC008 2019-03-16 11 30 1182 0.53 7 77.8 1.82 Fresh clean odor Copenhagen 17CPRC012 2019-03-16 9 29.1 1103 0.5 7.16 72.3 0.44 Stale odor Copenhagen CRC8 2019-03-16 29.6 1181 0.53 7.19 55.1 2.13 Fresh clean odor Copenhagen 17CPRC017 2019-03-16 12.5 29 1486 0.68 7.73 96.1 1.87 Fresh clean odor Copenhagen 18CPRC038 2019-03-17 8.5 30.4 1332 0.59 7.17 109.3 1.97 Fresh clean odor Copenhagen 18CPRC028 2019-03-17 15.5 30.8 1295 0.57 7 113.5 1.4 Fresh clean odor Copenhagen 18CPRC027 2019-03-17 12 29.3 1287 0.58 6.99 140.1 28.4 Fresh clean odor Major sulphurous Copenhagen 18CPRC039 2019-03-16 5 30.4 1519 0.68 7.23 -132.8 1.46 odor Copenhagen 17CPRC014 2019-03-16 6 29.3 1223 0.56 7.17 57.2 2.1 Biological odor

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Dissolved Bore/ site DTW Temp EC Salinity Acidity Redox Deposit Date oxygen Appearance No. (m) (°C) (μS/cm) (ppm) (pH) (mV) (ppm) Copenhagen 18CPRC030 2019-03-17 15.5 30.8 1273 0.56 7.24 98.8 1.54 Stale odor Copenhagen 18CPRC040 2019-03-17 29.9 989 0.44 7.82 87.7 1.33 Fresh clean odor Copenhagen 18CPRC031 2019-03-17 169 29.2 1230 0.56 7.23 105.5 1.48 Fresh clean odor Copenhagen 17CPRC023 2019-03-16 12.5 31.4 1126 0.49 7.04 -99.7 1.73 Biological odor Copenhagen 17CPRC015 2019-03-16 6 29 1448 0.67 7.19 74.9 1.27 Fresh clean odor Copenhagen 18CPRC037 2019-03-16 9 31.8 1173 0.51 7.09 190.2 0.1 Fresh clean odor Copenhagen 18CPRC026 2019-03-16 11.5 29.9 1366 0.62 7.16 104.5 1.54 Fresh clean odor Coronation PCR1 2019-03-18 17.5 31.4 1161 0.5 6.88 109.3 1.61 Stale odor Coronation PCR2 2019-03-18 22.5 31.4 1179 0.51 6.88 106.2 2.69 Fresh clean odor Slight sulphurous Coronation 18CRRC017 2019-03-18 30 30.8 1002 0.44 7.03 -61.7 1.43 odor Slight sulphurous Coronation 18CRRC013 2019-03-18 32.5 30.7 996 0.44 6.96 -7.6 1.69 odor Slight sulphurous Coronation 18CRRC005 2019-03-18 62 30.6 1163 0.51 7.1 -45.8 1.95 odor Coronation 18CRRC009 2019-03-18 49.5 30.8 1074 0.47 7.01 107.7 1.62 Fresh clean odor Coronation 18CRRC012 2019-03-18 49 30.6 977 0.43 6.97 105.9 2.09 Stale odor Coronation 18CRRC018 2019-03-18 32.5 30.5 967 0.42 6.94 92.7 1.51 Fresh clean odor Coronation 18CRRC022 2019-03-18 36.9 30.3 1011 0.45 6.89 85.6 2.07 Stale odor Coronation 18CRRC024 2019-03-18 21.5 29.9 1049 0.47 7 -66.6 10.7 Stale odor Coronation 18CRRC003 2019-03-18 15 30.1 1170 0.52 7.13 139.8 2.57 Fresh clean odor Coronation 18CRRC021 2019-03-18 24 29 1054 0.48 7.14 125.5 1.77 Fresh clean odor Fielders Gully 17FGRC011 2019-03-17 31.6 1529 0.67 7.13 123.7 3.23 Fresh clean odor Fielders Gully 17FGRC009 2019-03-17 12 31.3 2137 0.96 7.14 120 4.18 Fresh clean odor Fielders Gully 17FGRC017 2019-03-17 20 30.8 2399 1.09 7.4 -73 1.51 Biological odor Fielders Gully 17FGRC012 2019-03-17 20.5 31.1 1545 0.68 7.23 125 4.31 Fresh clean odor Fielders Gully 17FGRC008 2019-03-17 12.5 31.1 1879 0.84 7.21 117.7 2.83 Fresh clean odor Fielders Gully 17FGRC010 2019-03-17 22 30.9 1274 0.56 7.09 116.2 2.29 Fresh clean odor Klondyke 17KLRC020 2019-03-14 35 30.1 1115 0.5 7.38 -93.4 1.22 Biological odor Klondyke 18KLDD014 2019-03-14 44 31.7 1310 0.57 7.34 57.722 1.81 Stale odor Klondyke 17KLRC014 2019-03-14 22.5 30.8 1504 0.67 7.25 -74.4 1.85 Biological odor Klondyke 18KLDD028 2019-03-15 37.5 30.9 1439 0.63 7.63 -138.7 1.87 Fresh clean odor Klondyke 18KLRC187 2019-03-14 14.5 30.2 1176 0.52 7.4 91.8 1.85 Stale odor Klondyke 18KLRC103 2019-03-13 20 30.8 1358 0.6 7.18 171.2 4.7 Fresh clean odor Slight sulphurous Klondyke 18SGRC025 2019-03-13 13.5 30.8 1275 0.56 7.54 -170.2 0.83 odor Klondyke 18KLRC182 2019-03-13 18.5 30.6 1488 0.66 7.65 -99 22.4 Chemical odor Klondyke 18KLRC116 2019-03-15 17 29.4 1702 0.78 6.94 112.7 1.7 Fresh clean odor Klondyke CRA_bore 2019-03-15 3.5 31.6 1969 0.87 8.05 75.4 4.07 Fresh clean odor Klondyke 18KLDD018 2019-03-14 30 30.6 1611 0.72 7.37 -31.8 1.25 Stale odor

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