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e thesis sumitted to the
heprtment of iletril nd gomputer ingineering
in onformity with the requirements
for the degree of wster of iene
niversity ueen9s
uingstonD yntrioD gnd
eugust IWWU
gopyright e v v sxeD IWWU
estrt
he purp ose of this do ument is to investigte the design of rodnd stellite
system whih op ertes t the u frequeny ndF e hnnel mo del ws develop ed
would e noise limited nd slowly time vryingF whih indited tht the stellite link
gylosttionry emforming using the grossEgyi @elf goherent rop erty
lgorithm on high gin multiEfeed pr oli ntenn rry ws onsideredF estorlA
he slowly time vrying hnnel environment llowed for long orreltion timeF
work whih uses liner rrys in his pplition of gyi is in ontrst to existing
interferene limited environments with short orreltion timesF
ws pplied to the gyi lgorithms to e novel tehnique of frontEend ltering
improve the onvergene rteF his resulted in redution of the noise p ower input to
the emformer whih improved the p erformneF e phse is ws lso introdued
y the lter whih degrded the p erformne of the system under ertin onditionsF
e seond ltering tehnique whih used of phse omp enstion to eliminte the phse
is improved p erformneF oustness tests of the gross gyi lgorithm showed
tht the tehnique ws highly sensitive to errors in the hrteristi yli frequeny
of the signlF femforming gins were shown to e dep endent on the pr oli
ntenn rry geometryF
weverD lrge gin he design of u rodnd stellite system is fesileF ro
terrestril ntenns or high trnsmission p ower levels my e neessry to insure
relile p erformneF ii
eknowledgements
would like to thnk my thesis sup ervisor hrF teven flosteinF ris insight nd s
enthusism out this pro jet mde the reserh highly rewrdingF s would lso
like to thnk him for his dvie nd supp ort with resp et to my pplition to the
niv ersity of lmD qermny nd for his interest in my extrEurriulr hoiesF
irnshw who9s tehnil exp eriene hnks to my l mtesD esp eilly wrk
ws key in overoming mny omputer nd system prolems throughout my two yers
t ueen9sF
hnks is extended to my fmilyF heir supp ort of my interests nd ondene in
my ilities help ed me through the diult timesF heir enthusism nd love mde
the distne from uingston to ikering muh smllerF
pinlly D s would like to dedite this thesis to the memory of my qrndmotherD
whose kindnessD generosity nd humour throughout my life will lwys e rememE
eredF houghts of her will forever ring our fmily loser togetherF
his work ws supp orted y the gndin snstitute for eleommunitions eE
serh nd the ho ol of qrdute tudies nd eserh t ueen9s niversityF iii
gontents
ii estrt
eknowledgements iii
of les xiii vist
vist of pigures xv
vist of ym ols xxiii
sntro dution I I
IFI wotivtion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X I
IFP hesis gontriutions X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Q
IFQ resenttion yutline X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X R
P entenn himension nd goverge ere glultions T
PFI viterture erh X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X T
PFIFI entenn for wilitry tellite gommunitions X X X X X X X X U
PFIFP erformne of gontour hp ed fem entenns X X X X X X X X U
PFIFQ he yrion tellite entenn uEystem X X X X X X X X X X X X W
PFIFR yigGoseidon ro jet X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X W
ersonl rndheld gommunitions vi u nd vG nd telE PFIFS
lites X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X II
PFP entenn hesign nd tellite goverge ere X X X X X X X X X X X X X X II
PFPFI ep erture p er nd idelo e vevel X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IP iv
PFPFP femwidth X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IP
PFPFQ qin voss X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IR
PFPFR yset reight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IR
PFPFS wximum n engle X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IR
PFQ glulted himension for the eetor entenn X X X X X X X X X X X X IS
PFQFI eetor himeter X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IS
PFQFP po l vength X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IS
PFQFQ qin X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IS
PFQFR eetor engle X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IT
lue @A X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IT PFQFS peed hiretivity
PFQFT ilement ize nd ping X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IU
PFQFU entenn hesign ummry X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IU
PFR peed vo tion glultion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IW
PFS fem histortion due to prequeny histriution X X X X X X X X X X X X PH
PFT hegrdtion in erformne for y po us fems X X X X X X X X X X X PP
Q vink fudget glultion for the uEfnd qeosttionry tellite PU
QFI uEfnd vink fudget gontriutions X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PU
QFIFI hysil vink rmeter ummry X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PW
QFIFP irthGtellite is X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QH
QFIFQ pree pe voss X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QI
QFIFR qseous vosses X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QI
QFIFS in ettenution X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QP
QFIFT emp erture X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QP
QFIFU fndwidth glultion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QP
QFP phwe ystem X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QQ
QFQ vink fudget glultion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QQ
QFQFI rrdwre p eitions X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QR
QFQFP prequeny rmeters X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QR
QFQFQ rget vtitude nd vongitude X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QR v
QFQFR reight ove e vevel X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QS
QFQFS yutge erentge X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QS
QFQFT entenn qin edution X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QS
QFQFU ystem snterferene X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QS
QFQFV emp erture rmeters X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QT
QFQFW ghnnel qurd fnds X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QT
QFQFIH ulse hesign X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QU
QFQFII fse fnd ghnnel X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QU
QFQFIP sonospheri iets X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QU
QFQFIQ i ax equirements X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QU
o
QFR gomprison with v fnd oie ystem X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RH
R gylosttionry femforming nd ynEford ro essing RP
RFI wotivtion for higitl femforming nd ynEford ro essing X X X X RP
RFIFI efereneEfsed femforming X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RQ
RFIFP vo tionEfsed femforming X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RR
RFIFQ rop erty estorlGflind femforming X X X X X X X X X X X X X RR
RFP wotivtion for the gylosttionry rop erty estorl ehnique X X X RS
RFQ heoretil fkground for gylosttionry enlysis X X X X X X X X X RT
RFQFI prtion of ime roility wesure X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RU
RFR eondEyrder gylosttionriy X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X SH
RFRFI gyli euto orreltion puntion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X SI
RFS gyli emp orl gorreltion go eient X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X SQ
RFT p etrl gorreltion hensity puntion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X SQ
RFU prequenyEhift piltering @pirA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X SR
RFV he gyli ignl wo del invironment X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X SS
RFW flind gyli ptil piltering elgorithms X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X SU
RFWFI p etrl goherene estorl flind femforming elgorithms
@gyiA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X SU
RFWFP he gyli edptive femforming elgorithm X X X X X X X X X TP vi
RFWFQ gstedo elgorithm X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TQ
RFWFR rei elgorithm X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TR
RFWFS ignl uspe ehniques X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TS
S he wo deled ghnnel TU
SFI ignl wo del nd est invironment X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TU
SFIFI finry hse hift ueying X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TV
SFIFP ised gosine ulse hping X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X UH
SFIFQ erry gongurtion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X UI
SFIFR gomplex qussin xoise wo del X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X UI
SFIFS ignl wo del epresenttion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X UQ
SFIFT sx glultionD nd yptiml femforming sx X X X X X X UQ
SFP erformne ivlution rmeters X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X US
SFPFI qussin xoise vevel est enrio X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X US
SFPFP snterferene est enrio X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X UU
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X UU SFPFQ grrier prequeny titter
SFPFR yset prequeny irror est X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X UV
SFPFS pilter fndwidth est X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X UV
SFPFT imultion est invironment gonditions X X X X X X X X X X X X UW
T gylosttionry femforming with frodnd pront ind pilteringD
nd erry esp onse istimtion VH
TFI pront ind pilter wotivtion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X VH
TFP piltering iet on gyli p etrl gorreltion X X X X X X X X X X X X X VQ
TFPFI nltered xoise mple wo del X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X VS
TFPFP sdel pilter wo del X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X VV
TFPFQ xonEsdel pilter wo del X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X WH
TFPFR ime everging gomputtion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X WP
TFPFS iet of piltering on ime everging X X X X X X X X X X X X X X WS
TFPFT iet of piltering on the xoise ower X X X X X X X X X X X X X X WT vii
TFPFU vimit s the pilter fndwidth epprohes snnity X X X X X X WT
TFPFV vimit s the pilter fndwidth epprohes ero X X X X X X X X WU
TFPFW pinite ime pourier rnsform X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X WV
TFPFIH ummry of piltering9s iets on femforming X X X X X X X X WW
TFQ gylosttionry erry esp onse istimtion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IHI
TFR pront ind piltered gyi femforming ehniques X X X X X X X X X IHQ
TFRFI gyi elgorithm @gyiA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IHT
TFRFP piltered gyi elgorithm @pEgyiA X X X X X X X X X X X X IHT
TFRFQ hse gomp ensted gyi elgorithm @gEgyiA X X X X IHT
TFRFR erry istimted gyi @eEgyiA X X X X X X X X X X X X X IHU
TFRFS piltered erry istimted gyi @peEgyiA X X X X X X X X IHU
TFS rnsitionl pilter hesign X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IHU
U gyi elgorithm imultion esults IIP
UFI sntro dution X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IIP
UFP gylosttionry erry istimtion erformne of the viner nd roli
entenn gongurtion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IIQ
UFQ iet of erry snitiliztion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IIV
UFR erformne gomprison etween gross gyi nd vest qures
gyi X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IIW
UFRFI ummry of piltered vest qure nd gross gyi lgorithm
gomprison X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IPU
UFS gomprison of the roli nd viner errys X X X X X X X X X X X X IPU
UFT fem ttern erformne X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IPV
UFU gyi elgorithm gonvergene erformne X X X X X X X X X X X X X IQH
UFUFI iet of pilter fndwidth on gonvergene erformne X X X IQH
UFV iet of xoise on gonvergene erformne X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IQU
UFVFI gonvergene te heteriortion due to xoise X X X X X X X X X IQW
UFVFP gyi gonvergene vimit due to righ xoise X X X X X X X X X IQW
UFVFQ gross gyi xoise erformne ummry X X X X X X X X X X IQW viii
UFW iet of snterferene on gonvergene erformne X X X X X X X X X X X IRQ
UFIH prequeny titter xoise erformne X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IRQ
UFII prequeny yset gonvergene erformne X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IRW
UFIP hiretion of errivl iet on the roli entenn X X X X X X X X X ISQ
UFIQ erformne ummry of piltered gyi elgorithms X X X X X X X X ISW
V gonlusions nd puture ork ITI
VFI gonlusions on the qeosttionry tellite ghnnel X X X X X X X X X X ITP
VFP gonlusions on entenn hesign X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ITP
VFQ gonlusions on gyi elgorithm imultion erformne X X X X X X ITQ
VFQFI gyi elgorithm erformne ummry X X X X X X X X X X X ITT
VFR gonlusions on erry istimtion using gylosttionrity X X X X X X X ITT
VFRFI gonlusions on gylosttionry erry istimtion for the vinE
er erry X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ITV
VFRFP gonlusions on gylosttionry erry istimtion for the roli
entenn X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ITV
VFS pinl ystem hesign rop osl X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ITW
VFSFI hseEgomp ensted gyi elgorithm X X X X X X X X X X X X X ITW
VFSFP vink fudget X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ITW
VFSFQ eeiver entenn X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IUH
VFSFR plink ystem vimits X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IUH
VFSFS hownlink ystem vimits X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IUH
VFSFT ystem oustness X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IUP
VFSFU rop osed ystem p eition wo ditions nd erformne
yservtions X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IUP
VFT uggested puture eres of snvestigtion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IUP
VFTFI ghnnel imultion wo del X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IUQ
VFTFP entenn nd peed lne hesign X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IUQ
VFTFQ xoise erformne vimit X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IUQ
VFTFR snterferene erformne X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IUR ix
VFTFS prequeny titter erformne X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IUR
VFTFT yset prequeny irror X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IUR
VFTFU pilter yptimiztion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IUR
VFTFV gylosttionry erry istimtion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IUS
VFTFW vow irth yrit tellite epplitions X X X X X X X X X X X X X IUS
VFTFIH errestril epplitions X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IUT
VFTFII elgorithm yptimiztion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IUT
e entenn hesign nd imultion wetho ds IUU
eFI glultion of the yset roli eetor himensions X X X X X X X IUU
eFP hesign ro edure X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IUW
eFQ epproximte dition ttern X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IVI
eFR entenn ttern rogrm X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IVP
eFRFI roli entenn heory nd epproximtions X X X X X X X X IVP
eFRFP rmeter p eition X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IVQ
eFS peed hesign X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IVQ
eFSFI wximum heoretil iieny of wultiple fem entenns X IVR
eFSFP femwidth of entenn peed ilements X X X X X X X X X X X X X IVR
fnd ehniques for entenn peeds X X X X X X X X X X X IVT eFSFQ ide
eFT pilter smplementtion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IVV
eFU rnsitionl pilter hesign X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IWH
eFV futterworth ole vo tion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IWH
eFW fessel ole vo tion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IWI
f tellite po otprint glultions IWQ
g fem tterns for y po us peeds IWV
h gommunitions wo del fkground PHP
hFI ttistil ghnnel wo del of the grrier t the u prequeny fnd X PHQ
hFP sonospheri iets X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PHS x
hFPFI efrtionGhiretion of errivl rition X X X X X X X X X X X X PHS
hFPFP prdy ottion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PHS
hFPFQ qroup hely X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PHT
hFPFR hse edvne X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PHT
hFPFS hoppler prequeny X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PHU
hFPFT hisp ersion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PHU
hFPFU sonospheri intilltion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PHV
hFPFV ummry of sonospheri iets X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PHV
hFQ gler eir iets X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PHW
hFR rop ospheri ttering X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PHW
hFS entenn qin edution X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PHW
hFT esorptive iets X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PIH
hFTFI esorption due to yxygen X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PIH
hFTFP esorption due to ter X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PII
hFTFQ otl qseous ettenution due to esorption X X X X X X X X X PIP
hFU rop ospheri intilltion iets X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PIQ
hFV ettenution iets X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PIQ
hFVFI ettenution redition wo dels X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PIR
hFW hownlink hegrdtion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PIW
hFIH prequeny ling X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PPI
hFII pding ttistis X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PPQ
i go ordinte ystem rnsformtions PPT
iFI irth gentered ystem X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PPT
iFP tellite gentered ystem X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PPV
iFQ erspetive ro jetion iew of the irth X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PPV
iFR go ordinte rnsform X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PPW
iFS vo l go ordinte ystem X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PQI
iFT tellite G irth qeometry X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PQQ xi
p glultion of tellite peed go ordintes PQT
filiogrphy PRI
it PRT xii
vist of les
IFI tellite ystem hesign p eitions X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X P
PFI himensions for RS qrz wilitry entenns X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X U
PFP himensions nd erformne of iurop en gontour hp ed entenns V
PFQ rmeters for the yrion tellite ystem X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X W
PFR rmeters for the yigGoseidon ro jet X X X X X X X X X X X X X IH
PFS p eitions for the u ersonl rndheld gommunitions ystem II
PFT pormul p eitions for the yset roli entenn hesign X X X IV
PFU glultions for the yset roli entenn hesign X X X X X X X X X IW
PFV femwidth histortion due to prequeny X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PP
PFW qin nd vo tion ht for mple goverge eres X X X X X X X X X X PS
QFI vink fudget rmetersX phwe ystem X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QV
QFP vink fudget glultionsX phwe ystem X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QW
QFQ p vink erformne gomprisonXu ystem with v fnd ystem X RH
QFR hown vink erformne gomprisonXu ystem with v fnd ystem RH
SFI peed lo tions for the roli entenn rry simultion X X X X X X UP
SFP hefult imultion rmeters X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X US
SFQ rile imultion rmeters X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X UT
SFR est invironments for femforming ehniques X X X X X X X X X X X X UW
TFI mple rnsitionl pilter ht nd glultions X X X X X X X X X X X IHV xiii
UFI hiretion of errivl snformtion for the roli entennX ( a HXPQ
0 a RXPI X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ISR
UFP hiretion of errivl snformtion for the roli entennX ( a HXH
0 a QXS X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ISR
VFI gyi sx gonvergene ummryX roli entenn X X X X X X ITU
VFP sx glultions of rop osed tellite ystem X X X X X X X X X X X X IUI
eFI entenn rmeters for the yset roli entenn rogrm X X X IVQ
eFP peed rmeters for the yset roli entenn rogrm X X X X X X IVQ
hFI ttistil ht on grrier invelope nder rious ether tterns PHR
hFP glultion ummry of sonospheri iets X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PHV
hFQ pding hurtion ttistisX IS df ettenution hreshold X X X X X X X PPQ
hFR pding hurtion ttistisX PH df ettenution hreshold X X X X X X X PPR xiv
vist of pigures
PFI A higrm of entenn rmeters A higrm of fempttern E
rmeters X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IQ
PFP tellite po otprint goverge of gndD himensions in ! X X X X X X X PH
PFQ peed lne ilement vo tion for goverge of gnd X X X X X X X X X PI
PFR po ot rint histortion t PI wrz X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PQ
PFS po ot rint histortion t IW wrz X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PQ
PFT peed vo tion for y po us fem ttern po ot prints X X X X X X X X PR
PFU fem ttern of peed I X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PT
PFV fem ttern of peed T X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PT
QFI higrm of etmospheri iets on the ghnnel X X X X X X X X X X X X PV
QFP ello tion of ghnnels t the u fnd X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X QT
SFI ignl ro essing efore femforming X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TV
SFP A ignl sp etrum t the u fndF A enlogue down onversion
of desired hnnel to the wide nd ntiElising lterF A higitlly
smpled sp etrum of the desired hnnelF X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TW
TFI A eeived wveform mgnitude efore ltering A eeived wveform
mgnitude fter ltering X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X VP
TFP ro essing teps for femforming X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X VT
TFQ A prequeny homin of the xoise rineF A ime homin of xoise
mplesF X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X VU xv
TFR A prequeny domin mgnitude of n idel lter pulseF A prequeny
domin phse of n idel lter pulseF A ime domin impulse resp onse
of n idel lterF X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X VW
TFS A prequeny domin mgnitude of n nonEidel lterF A prequeny
domin phse of n nonEidel lterF X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X WI
TFT gomp onents of lter with nonEidel phse resp onse X X X X X X X X X WP
TFU gomprison of idel nd nonEidel lter pulse in resp onse showing
pulse wideningF X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X WQ
TFV A gyi emforming implementtion A pEgyi emforming
implementtion A gEgyi emforming implementtion X X X X X IHR
TFW dAeEgyi emforming implementtion eA peEgyi emformE
ing implementtion X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IHS
TFIH lot of plne oles nd eros for futterworthD fesselD rnsitionl
pilters X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IHW
TFII lot of the xormlized wgnitude for futterworthD fesselD rnsiE
tionl pilters X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IHW
TFIP lot of the xormlized hse for futterworthD fesselD rnsitionl
pilters X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IIH
UFI gyli erry istimtion viner erry sx est vxxfX eeived
yptimum sxD xEXingle ilement sxF X X X X X IIQ sxaEIP dfF BEX
UFP gyli erry istimtionX ilement 5 I hse gonvergene est vxxfX
eeived sxaEIP dfF BEX yptimum engle X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IIR
UFQ gyli erry istimtionX ilement 5 S hse gonvergene est vxxfX
eeived sxaEIP dfF BEX yptimum engle X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IIS
UFR gyli erry istimtion viner erry sx est rxxfX eeived
sxaEQT dfF BEX yptimum sxD xEXingle ilement sxF X X X X X IIS
UFS gyli erry istimtion roli entennX ilement 5 I hse gonE
vergene est rxfX eeived sxaEQT dfF BEX yptimum engle X IIT xvi
UFT gyli erry istimtion roli entennX ilement 5 S gonvergene
est rxf eeived sxaEIR dfF BEX yptimum engle X X X X X X X IIU
UFU erformne gomprison of erry snitiliztion for gyi elgorithmsF
BEX yptimum xD xEX ingle ilement x X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IPH
UFV vEgyi viner erry sxD est vxxfF eeived xaEIP dfF
BEX yptimum sxD xEXingle ilement sxF X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IPP
UFW grossEgyi viner erry sxD est vxxfF eeived xaEIP
dfF BEX yptimum sxD xEXingle ilement sxF X X X X X X X X X X X IPQ
UFIH vEgyi gonverged sx viner erry xoise erformneX est
vxxfF BEX yptimum sxD xEXingle ilement sx X X X X X X X X X X IPQ
UFII grossEgyi gonverged sx viner erry xoise erformneX est
vxxfF BEX yptimum sxD xEXingle ilement sx X X X X X X X X X X IPR
UFIP vEgyi roli entenn sxD est vxxfF eeived xaEQT
dfF BEX yptimum sxD xEXingle ilement sxF X X X X X X X X X X X IPR
UFIQ grossEgyi roli entenn sxD est vxxfF eeived xaE
QT dfF BEX yptimum sxD xEXingle ilement sxF X X X X X X X X X X IPS
UFIR vEgyi gonverged sx roli entenn xoise erformneX
est vxxfF BEX yptimum sxD xEXingle ilement sx X X X X X X X IPS
UFIS grossEgyi gonverged sx roli entenn xoise erformneX
est vxxfF BEX yptimum sxD xEXingle ilement sx X X X X X X X IPT
UFIT gEgyi roli entenn fem tternD est vxxfF eeived
xaEQT dfF BEX yptimum sxF X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IPV
UFIU gEgyi roli entenn fem tternD est vxxfF eeived
xaEQT dfF BEX yptimum sxF X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IPW
UFIV gross gyi roli erry sxD est vxxfX eeived xaEQT
dfF pilter fa FHSrzF BEX yptimum sxD xEX ingle ilement sx IQI
UFIW gross gyi roli erry sxD est vxfX eeived xaEQT
dfF pilter fndwidtha FP rz BEX yptimum sxD xEX ingle ilement
sx X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IQP xvii
UFPH gross gyi roli erry sxD est vxxfX eeived xaERP
dfF pilter fndwidtha FHS rz BEX yptimum sxD xEX ingle ilement
sx X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IQQ
UFPI gross gyi roli erry sxD est vxfX eeived xaERP
dfF pilter fndwidtha FP rz BEX yptimum sxD xEX ingle ilement
sx X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IQQ
UFPP gross gyi roli entenn sxD est vxxfX eeived xaE
RHFR dfF pilter fndwidtha FR rz BEX yptimum sxD xEX ingle
ilement sx X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IQR
UFPQ gross gyi tedyEtte for sx roli entennD est vxxfX
eeived xaERHFR dfF BEX yptimum sxD xEX ingle ilement sx IQS
UFPR gross gyi tedy tte for sx roli entennD est rxxfX
eeived xaERU dfF BEX yptimum sxD xEX ingle ilement sx IQT
UFPS gross gyi tedyEtte for sx viner erryD est vxxfX eE
eived xaEIP dfF BEX yptimum sxD xEX ingle ilement sx X IQU
UFPT gross gyi tedy tte for sx viner erryD est rxxfX eE
eived xaEPP dfF BEX yptimum sxD xEX ingle ilement sx X IQV
UFPU grossEgyi roli erry sxD est vxfF eeived xaEQT
dfF BEX yptimum sxD xEX ingle ilement sx X X X X X X X X X X X IRH
UFPV grossEgyi roli erry sxD est vxfF eeived xaERP
dfF BEX yptimum sxD xEX ingle ilement sx X X X X X X X X X X X IRI
UFPW grossEgyi roli erry sxD est vxfF eeived xaESH
dfF BEX yptimum sxD xEX ingle ilement sx X X X X X X X X X X X IRP
UFQH grossEgyi tedy tte sx roli entenn xoise erforE
mneX est vxfF BEX yptimum sxD xEX ingle ilement sx X IRP
UFQI gross gyi roli entenn erry sxD est vxxfF snterferE
ene prequenyaFPRS rz with the desired oset frequeny t FPS rzF
BEX yptimum sxD xEX ingle ilements sxF X X X X X X X X X X X X X IRR xviii
UFQP gross gyi roli entenn erry sxD est vxxfX snterferE
ene prequenyaFP rz with the desired oset frequeny t FPS rzF BEX
yptimum sxD xEX ingle ilements sxF X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IRS
UFQQ gross gyi roli entenn sxD est vxfX titter heviE
tiona HFHR 7 of grrier yset prequeny @P krzAF BEX yptiml sxD
xEX ingle ilement sxF X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IRT
UFQR gross gyi roli entenn sxD est rxfX titter heviE
tiona HFHR 7 of grrier yset prequeny @P krzAF BEX yptiml sxD
xEX ingle ilement sxF X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IRU
UFQS gross gyi roli entenn sxD est vxxfX titter heviE
tiona HFP 7 of grrier yset prequeny @IH krzAF BEX yptiml sxD
xEX ingle ilement sxF X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IRV
UFQT gross gyi roli erry sxD est vxfX prequeny irror
a HFHR 7 of grrier yset prequeny @P krzAF BEX yptimum sxD xEX
ingle ilement sxF X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ISH
UFQU gross gyi roli erry sxD est vxfX prequeny irror
a HFP 7 of grrier yset prequeny @IH krzAF BEX yptimum sxD xEX
ingle ilement sxF X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ISI
UFQV gross gyi roli erry sxD est rxfX prequeny irror
a HFHR 7 of grrier yset prequeny @P krzAF BEX yptimum sxD xEX
ingle ilement sxF X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ISP
UFQW gross gyi roli entenn erformneX ( a H 0 a QXS F
eeived sxaEQT dfF BEX yptimum sxD xEX ingle ilement sxF ISS
UFRH gross gyi roli entenn erformneX ( a H 0 a QXS F
eeived sxaERP dfF BEX yptimum sxD xEX ingle ilement sxF ISS
UFRI gross gyi roli entenn erformneX ( a H 0 a QXS F
eeived sxaESH dfF BEX yptimum sxD xEX ingle ilement sxF IST xix
UFRP gross gyi tedy tte sx roli entenn xoise erforE
mneX ( a H 0 a QXS F eeived sxaESH dfF BEX yptimum sxD
xEX ingle ilement sxF X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ISU
UFRQ gross gyi roli entenn fem tternX ( a H 0 a QXS F
eeived sxaESH dfF BEX yptimum sxF X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ISV
eFI yset roli entenn hemti X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IUV
eFP imple higrm of th nd lnr p entenn X X X X X X X X X X X IVT
eFQ frod nd xrrow nd pilter hemti for wessge nd grrier eE
overy X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IVW
fFI irthEtellite qeometry for the glultion of fem po otprints X X X IWR
gFI fem ttern of peed I X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IWV
gFP fem ttern of peed P X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IWW
gFQ fem ttern of peed Q X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X IWW
gFR fem ttern of peed R X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PHH
gFS fem ttern of peed S X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PHH
gFT fem ttern of peed T X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PHI
hFI iet of ilevtion engle on yxygen nd ter ttenution t a PH
qrz X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PII
hFP iet of prequeny on yxygen nd ter ttenution X X X X X X X X PIP
hFQ hemti of esorption wehnisms X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PIR
hFR iet of ilevtion on in ettenution X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PIS
hFS iet of prequeny on in ettenution X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PIT
hFT iet of reight e ove e vevel on in ettenution X X X X X X X X PIU
hFU iet of erent yutge vevel on in ettenution X X X X X X X X X X PIV
hFV hown vink hegrdtion wehnism X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PIW
hFW entenn xoise hemti X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PPH
iFI irth go ordinte system qeometry X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PPU xx
iFP tellite go ordinte system qeometry X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PPV
iFQ tellite go ordinte system qeometry X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PPW
iFR vo l go ordinte system qeometry X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PQP
iFS telliteEirth qeometri reltionship X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PQR
pFI irthEtellite rget qeometry X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PQT
pFP entenn peedplne qeometryD Elne X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PQU
pFQ entenn peed lne qeometryD Elne X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PQV
pFR qeometry of olr go ordinte rnsform X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PRH xxi xxii
vist of ym ols
g ax A grrier to noise p ower rtio @dfmA
A ower trnsmitted @mA
t
q A tellite entenn qin @dfA
t
A irth entenn qin @dfA q
i
v A otl voss @dfA
x A herml xoise @dfA
t
P
e A entenn pp erture @m A
e
A pillover eieny
s
A wnufturing eieny
o
A sllumintion eieny
i
! A velength @mA
gyi A gyi simultion lgorithm
pEgyi A piltered gyi simultion lgorithm
peEgyi A piltered erry istimted gyi simultion lgorithm
eEgyi A erry istimted gyi simultion lgorithm
gEgyi A hse gomp ensted gyi simultion lgorithm
erry A gyli erry istimtion elgorithm
pEerry A piltered gyli erry istimtion elgorithm
gEerry A hse gomp ensted gyli erry istimtion elgorithm
vxxf A vow xoise xrrow fnd
vxf A vow xoise ide fnd
vxxf A righ xoise xrrow fnd
rxf A righ xoise ide fnd xxiii
p A rent pr ol fo l length @!A
h A reight to enter of reetor e @!A
l A eetor fo l length @!A
nt
v A idelo e vevel @dfA
A ngle of xEz plne with reetor se @degreesA
I
A ngle of xEz plne with reetor tip @degreesA
P
A ngle of xEy plne with reetor enter @degreesA
Q
A oset height with resp et to xEy plne @!A h
I
h A himeter of prent pr ol @l mdA
h A himeter of reetor pr ol @!A
I
H
A the ngle of the ry originting t the fo us with
resp et to the xEz omp onenet of the ntenn oresight @!A
A Q df ngle @degreesA
I
! A velength
R A p erture tp er @dfA
i A edge tp er @dfA
A mximum sn ngle @degreesA
Q
fhp A em devition ftor
x A xum er of feedsF
e A enter of the reetor
nt
d A element sping @!A
nt
A ulity ftor
A rlf p ower frequeny f
hp
f A genter frequeny @rzA
o
A esistne of the feed
f
f A genter frequeny @rzA
o
A gomplex oles of the trnsitionl lter
ns tr
A gomplex oles of the futterworth lter
tt f
A gomplex oles of the fessel lter
f ss
A eighting ftor of the futterworth lter
f tt xxiv
A eighting ftor of the fessel lter
f ss
A futterworth sle ftor for trnsfer funtion
f tt
A rnsfer funtion of futterworth lter k
f tt
e A ettenution funtion of futterworth lter
f tt
x A xum er of p oles for futterworth lter
f tt
x A fessel lter p olynomilD o dd p owers of frequeny
f ssj i
A fessel lter p olynomilD even p owers of frequeny w
f ssji
q A o eients for the fessel lter trnsfer funtion
i
( A dely of fessel lter
f ss
PQ
t IH au A k A foltzmn9s onstnt @IXQV
A xoise temp erture of irth sttion @degrees uA
e
f A fse nd of signl @rzA
A ky noise temp erture @degrees uA
s
A tellite p ower @dfA
s
A irth sttion p ower @dfA
e
q A tellite ntenn gin @dfA
s
q A irth sttion ntenn gin @dfA
e
v A vink losses @dfA
A ether losses @dfA v
w
v A qseous losses @dfA
g
v A pree spe losses @dfA
f
i s A iquivilnt ssotropi dited ower @dfA
f A frequeny @rzA
Q
x A numer of eletrons am
Q
f A verge strength of erth9s mgneti eld @ am A
v
dl A inrementl distne through plsmF @mA
P
i g A otl iletron gontent @eletronsam A
A prdy rottion @rdA 0
f d
A group dely @seA Rt
i
t A group dely ross messge ndwidth @seA
g d xxv
0
p
A rte of hnge of phse dvne @rdGseA
dt
R0 A phse dvne @rdA
p
A hoppler frequeny @rertzA f
h
0 A phse disp ersion @rdA
pd
A wter ttenution o eient @dfGkmA
w
Q
A wter vp our @gGm A &
w
A oxygen ttenution o eient @dfGkmA
o
h A eetive oxygen height @kmA
o
h A eetive wter vp our height @kmA
w
h A eetive wter vp our sle o eient
w o
h A height ove se level @kmA
s
h A height of rin @kmA
v A slnt pth @kmA
s
v A horizontl slnt pth length @kmA
g
r A rin intensity reduiton ftor
x
k A rin ttenution o eient
r
A rin ttenution p ower term
r
A erth sttion elevtion
el
A sp ei rin ttenution @dfGkmA
r
e A eetive wter vp our sle o eient
g
e A ttenution level for sp ei outge p erent
xj
A oint rinfll rte for the lo tion for HFHI p erent
H XHI
of n verge yer @mmGhrA
A ystem noise temp ertureF @ u A
sy s
A xoise temp erture inident on ntennF @ u A
e
A eeiver noise temp erture @ u A
r
A gosmi noise temp erture @ u A
A emp erture of the medium @ u A
m
A peed trnsmissivity ftor '
f
e A otl tmospheri ttenution @dfA
sk y xxvi
e A qseous ttenution @dfA
g
e A rin ttenution sttistil rtio
ege A ttenution due to ler ir @dfA
f A upp er frequeny @rzA
u
f A lower frequeny @rzA
l