Engineering Geology for Society and Territory – Volume 2 Giorgio Lollino • Daniele Giordan Giovanni B. Crosta • Jordi Corominas • Rafig Azzam Janusz Wasowski • Nicola Sciarra Editors

Engineering Geology for Society and Territory – Volume 2

Landslide Processes

123 Editors Giorgio Lollino Rafig Azzam Daniele Giordan Department of Engineering Geology Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection and Hydrogeology National Research Council (CNR) RWTH Aachen University Turin Aachen Italy Germany

Giovanni B. Crosta Janusz Wasowski Department of Earth and Environmental Science Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection University of Milan Bicocca National Research Council (CNR) Milan Bari Italy Italy

Jordi Corominas Nicola Sciarra Department of Geotechnical Engineering University G. D’Annunzi Chieti Pescara and Geosciences Chieti Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Italy Barcelona Spain

ISBN 978-3-319-09056-6 ISBN 978-3-319-09057-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-09057-3 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014946956

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Cover illustration: Landslide affecting the hill of Ruinas, Oristano, Italy. On February, 2005, the phenomenon invaded the road path and caused difficulties to the traffic. During the emergency, to ensure safety of the road traffic, a particular monitoring and early warning system was deployed. Photo: Daniele Giordan.

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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword

It is our pleasure to present this volume as part of the book series on the Proceedings of the XII International IAEG Congress, Torino 2014. For the 50th anniversary, the Congress collected contributions relevant to all themes where the IAEG members were involved, both in the research field and in professional activities. Each volume is related to a specific topic, including: 1. Climate Change and Engineering Geology; 2. Landslide Processes; 3. River Basins, Reservoir Sedimentation and Water Resources; 4. Marine and Coastal Processes; 5. Urban Geology, Sustainable Planning and Landscape Exploitation; 6. Applied Geology for Major Engineering Projects; 7. Education, Professional Ethics and Public Recognition of Engineering Geology; 8. Preservation of Cultural Heritage. The book series aims at constituting a milestone for our association, and a bridge for the development and challenges of Engineering Geology towards the future. This ambition stimulated numerous conveners, who committed themselves to collect a large number of contributions from all parts of the world, and to select the best papers through two review stages. To highlight the work done by the conveners, the table of contents of the volumes maintains the structure of the sessions of the Congress. The lectures delivered by prominent scientists, as well as the contributions of authors, have explored several questions ranging from scientific to economic aspects, from professional applications to ethical issues, which all have a possible impact on society and territory.

v vi Foreword

This volume testifies the evolution of engineering geology during the last 50 years, and summarizes the recent results. We hope that you will be able to find stimulating contributions, which will support your research or professional activities.

Giorgio Lollino Carlos Delgado Preface

Landslides and slope stability are one of the leading professional and research fields for engineering geologists. They have been addressed in the IAEG conferences and meetings since the very beginning of the Association. More than 400 contributions related to landslide processes have been submitted to this 12th IAEG congress. They constitute a representative sample of the developments achieved during the last few years and of the challenges our geoscientific community is faced with.

Landslide Mechanisms

Landslides and catastrophic rock and soil failures are due to a variety of mechanisms, some of which are still insufficiently known. This may explain why after more than 35 years, the well- known classification of landslide processes proposed by Varnes in 1978 is still being revisited and updated. Several sessions in the Congress are devoted to the mechanisms affecting complex geo- logical formations and large slope failures. One of them is focused on the so-called hard soils and soft rocks. Overconsolidated clays and argillaceous soft rocks cause frequent problems in civil works regarding the stability and degradation on exposed surfaces. These materials exhibit a quasi-brittle behavior. Fragility is often associated with loss of cementation of the material and consequently a drop of the shear strength which favors strain localization phe- nomena and development of progressive failure. The evolution of the movements may include catastrophic acceleration. Significant research efforts have also been devoted to gain better understanding of the evolution of large slope deformations and to the prediction of their potential to catastrophic failures. Some slope deformations are slow and ductile, moving in a continuous or intermittent manner, others are brittle and after a certain deformation, or as a result of sudden loading (e.g., during an earthquake), they may accelerate, fail, and attain extremely rapid velocities. The failure of large rock masses may involve in-situ rock blocks bounded by a combination of nonsystematic joints and intact rock bridges. The instability process may lead to loss of cohesion, fragmentation of the rock mass, and very rapid flow such as rock avalanching (sturzstroms).

Techniques for Landslide Characterization and Monitoring

Different instrumentation systems have been developed to monitor landslide behavior, and they are used in many locations around the world. They are often employed in conjunction with surface mapping and subsurface investigations for a detailed characterization of slopes and landslides. Landslide monitoring has several purposes: it provides information about the geometry of the failure, the movement pattern as well as data for the calibration of analytical

vii viii Preface and numerical models. The interpretation of the temporal evolution of the different variables is the basis of early warning systems. The automation of piezometers, inclinometers, extensometers, and distance meters has made possible the monitoring of virtually continuous motion and pore pressure changes. The interpretation of the data recorded has allowed the establishment of consistent relationships between instability triggers and slope deformations. Furthermore, it has highlighted the importance of elements such as cracks and macropores in the hydrological response of landslides. Many landslides show spatially complex movements. Ground-based equipment such as extensometers or inclinometers are situated at specific locations on a landslide. Such moni- toring devices are often costly to install, require access to the site while they yield spatially discontinuous data. The interpretation of the monitoring results requires a proper under- standing of the landslide’s geomorphological context, and of its different units. Remote sensing techniques are being now increasingly used in landslide investigations, because of their ability to survey large areas and acquire data with high accuracy and high spatial resolution without the accessibility constraints of other equipment and their performance in adverse weather conditions. Two main remote sensing techniques have been intensively tested in the recent years: the terrestrial and aerial laser scanner (LiDAR) and radar interferometry (InSAR), both satellite or ground-based. The laser scanner has multiple applications in slope stability, particularly in rock slopes. It generates high-resolution point clouds of the topo- graphic surface from which one can derive detailed DEMs with highlighted geomorphological features; this can improve the quality of landslide inventories. Detailed DEMs can be used to define discontinuity surfaces and their attributes (i.e., orientation, persistence, spacing) and the deformation pattern of the monitored surfaces allowing the characterization of the instability process. Multitemporal DEMs analysis can also be used to detect morphological and volu- metric changes over time. Advanced InSAR techniques have become a powerful tool for spatio-temporal monitoring ground movements such as subsidence, surface displacements due to landslides or tectonic activity. An additional advantage of InSAR is the existence of a historical database of satellite SAR images (since 1992), enabling retrospective studies. Other satellite-based sensors are currently available providing information with different spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution. A large number of crucial input data are obtained regarding soil type, vegetation, or land cover; these can be converted into maps through spatial interpolation using environmental correlation with landscape attributes (e.g., geostatistical interpolation methods such as cokriging) that can be easily integrated into GIS for landslide susceptibility and hazard analyses.

Landslide Hazard and Risk Assessment

Risk analysis involves the location, characterization of the landslide (classification, size, velocity, mechanism), and assessment of its travel distance and frequency, which is the hazard analysis; and the consequence analysis that takes into account the presence of the elements at risk, their temporal spatial probability and vulnerability. Risk analysis includes both hazard and consequences analyses. In risk assessment, the results of both analyses are evaluated against value judgments and risk acceptance criteria. There have been significant advances in regional and local mapping of landslide hazard. The contributions presented to this congress nicely show the recent achievements as well as the shifting of the researchers’ interest from landslide susceptibility to landslide hazard assessment and mapping. Furthermore, a parallel evolution has taken place from qualitative to quantitative approaches. The latter have several advantages as they offer more objectivity in the assessment; eliminate misinterpretations and the use of ambiguous terms; yield Preface ix

reproducible and consistent results; provide a direct input to the cost/benefit analyses. Now- adays, there exist well-founded procedures for the quantitative analysis. The methods for preparing hazard maps have evolved from the heuristic approaches, to the statistical analyses and data driven methods, and to the deterministic analyses. The capability of the latter has expanded from the stability of individual landslides to spatially distributed models that calculate likelihood of rupture in combination with the return period of the triggers (rain and/or seismicity). The main drawback of these models is that they often oversimplify the geological and geomechanical variables and that should be based on high quality collected data. The reliability of the hazard maps has improved thanks to high-resolution DEM obtained with remote sensing techniques and the development of data capture techniques. Several researchers have shown that higher resolution DEM on one hand improves significantly the results of slope stability and susceptibility models and on the other hand reduces the errors associated to trajectographic analysis or landslide runout simulations. The spatial distribution of the hazard may be challenging for long runout landslides for which the probability of failure at the source area may differ significantly from the probability of the landslide reaching a specific area. In this case, calculation of hazard must take into account that: (a) different landslide types may occur with different time frames; (b) a target area may be potentially affected by landslides originating from different source areas; (c) the frequency observed at any target location or section may change with the distance to the landslide source. The practical application of the landslide hazard assessment therefore requires a multiple approach which should take into account the different failure mechanisms, each with different characteristics and causal factors, size, and spatio-temporal probability.

Landslide Prevention and Management

Risk management identifies the measures that may be taken to avoid damages to the society, if required. Different strategies can be considered and they may be synthesized as: risk accep- tance, hazard avoidance, hazard reduction, and risk mitigation. Each strategy implements specific measures aiming at either modifying the slope conditions to reduce instability or restrict its development and damaging capability (active measures), or at avoiding the harmful effects of the landslide without interfering with its occurrence (passive measures). Landslide mitigation measures may include structural measures when they involve any kind of engineering construction or intensive earth work. Stabilization and protection methods are often expensive and may cause irreversible impacts on the mountain ecosystem. However, structural measures cannot always guarantee full protection; and they require careful engi- neering design, and appropriate maintenance. Among all the options, the avoidance of land- slide-threatened areas is the best alternative, and land use planning is a fundamental tool in promoting less expensive and sustainable development. However, the landslide prevention measures, and specifically the implementation of alert systems, have to be considered when the population or infrastructures are directly threatened. The risk from landslide activity ought to be reducible by implementing early warning systems (EWS). An EWS does not modify the hazard, but does contribute to a reduction in the landslides consequences, in particular the loss of lives and thus the risk. It requires appropriate monitoring, definition of threshold values, short-term prediction of behavior, and then taking action to minimize risk when hazardous events are expected. The scientific and engineering community is knowledgeable about what causes landslides and what reactivates them, how- ever predicting short-term evolution of a slope or a change in landslide activity is still sub- jected to uncertainties and errors. Without accurate predictions of short-term behavior (based on appropriate monitoring), made without false alarms and with sufficient advance warning to x Preface enable the community at risk to take appropriate action, warning systems cannot be relied upon. EWS are installed with the aim of making accurate predictions of the behavior of land- slides. While some systems operate with triggering thresholds such as the recorded rainfall, others are based on the analysis of the deformation trend and for their interpretation adequate knowledge of material rheology is required. The capturing and interpretation of small-scale prefailure displacements is a fundamental task for landslide prevention. Researchers have shown that different types of landslide may display different patterns of acceleration before failure, and thus that monitoring very small-scale precursory movements offers the prospect of forecasting a slope failure. Finally, monitored data may be integrated within predictive tools which can involve an empirical and semi-empirical interpretation of deformation field phenomena. This is done using quantitative geological and geomorphological criteria or through the development and implementation of more general and powerful computational models. Contents

Part I Keynote

1 Using the Working Classification of Landslides to Assess the Danger from a Natural Slope ...... 3 David Cruden and Heng-Xing Lan

2 Understanding the Mechanism of Large-Scale Landslides ...... 13 Runqiu Huang

3 Natural River Damming: Climate-Driven or Seismically Induced Phenomena: Basics for Landslide and Seismic Hazard Assessment ...... 33 Alexander Strom

4 Key Issues in Rock Fall Modeling, Hazard and Risk Assessment for Rockfall Protection ...... 43 Giovanni B. Crosta, Federico Agliardi, Paolo Frattini, and Serena Lari

5 Observing, Modelling and Checking Slope Behaviour: Is There a Better Way to Fully Exploit the Expertise of Geologists and Engineers at the Same Time? ...... 59 Luciano Picarelli

6 Landslide Risk Assessment at Cultural Heritage Sites ...... 79 Kyoji Sassa

7 Depletion of the Cretacic Carbonate Aquifer in the Salento Peninsula (Southeastern Italy): The Case of the Chidro Spring...... 105 Vincenzo Cotecchia, Massimiliano Scuro, and Giuseppe Mezzina

Part II Advanced Landslide Field Instrumentation and Monitoring

8 Monitoring of the Shallow Landslide Using UAV Photogrammetry and Geodetic Measurements ...... 113 Lukáš Marek, Jakub Miřijovský, and Pavel Tuček

9 Performance of an Acoustic Emission Monitoring System to Detect Subsurface Ground Movement at Flat Cliffs, North Yorkshire, UK ..... 117 N. Dixon, R. Moore, M. Spriggs, A. Smith, P. Meldrum, and R. Siddle

xi xii Contents

10 Application of Modular Underground Monitoring System (MUMS) to Landslides Monitoring: Evaluation and New Insights ...... 121 A. Segalini, L. Chiapponi, and B. Pastarini

11 Reliability of Field Measurements of Displacements in Two Cases of Viaduct-Extremely Slow Landslide Interactions ...... 125 Lucia Simeoni, Edgar Ferro, and Sara Tombolato

12 Monitoring of an Ancient Landslide Phenomenon by GBSAR Technique in the Maierato Town (Calabria, Italy) ...... 129 Giovanni Nico, Luigi Borrelli, Andrea Di Pasquale, Loredana Antronico, and Giovanni Gullà

13 Bank Slope Monitoring with Integrated Fiber Optical Sensing Technology in Three Gorges Reservoir Area ...... 135 Dan Zhang, Bin Shi, Yijie Sun, Hengjin Tong, and Guangya Wang

14 Proposition of a Landslide Monitoring System in Czech Carpathians . . . 139 Miloš Marjanović, Jan Caha, and Jakub Miřijovský

15 The Analysis of Landslide Dynamics Based on Automated GNSS Monitoring—A Case Study ...... 143 Biljana Abolmasov, Svetozar Milenković, Branko Jelisavac, Marko Pejić, and Zoran Radić

16 Preliminary Analysis and Monitoring of the Rock Slope on the M-22 Highroad Near Ljig in Serbia, Using LiDAR Data ...... 147 Miloš Marjanović, Uroš Ðurić, Biljana Abolmasov, and Snežana Bogdanović

17 Vein of Groundwater Flow Behavior in a Land-Slide by Continuous Monitoring of Ground Temperature ...... 151 Gen Furuya, Akira Suemine, Gonghui Wang, Yūsuke Takano, and Yūki Ichikawa

18 Multi-parameter Monitoring of a Slow Moving Landslide: Ripley Slide, British Columbia, Canada ...... 155 Peter Bobrowsky, Wendy Sladen, David Huntley, Zhang Qing, Chris Bunce, Tom Edwards, Michael Hendry, Derek Martin, and Eddie Choi

19 Reliability and Precision of a Network for Monitoring Very Slow Movements with a Total Station ...... 159 Donatella Dominici, Vincenzo Massimi, and Lucia Simeoni

Part III Approaches to Landslide Risk Modelling and Mitigation

20 Role of Neotectonic Activity in Triggering Landslide in Dehradun Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, India...... 167 B.C. Joshi and S.C. Bhatt Contents xiii

21 Assessing the Quality of Landslide Hazard Prediction Patterns by Cross-Validation ...... 173 Andrea G. Fabbri, Angelo Cavallin, and Chang-Jo Chung

22 Landslide Susceptibility Zoning Using GIS Tools: An Application in the Germanasca Valley (NW Italy) ...... 177 Glenda Taddia, Loretta Gnavi, Marco Piras, Maria Gabriella Forno, Andrea Lingua, and Stefano Lo Russo

23 Reduction of Rockfall Risk of the Teleferik Area of Santorini, Greece. . . 183 Lekkas Efthimis, Alexoudi Vasiliki, and Lialiaris Ioannis

24 Structure and Characteristics of Landslide Input Data and Consequences on Landslide Susceptibility Assessment and Prediction Capability ...... 189 Sérgio C. Oliveira, José LuísZêzere, and Ricardo A.C. Garcia

25 Standardization for Flexible Debris Retention Barriers ...... 193 Axel Volkwein, Reto Baumann, Christian Rickli, and Corinna Wendeler

26 Sensitivity Analysis for Shallow Landsliding Susceptibility Assessment in Northern Tuscany ...... 197 Massimo Perna, Alfonso Crisci, Valerio Capecchi, Giorgio Bartolini, Giulio Betti, Francesco Piani, Bernardo Gozzini, Barbara Barsanti, Tommaso Bigio, Filippo Bonciani, Leonardo Disperati, Andrea Rindinella, and Francesco Manetti

27 Evaluating the Effect of Modelling Methods and Landslide Inventories Used for Statistical Susceptibility Modelling ...... 201 Stefan Steger, Rainer Bell, Helene Petschko, and Thomas Glade

28 Application of a Geomorphologic-Heuristic Model to Estimate the Landslides Reactivation Likelihood in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) ...... 205 Mauro Generali and Marco Pizziolo

Part IV Characterization, Monitoring and Modelling of Large Slope Instabilities and their Interaction with Engineering Structures

29 Gravity-Induced Fracturing in Large Rockslides: Possible Evidence from Vajont ...... 213 Paolo Paronuzzi and Alberto Bolla

30 Monitoring and Stability Analysis of a Coal Mine Waste Heap Slope in Korea ...... 217 Young-Suk Song, Yong-Chan Cho, and Kyeong-Su Kim

31 A Detailed Study of the Cedar City Landslide, Utah, U.S.A ...... 221 Ashley Tizzano and Abdul Shakoor xiv Contents

32 New Interpretation of Lemeglio Coastal Landslide (Liguria, Italy) Based on Field Survey and Integrated Monitoring Activities ...... 227 F. Faccini, L. Crispini, L. Federico, A. Robbiano, and A. Roccati

33 Analysis of Seasonal Slope Acceleration at the Beauregard Dam Site (Italy) Using CrEAM ...... 233 Daniela Anna Engl, Giovanni Barla, Maria Elena Martinotti, and D. Scott Kieffer

34 Interactions Between Tunnels and Unstable Slopes: Role of Excavation ...... 237 Lionel Causse, Roger Cojean, and Jean-Alain Fleurisson

35 Hazard Assessment of Unstable and Potential Unstable Rock Slopes in Storfjord (Western Norway) ...... 243 Thierry Oppikofer, Martina Böhme, Aline Saintot, Reginald Hermanns, and Oddvar Longva

36 Characterizing Slope Stability of Colluvial Soils in Ohio Using LiDAR Data ...... 249 Matthew Waugh and Abdul Shakoor

37 Interaction of Extremely Slow Landslides with Transport Structures in the Alpine Glacial Isarco Valley...... 255 L. Simeoni, F. Ronchetti, A. Corsini, and L. Mongiovì

38 Analysis of the Landslide Mechanic Based on the Groundwater-Induced Landslide Flume Experiments ...... 261 Chen Suchin, Wu Chunhung, and Chen Kuanhan

39 Evaluation of the Possibilities for Construction on Ancient Landslide . . . 267 Frangov Georgi and Miroslav Кrastanov

40 Characterization, Geometry, Temporal Evolution and Controlling Mechanisms of the Jettan Rock-Slide, Northern Norway...... 273 Lars Harald Blikra, Hanne H. Christiansen, Lene Kristensen, and Mario Lovisolo

41 Landslide Hazard Assessment of Oryahovo Area, Bulgaria ...... 279 Krastanov Miroslav, Nikolai Dobrev, Plamen Ivanov, and Boyko Berov

42 Tectonic Stress as Possible Co-predisposing Factor for Landslides Along the Central Adriatic Coast of Italy...... 283 Angelo Doglioni, Annalisa Galeandro, Alessandro Guerricchio, and Vincenzo Simeone

43 Characterization and Assessment of Large Landslide Movement Along the Bursa-Inegöl-Bozüyük Highway in Turkey ...... 289 Damla Gaye Oral, Haluk Akgün, and Mustafa Kerem Koçkar Contents xv

44 Slope Instability Detection Along the National 7 and the Potrerillos Dam Reservoir, Argentina, Using the Small-Baseline InSAR Technique ...... 295 Clément Michoud, Valérie Baumann, Marc-Henri Derron, Michel Jaboyedoff, and Tom Rune Lauknes

45 Analysis of Slope Stability by Back-Calculation Along the Paute River Valley: Application to Construction of the Mazar Hydroelectric Project—Ecuador ...... 301 Borchardt Nicole

46 Understanding the Genesis of Mass Transport Deposits (MTDs) for Safe Mining Planning: Anhovo Quarry, Western Slovenia ...... 307 Ž. Pogačnik, K. Ogata, G.A. Pini, and G. Tunis

47 Large Induced Displacements and Slides Around an Open Pit Lignite Mine, Ptolemais Basin, Northern Greece ...... 311 Marinos Vassilis, Tsapanos Theodoros, Pavlidis Spyridon, Tsourlos Panagiotis, Chatzipetros Alexandros, and Voudouris Konstantinos

48 Slope Mechanical Modelling: Contribution of Multi-Geophysical Imagery ...... 317 J. Gance, S. Bernardie, G. Grandjean, and J.-P. Malet

49 Velocity Prediction on Time-Variant Landslides Using Moving Response Functions: Application to La Barmasse Rockslide (Valais, Switzerland) ...... 323 Antonio Abellán, Clément Michoud, Michel Jaboyedoff, François Baillifard, Jonathan Demierre, Dario Carrea, and Marc-Henri Derron

50 The Use of Remote Sensing Techniques and Runout Analysis for Hazard Assessment of an Unstable Rock Slope at Storhaugen, Manndalen, Norway ...... 329 Freddy X. Yugsi Molina, Halvor S.S. Bunkholt, Lene Kristensen, John Dehls, and Reginald L. Hermanns

51 Comparing Satellite Based and Ground Based Radar Interferometry and Field Observations at the Canillo Landslide (Pyrenees) ...... 333 Jordi Corominas, Rubén Iglesias, Albert Aguasca, Jordi J. Mallorquí, Xavier Fàbregas, Xavier Planas, and Josep A. Gili

52 Methods to Estimate the Surfaces Geometry and Uncertainty of Landslide Failure Surface ...... 339 Michel Jaboyedoff and Marc-Henri Derron

53 Mechanical Modeling and Geophysical Monitoring for Landslide Processes ...... 345 Svalova Valentina

54 Investigation, Monitoring and Modelling of a Rapidly Evolving Rockslide: The Mt. de la Saxe Case Study ...... 349 Giovanni B. Crosta, Paolo Frattini, Riccardo Castellanza, Gabriele Frigerio, Claudio di Prisco, Giorgio Volpi, Mattia De Caro, Paolo Cancelli, Andrea Tamburini, Walter Alberto, and Davide Bertolo xvi Contents

Part V Characterizing and Monitoring Landslide and Ground Deformation Processes Using Remote Sensing and Geophysics

55 Passive Seismic Techniques for the Assessment of Dynamic Slope Stability Conditions...... 357 Vincenzo Del Gaudio, Sandro Muscillo, and Janusz Wasowski

56 Definition of the Reinoso de Cerrato Active Landslide Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography ...... 363 T. Nieto Sánchez, J.R. Martínez Catalán, M. Yenes, J. Nespereira Jato, and S. Monterrubio Pérez

57 Application of Ambient Vibration Techniques for Monitoring the Triggering of Rapid Landslides ...... 371 D. Jongmans, L. Baillet, E. Larose, P. Bottelin, G. Mainsant, G. Chambon, and M. Jaboyedoff

58 Feasibility Assessment of Landslide Monitoring by Means of SAR Interferometry: A Case Study in the Ötztal Alps, Austria ...... 375 Simon Plank, Michael Krautblatter, and Kurosch Thuro

59 Remote and Terrestrial Ground Monitoring Techniques Integration for Hazard Assessment and Prediction in Densely Populated Mountain Areas ...... 379 Giulia Chinellato, Christian Iasio, Volkmar Mair, Claudia Strada, David Mosna, Marcia Phillips, Robert Kenner, and Andreas Zischg

60 Quantifying the Volume of Potential Landslides: A Case Study...... 385 Beate Kotyrba, Thedda Hänssler, Dirk Orlowsky, Rolf Elsen, and Fathy Bahloul

61 Linking Sub-surface Slidequakes to Superficial Fissure Growth and Displacement Analysis: The Super-Sauze Mudslide Field Campaign 2010...... 391 Sabrina Rothmund, Marco Walter, and Manfred Joswig

62 Using Data from Multiple SAR Sensors in Landslide Characterization: Case Studies from Different Geomorphological Contexts in Italy ...... 395 Alessandro Novellino, Anna De Agostini, Diego Di Martire, Massimo Ramondini, Mario Floris, and Domenico Calcaterra

63 High Resolution PSI for Mapping Ground Deformations and Infrastructure Instability ...... 399 Janusz Wasowski, Fabio Bovenga, Alberto Refice, Davide Nitti, and Raffaele Nutricato

64 Evaluation of Pleiades Images for Rainfall-Triggered Shallow Landslides Mapping ...... 405 Davide Zizioli, Claudia Meisina, Francesco Zucca, Massimiliano Bordoni, Davide Notti, Fabio Remondino, and Paolo Gamba Contents xvii

65 Application of Persistent Scatterers Interferometry Time-Series Analysis (PS-Time) to Enhance the Radar Interpretation of Landslide Movements ...... 411 Silvia Franceschini, Jean Pascal Iannacone, Matteo Berti, Alessandro Corsini, and Simoni Alessandro

66 Surface Displacement Time Series Retrieved by Fully Exploiting Space-Borne SAR Data ...... 417 F. Casu, A. Manconi, S. Elefante, and I. Zinno

67 Estimation of Ground Movement Using Multi-temporal Data from Airborne LiDAR...... 421 Tomoyuki Takami and Sakae Mukoyama

68 Automatic Rockfalls Volume Estimation Based on Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data ...... 425 Dario Carrea, Antonio Abellan, Marc-Henri Derron, and Michel Jaboyedoff

69 Using Airborne LiDAR DEM to Determine the Bedrock Incision Rate: An Indirect Dating from Landslide Sliding Surface, Taiwan ..... 429 Yu-Chung Hsieh, Chih-Yu Kuo, Yi-Zhong Chen, Chin-Shyong Hou, Ruo-Ying Wu, and Rou-Fei Chen

70 Rock Slope Monitoring and Risk Management for Railway Infrastructure in the White Canyon, British Columbia, Canada ...... 435 Hutchinson D. Jean, Lato Matt, Gauthier Dave, Kromer Ryan, Ondercin Matthew, MacGowan Thomas, and Edwards Tom

71 The Use of Airborne LiDAR Data in Basin-Fan System Monitoring: An Example from Southern Calabria (Italy)...... 441 Loredana Antronico, Paolo Allasia, Marco Baldo, Roberto Greco, Gaetano Robustelli, and Marino Sorriso-Valvo

72 Seismic Landslide Evolution and Debris Flow Development: A Case Study in the Hongchun Catchment, Wenchuan Area of China ...... 445 Chuan Tang, Zhilin Jiang, and Weile Li

73 Deformation Monitoring and Recognition of Surface Mine Slope Using LiDAR ...... 451 Hui Hu, Tomas M. Fernandez-Steeger, Mei Dong, and Rafig Azzam

74 Use of Multiple Digital Terrain Models and Aerial Orthophotos for Landscape Evolution in Tsaoling Landslide Area ...... 455 Chih-Yu Kuo, Rou-Fei Chen, Ruo-Ying Wu, and Kuo-Jen Chang

Part VI Debris Flows: Mechanics, Modeling, Mitigation Measures, Hazard and Risk Assessment and Management

75 Numerical Simulation of Initiation of Rainfall-Induced Debris Flow .... 463 Shuyun Wang, Xiaobing Lu, and Tianli Ye xviii Contents

76 Debris-Flow Monitoring at the Rebaixader Torrent, Central Pyrenees, Spain. Results on Initiation, Volume and Dynamic Behaviour ...... 469 Hürlimann Marcel, Abancó Clàudia, and Moya Jose

77 Multiple Load Case on Flexible Shallow Landslide Barriers: Shallow Landslide and Rockfall ...... 473 Wendeler Corinna and Glover James

78 The Debris Flow Movement Characteristics and Risk Assessment in the Lamaxi Gully, Sichuan Province, China ...... 479 Xiaoning Li, Sixiang Ling, Xiyong Wu, Yong Ren, Ganggang Wang, and Baolong Zhu

79 Are Torrent Check-Dams Potential Debris-Flow Sources?...... 485 Jošt Sodnik, Manica Martinčič, Matjaž Miko, and Andrej Kryžanowski

80 Genesis of Coarse Particles in Channels and Slopes of Mountainous Catchments, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Southeastern Brazil ...... 489 L.A.P. Bacellar, L.C.F.L. Lopes, F.O. Costa, and P.T.A. Castro

81 Numerical Simulation of Debris Flow Affected Area Caused by Different Precipitations ...... 495 Meei-Ling Lin, Te-Wei Chen, Yu-Chung Lin, Tien-Chien Chen, Chun-Ya Su, Kuo-Lung Wang, Shiao-Yue Huang, and Mei-Jen Chen

82 Heuristic Method for Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in the Messina Municipality...... 501 Gabriele Leoni, Danilo Campolo, Luca Falconi, Carmelo Gioè, Silvia Lumaca, Claudio Puglisi, and Antonino Torre

83 A Review of “8.8” Debris Flow in Zhouqu ...... 505 Yu Guoqiang, Zhang Maosheng, Wang Genlong, and Zeng Qingming

84 Contribution to the Runout Evaluation of Potential Debris Flows in Peloritani Mountains (Messina, Italy)...... 509 Claudio Puglisi, Luca Falconi, Carmelo Gioè and Gabriele Leoni

85 Shallow Landslides Triggered by the 25 October 2011 Extreme Rainfall in Eastern Liguria (Italy) ...... 515 Giacomo D’Amato Avanzi, Yuri Galanti, Roberto Giannecchini, and Carlotta Bartelletti

86 Analysis and Reconstructed Modelling of the Debris Flow Event of the 21st of July 2012 of St. Lorenzen (Styria, Austria) ...... 521 Stefan Janu, Susanne Mehlhorn, and Markus Moser

87 Comparison of Scenarios After Ten Years: The Influence of Input Parameters in Val Canale Valley (Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy) ...... 525 C. Boccali, C. Calligaris, L. Zini, F. Cucchi, and R. Lapasin Contents xix

88 Field Observations of the Disastrous 11 July 2013 Debris Flows in Qipan Gully, Wenchuan Area, Southwestern China ...... 531 Zhu Jing, Tang Chuan, Chang Ming, Le Maohua, and Huang Xun

89 Suitability of Mono- and Two-Phase Modeling of Debris Flows for the Assessment of Granular Debris Flow Hazards: Insights from a Case Study ...... 537 Cristiano Lanni, Bruno Mazzorana, Pierpaolo Macconi, and Rudi Bertagnolli

90 Massive Debris Flow Event on Pacific Northwest Volcanoes, USA, November 2006: Causes, Effects and Relationship to Climate Change . . . 545 S.F. Burns, R. Pirot, K. Williams, and S. Sobieschezk

Part VII Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformations: Innovative Multidimensional Approaches and Targeted Applications

91 Development History of Landslide-Related Sagging Geomorphology in Orogenic Belts: Examples in Central Japan ...... 553 Satoru Kojima, Heitaro Kaneda, Hidehisa Nagata, Ryota Niwa, Naoya Iwamoto, Koichiro Kayamoto, and Tomoyuki Ohtani

92 Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation in Greywacke Rocks of the Tararua Range, North Island, New Zealand ...... 559 M.C. McLean, M.-A. Brideau, and P.C. Augustinus

93 Geomorphological Analyses, Geomatic Surveys and Numerical Modelling for the Characterization of the Chervaz Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation, Chambave (AO) ...... 565 Bacenetti Marco, Spreafico Margherita Cecilia, Elettri Fabrizio, Giardino Marco, Perotti Luigi, Borgatti Lisa, Ghirotti Monica, and Ratto Sara

94 Characterisation and Kinematics of Deep-Seated Rockslides in Foliated Metamorphic Rock Masses...... 571 Christian Zangerl, Michael Holzmann, Sebastian Perzlmaier, Daniela Engl, Thomas Strauhal, Christoph Prager, Reinhold Steinacher, and Stefan Molterer

95 Catastrophic Landslides and Their Precursory Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation Induced by the River Rejuvenation in the Kii Mountains, Central Japan ...... 577 Masahiro Chigira, Narumi Hiraishi, Tsou Ching-Ying, and Yuki Matsushi

96 CrEAM Modelling of Groundwater-Triggered Landslide Acceleration at the Utiku Landslide (New Zealand) ...... 583 Daniela Anna Engl, Chris Massey, and Mauri McSaveney

97 Recognition and Genetic Mechanism of Sanmashan Deep-Seated Landslide, Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China...... 587 Minggao Tang, Qiang Xu, Xuebin Huang, Kaixiang Xu, Wenming Cheng, and Kai Wang xx Contents

98 Deep Seated Gravitational Slope Deformations and Large Landslides Interfering with Fluvial Dynamics; Examples from Central Apennines (Italy)...... 593 Marco Materazzi, Domenico Aringoli, Gilberto Pambianchi, Bernardino Gentili, and Marco Giacopetti

99 Inventory of Rock Slope Deformations Affecting Folded Sedimentary Layers in Moderate Relief Context: The Case of the Livingstone Range Anticlinorium, AB, Canada...... 599 F. Humair, J.-L. Epard, M.-H. Derron, M. Jaboyedoff, D. Pana, C. Froese, and A. Pedrazzini

100 Inherited and Active Tectonic Controls on the Piz Dora DSGSD (Val Müstair, Switzerland) ...... 605 Marta Barbarano, Federico Agliardi, Giovanni B. Crosta, and Andrea Zanchi

101 Recent Advances in Satellite Radar Data Processing and Their Support to the Characterization of DSGSDs in the Alps ...... 609 Tamburini Andrea, Del Conte Sara, Novali Fabrizio, Frattini Paolo, and Giovanni B. Crosta

102 Rockslide Monitoring Through Multi-temporal LiDAR DEM and TLS Data Analysis ...... 613 Giovanni B. Crosta, Giorgio Lollino, Frattini Paolo, Daniele Giordan, Tamburini Andrea, Rivolta Carlo, and Bertolo Davide

Part VIII Early Warning Systems for Landslide Hazard and Risk Management

103 Objective Definition of Rainfall Intensity-Duration Thresholds for Post-fire Flash Floods and Debris Flows in the Area Burned by the Waldo Canyon Fire, Colorado, USA ...... 621 M. Staley Dennis, E. Gartner Joseph, and W. Kean Jason

104 Landslide Early Warning System and Web Tools for Real-Time Scenarios and for Distribution of Warning Messages in Norway ...... 625 Devoli Graziella, Kleivane Ingeborg, Sund Monica, Orthe Nils-Kristian, Ekker Ragnar, Johnsen Erik, and Colleuille Hervé

105 Case Histories of Slope Failure and Landslide Disaster Prevention by Using a Low Cost Tilt Sensor Monitoring System...... 631 Wang Lin, Nishie Shunsaku, Seko Ichiro, Uchimura Taro, Towhata Ikuo, and Qiao Jianping

106 Rain and Earthquake-Induced Landslides in West Java, Indonesia, Case Study in Subang Area Near the Baribis Fault, with Implications for an Early Warning System ...... 637 Zufialdi Zakaria, Febri Hirnawan, and Sri Widayati

107 Monitoring and Risk Management of the Rockfall in Spitz (Austria) .... 641 Joachim Schweigl Contents xxi

108 Prediction of the Rainfall-Induced Landslides: Applications of FLAME in the French Alps...... 647 Bernardie Séverine, Desramaut Nicolas, Malet Jean-Philippe, Azib Matouk, and Grandjean Gilles

109 The Community-Based Alert and Alarm System for Rainfall Induced Landslides in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil...... 653 Michele Calvello, Ricardo N. D’Orsi, Luca Piciullo, Nelson M. Paes, Marcelo A. Magalhaes, Rodrigo Coelho, and Willy A. Lacerda

110 Implementation of a Probabilistic Model of Landslide Occurrence on a Civil Protection Alert System at Regional Scale ...... 659 Matteo Berti, Mario Loyd Virgilio Martina, Silvia Franceschini, Sara Pignone, Alessandro Simoni, and Marco Pizziolo

111 Traditional Landslides Measurement Practiced in Saiha Sinking Area, Southern Mizoram, North-East India ...... 663 Lal Dinpuia, T.N. Singh, and Shiva Kumar

Part IX Earthquake-Induced Landslides

112 Facies Succession of Rock Avalanches Triggered by Wenchuan Earthquake, Sichuan, China ...... 671 Yu-feng Wang, Qian-gong Cheng, and Qi Zhu

113 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment of Seismically Induced Landslide for Bakacak-Dϋzce Region ...... 681 Onur Balal and Zeynep Gülerce

114 Preliminary Study on Contribution of Predominant Frequency Components of Strong Motion for Earthquake-Induced Landslide ..... 685 Yoshiya Hata, Gonghui Wang, and Toshitaka Kamai

115 Numerical Simulation for an Earthquake-Induced Catastrophic Landslide Considering Strain-Softening Characteristics of Sensitive Clays ...... 691 Akihiko Wakai, Fei Cai, Keizo Ugai, and Tsutomu Soda

116 The Analysis of Dynamics Characteristics of Large-Scale Wenjiagou Landslide-Sturzstrom Triggered by Wenchuan Earthquake ...... 697 He-Qing Huang, Qi-Hua Zhao, and Xiang-Long Li

117 Impact of Ground Effects for an Appropriate Mitigation Strategy in Seismic Area: The Example of Guatemala 1976 Earthquake ...... 703 Sabina Porfido, Eliana Esposito, Efisio Spiga, Marco Sacchi, Flavia Molisso, and Salvatore Mazzola

118 Historical Co-seismic Landslides Inventory and Analysis Using Google Earth: A Case Study of 1920 M8.5 Haiyuan Earthquake, China ...... 709 Weile Li, Runqiu Huang, Xiangjun Pei, and Xiaochao Zhang xxii Contents

119 Earthquake-Induced Landslides: An Overview ...... 713 Hideaki Marui and Chunxiang Wanfg

120 Hazard Mapping of Earthquake-Induced Deep-Seated Catastrophic Landslides Along the Median Tectonic Line in Shikoku by Using LiDAR DEM and Airborne Resistivity Data...... 717 Shuichi Hasegawa, Atsuko Nonomura, Jun’ichi Uchida, Katsushi Kawato, Ryota Kageura, Tatsuro Chiba, and Satoshi Onoda

121 Prediction of Susceptible Areas of Future Earthquake Induced by Landslides in Padang Pariaman District, West Sumatera, Indonesia .... 721 Zahrul Umar, Anuar Ahmad, and Wan Aziz Wan Akib

122 Mapping Earthquake-Induced Landslide Susceptibility in Central Italy ...... 727 G. Fanelli, D. Salciarini, C. Tamagnini, F. Ponziani, M. Stelluti, and N. Berni

123 The Effect of Vibration Generated by 2D-Seismic Survey Operation on Natural Slope Instability...... 731 Sophian Irvan, Febri Hirnawan, Zufialdi Zakaria, and Febriwan Mohamad

124 Validating the Classification of Earthquake-Induced Landslide Hazard Levels Based on Data Provided by Large Scale Mapping of Failures Induced by 2003 Lefkada, Greece Earthquake ...... 737 Papathanassiou George, Valkaniotis Sotiris, and Dimaras Kostas

125 A Procedure for Comprehensive Analysis of Slope Failure During and Post Mainshock ...... 743 Jianliang Deng, Xu Qiang, Chen Longzhu, Ye Wenya, and Koseki Junichi

126 Comparisons and Numerical Simulations of Two Debris-Flow Events Induced by the 2011 Northern Nagano Prefecture Earthquake and by the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake ...... 747 Chunxiang Wang, Hideaki Marui, and Naoki Watanabe

127 A New Movement Mechanism of Earthquake-Induced Landslides by Considering the Trampoline Effect of Vertical Seismic Loading...... 753 Yingbin Zhang, Hao Xing, Guangqi Chen, and Lu Zheng

128 Regional Patterns of Landslides from the 2011 Tohoku, Japan Earthquake...... 759 Wartman Joseph, Dunham Lisa, Tiwari Binod, and Pradel Daniel

129 Earthquake Triggered Landslides: The Case Study of a Roadway Network in Molise Region (Italy) ...... 765 Giovanni Forte, Silvia Fabbrocino, Filippo Santucci de Magistris, Francesco Silvestri, and Giovanni Fabbrocino

130 Dynamic Centrifuge Modelling Tests for Toppling Rock Slopes...... 769 Xianglong Li, Huiming Tang, Chengren Xiong, Joseph Wartman, and Yueping Yin Contents xxiii

131 Rock Bridge Failure Caused by the Aysèn 2007 Earthquake (Patagonia, Chile) ...... 775 Franziska Glueer and Simon Loew

Part X Failure Mechanisms of Large Rock Slopes

132 A Kinematic Analysis of an Ancient Rockslide at Lake Fundudzi, South Africa ...... 783 S.G. Chiliza and E.D.C. Hingston

133 A Systematic Approach for the Quantification of Rock Slope Stability. . . 787 A. Ghani Rafek and Goh Thian Lai

134 Stability Assessment, Potential Collapses and Future Evolution of the West Face of the Drus (3,754 m a.s.l., Mont Blanc Massif) ...... 791 Battista Matasci, Michel Jaboyedoff, Ludovic Ravanel, and Philip Deline

135 Pit Wall Failure Analysis on the West Wall of Batu Hijau Open Pit Mine, PT. Newmont Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia ...... 797 Thomas A.A. Kristiono, Dio Y. Pratama, Sri K. Pujiastuti, and Irvan Sophian

136 Determination of Parameter Properties for Failure Analysis Based on Atterberg Test in East Wall Area, Batu Hijau Open Pit, Sumbawa, Indonesia ...... 801 Dyah Manis Novihapsari, Sri Kustanti Pujiastuti, Dio Yudha Pratama, Dicky Muslim, and Irvan Sophian

137 Landslide Process of Baotaping Slope with Horizontal Layer in the Reservoir Area of the Three Gorges Project, Yangtze River, China..... 805 Q.L. Deng, X.P. Wang, S.Y. Deng, and D.Y. Li

138 A Methodology for a Risk Analysis on Mid-Magnitude Rockfalls, if Only a Very Limited State of Data Is Available, Shown on the Example of the Area Berchtesgaden...... 809 T. Zumbrunnen, K. Thuro, and M. Krautblatter

139 Failure Mechanisms of the Mount Catiello Rock Avalanche in the Sorrento-Amalfi Peninsula (Southern Italy) ...... 813 Sebastiano Perriello Zampelli, Pantaleone De Vita, Dario Imbriaco, and Domenico Calcaterra

140 Failure and Mobilization Analysis of Mid-Magnitude Rockfalls on a Steep Limestone Slope in the Bavarian Alps...... 817 Bettina Sellmeier, Michael Krautblatter, and Kurosch Thuro

141 Characterization of the Invisible: Determine Reliable Parameters for a Sliding Plain ...... 821 Florian Rauh, Peter Neumann, and Markus Bauer

142 Rock Slope Stability Assessment of Limestone Quarry; An Example from Istanbul Cebeci Region, Turkey...... 827 Murat Yılmaz, Atiye Tugrul, Selman Er, Altay Ertin, Nuray Tokgöz, and Ersin Arel xxiv Contents

143 Formation and Re-activation of Ancient Translational Rock “Megaslides” in the Echo Cliffs, Grand Canyon Area, Arizona ...... 833 William V. McCormick, Jeff Richmond, and Keith Dahlen

144 Coupled Hydro-Mechanical Analysis for Rainfall-Induced Failure of Fractured Rock Slopes ...... 839 Xiaoli Liu, Peng Lin, Enzhi Wang, and Sijing Wang

Part XI Geotechnical Design and Assessment of New and Existing River Embankments

145 Existing Embankment Structures Vulnerability: A Rapid Assessment Method...... 847 Fedele Cuculo, Alberto di Ludovico, Annunziata di Niro, Maria Pina Izzo, Maria Eugenia Mobbili, Raffaele Moffa, Nicola Scapillati, and Antonio Trivisonno

146 An Innovative Method to Evaluate Degree of Compaction of River Embankments...... 853 Barbara Cosanti, Diego C.F. Lo Presti, and Nunziante Squeglia

147 Construction and Performance of Geo-engineering Structures for Combating Gully Erosion in South-Eastern Nigeria ...... 857 Godwin Ezekwesili Ene and Celestine Obialo Okogbue

148 A Monitoring System to Study Seepage Through River Embankments . . . 865 Barbara Cosanti and Diego C.F. Lo Presti

149 Use of Plastic Diaphragms to Improve the Resistance of River Embankments Against Hydraulic Failures ...... 871 Diego C.F. Lo Presti, Barbara Cosanti, Tommaso Fontana, and Paolo Guidi

150 Seismic Stability Analyses of the Po River Banks ...... 877 Cinzia Merli, Andrea Colombo, Claudio Riani, Alessandro Rosso, Luca Martelli, Silvia Rosselli, Paolo Severi, Giulia Biavati, Silvio De Andrea, Dario Fossati, Guido Gottardi, Laura Tonni, Michela Marchi, María Fernanda García Martínez, Vincenzo Fioravante, Daniela Giretti, Claudia Madiai, Giovanni Vannucchi, Elisa Gargini, Floriana Pergalani, and Massimo Compagnoni

Part XII Giant Landslides - Major Hazard from Rare Events

151 Possible Causes of Accelerating Landslide Motion in Confined Environment ...... 883 Alexander Strom

152 The Unsolved Problems of Large Landslide Complexes in Soft Rocks . . . 887 Max Barton Contents xxv

153 Preliminary Engineering Geological Characterization of the ca. 20 km³ Dangkhar Landslide in the Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India...... 891 Markus Kaspar and D. Scott Kieffer

154 The Gigantic Komansu Rock Avalanche Deposit in the Glaciated Alai Valley, Northern Pamir of Central Asia ...... 895 Reznichenko Natalya and Davies Tim

155 New Pieces to the Flims-Tamins Rockslide Puzzle...... 899 N. Calhoun, A.V. Poschinger, J.J. Clague, M. Giardino, D. Masera, and L. Perotti

156 Giant Landslides in Low-Gradient Landscapes: A Global Perspective . . . 905 Tomáš Pánek

157 Massive Rock Slope Failures and Episodic Landform Development Generate Complex Geohazards in the Northwest Himalayan Syntaxis . . . 909 Kenneth Hewitt

158 Stability and Failure Mechanisms of Large Land-Slides in the Volcanic Island Flanks of the Canary Islands...... 915 Ferrer Mercedes, González-de-Vallejo Luis, González Sergio, and Jiménez Eugenio

159 The Cerro Caquilluco–Cerrillos Negros Giant Rock Avalanches (Tacna, Peru) ...... 921 Giovanni B. Crosta, Frattini Paolo, Valbuzzi Elena, and Reginald L. Hermanns

Part XIII Hazard Mapping

160 Modelling Landslide Susceptibility for a Large Geographical Area Using Weights of Evidence in Lower Austria, Austria...... 927 Jason N. Goetz, Raymond Cabrera, Alexander Brenning, Gerhard Heiss, and Philip Leopold

161 Hazard and Risk Related to Earthquake-Triggered Landslides ...... 931 Hans-Balder Havenith, Xuanmei Fan, and Almaz Torgoev

162 Classification as the Basic Tool of Landslide Study—Classification Process Analysis ...... 935 G.R. Khositashvili

163 Landslide Susceptibility Maps in the Rock Slopes of the Ventotene Island (Latium, Italy) ...... 941 Ivano Caso, Raffaele D’Angelo, Biagio Palma, Mario Parise, and Anna Ruocco

164 Development of Landslide Susceptibility Map of Croatia...... 947 Laszlo Podolszki, Davor Pollak, Vlatko Gulam, and Željko Miklin xxvi Contents

165 Using of Analytic Hierarchy Process for Landslide Hazard Zonation in Zanjan Province, Iran ...... 951 Mehdi Boroumandi, Mashalah Khamehchiyan, and Mohammad Reza Nikoudel

166 Shallow Landslide Process and Hazard Mapping Using a Soil Strength Probe ...... 957 Yasuhito Sasaki

167 Evaluation of Slope Stability of Small Valleys Based on the Soil Strength Probe: An Example in Southern Gifu Prefecture, Central Japan...... 961 Hideki Tsujioka, Michio Takami, Hitoshi Ito, Yasuhito Sasaki, Hiroshi Hosoda, Masahiro Nomizo, Shoji Ueno, and Shin Ando

168 Landslides Inventory in the Messina Municipality Area: Integration of Historical and Field Survey Data ...... 967 Simona Malerba, Elisa Brustia, Danilo Campolo, Valerio Comerci, Luca Falconi, Carmelo Gioè, Mauro Lucarini, Silvia Lumaca, Claudio Puglisi, and Antonino Torre

169 Nationwide Landslide Hazard Analysis and Mapping in Taiwan ...... 971 Chyi-Tyi Lee and Li-Yuan Fei

170 A Novel Approach to Integrate Effects of Vegetation Changes on Slope Stability...... 975 Rosalie Vandromme, Nicolas Desramaut, Christophe Garnier, and Séverine Bernardie

171 Broad Gauge Rail Link Between Sivok in West Bengal and Rangpo in the State of Sikkim with Future Connectivity to Gangtok (Sikkim)—Shallow-Landslide Susceptibility Map ...... 979 Davide Murgese, Davide Marchisio, Pasqualino Notaro, and Rossella Vigna

172 GIS-Based Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in the Great Lakes Region of Africa, Case Study of Bujumbura Burundi ...... 985 Léonidas Nibigira, Salah Draidia, and Hans-Balder Havenith

173 Towards the Evaluation of Landslide Hazard in the Mountainous Area of Evritania, Central Greece ...... 989 Vassilis Marinos, George Papathanassiou, Evlampia Vougiouka, and Eustratios Karantanellis

174 Landslide Susceptibility Mapping with Data Mining Methods—a Case Study from Maily-Say, Kyrgyzstan ...... 995 Anika Braun, Tomas Fernandez-Steeger, Hans-Balder Havenith, and Almaz Torgoev

175 Cycloids: Construction of a Dynamic Pattern for Cartographic Representation of Landslides ...... 999 P.F. Sciuto Contents xxvii

Part XIV Interpretation of Landslide Mechanisms for Risk Mitigation

176 Contrasting Anthropogenically Influenced Landslides in Two Different Terrain Conditions in the Southwestern Part of Peninsular India ...... 1005 K.S. Sajinkumar and V.R. Rani

177 Geotechnical Characterisation and Stability Assessment of Two Pitwall Slopes at a Large Aggregate Quarry, Durban, South Africa . . . . 1011 Andrew J. Greet, Brendon R. Jones, and Egerton D.C. Hingston

178 Study on Formation Mechanism of Rockfall in Kaiyang Phosphate Mining Area ...... 1015 Zhao Hua, Zheng Da, and Huang Gang

179 Landslide Phenomena in Greece: Types of Movement Related to the Lithology and Structure of the Geological Formations ...... 1023 George Koukis, Lambros Pyrgiotis, and Athanasia Kouki

180 Diagnosis of Slow Landslides Affecting Tectonised Clayey Slopes (Southern Apennines) ...... 1029 Federica Cotecchia, Francesca Santaloia, Giuseppe Pedone, Claudia Vitone, Piernicola Lollino, and Giuseppina Mitaritonna

181 Engineering Geological and Hydrogeological Characterization of Acero Landslide (Upper Sturla Valley, Northern Apennine) ...... 1033 F. Faccini, R. Lazzeri, and A. Robbiano

182 Geomorphological Analysis of Large Scale Slope Instability, Trotternish, Isle of Skye ...... 1037 Clark Fenton, Peter Martin, Fergus Cheng, and Brian Murphy

183 Physically Based Rainfall Thresholds for Shallow Landslide Initiation at Regional Scales ...... 1041 Diana Salciarini and Claudio Tamagnini

184 The Instability of Colluvial Mantle in Turbidite Flysch Series of the Cilento Region (Campania–Southern Italy): the November 26, 2010, Ostigliano Translational Slide ...... 1045 Pantaleone De Vita, Vincenzo Allocca, Enrico Di Clemente, Francesco Fusco, Ferdinando Manna, Gianfranco Mastrogiovanni, and Elisabetta Napolitano

185 Relationships between Landslides Phenomena and Road Network: An Example from the Hilly Region of Asti Province (North-Western Italy) ...... 1049 Luca Di Martino, Luciano Masciocco, Giuseppe Ricca, and Maurizio Toja

186 The “Tektonik” Landslide at Mailuu Suu, Kyrgyz Republic ...... 1055 Höfer-Öllinger Giorgio, Keuschnig Markus, Pohl Wolfhart, and Radoncic Nedim xxviii Contents

187 Landslides in Tertiary Basalts at Murrurundi, Australia...... 1061 Stephen Fityus, Greg Hancock, and John Gibson

188 Landslide Activity and Integrated Monitoring Network: The Greci Slope (Lago, Calabria, Italy) ...... 1065 Stefano Calcaterra, Piera Gambino, Luigi Borrelli, Francesco Muto, and Giovanni Gullà

189 Hydro-mechanical Analysis of an Unsaturated Pyroclastic Slope Based on Monitoring Data...... 1069 Marianna Pirone, Raffaele Papa, Marco Valerio Nicotera, and Gianfranco Urciuoli

190 Basic Features of the Landslides’ Viscous Flow ...... 1075 Farshed Karimov

191 The Geomorphologic Survey as Tool to Support Risk Management After Landslide Reactivation: The Case Study of Sauna di Corniglio Landslide (Northern Apennines, Italy) ...... 1079 Alessandro Chelli, Andrea Ruffini, Stefano Castagnetti, and Claudio Tellini

192 Geotechnical Characterization and Slope Stability of a Relict Landslide in Bimsoils (Blocks in Matrix Soils) in Dowtown Genoa, Italy ...... 1083 Diego Minuto and Luca Morandi

193 Landslide Investigation and Monitoring at Ciloto, West Java, Indonesia ...... 1089 Sumaryono, C. Sulaiman, Y. Dasa Triana, R. Robiana, and Wawan Irawan

Part XV Landslide Dam: Formation and Stability

194 Weathering Geochemical Behavior and Slope Failure Characteristics of Black Strata in Guizhou and Guangxi Province, Southwest China. . . . 1099 Xiyong Wu, Sixiang Ling, Xin Liao, Jiwei Li, Siyuan Zhao, and Jinhang Zhang

195 Longevity of Landslide Dams ...... 1105 Po-Jung Lai, Chih-Fan Chiu, Shu-Kun Hsu, and Jia-Jyun Dong

196 Shear Strength and Collapsibility of Gypsifierous Soils ...... 1109 Ali N. Ibrahim and Tom Schanz

197 Study on the Stability of Unsaturated Soil Slope Based on the Finite Element Strength Reduction Method ...... 1117 Wen-can Wang, Jun Feng, Xi-yong Wu, Qi-xiang Yang, and Bao-long Zhu

198 The Landslide Dam of Ventia Creek (Umbria, Central Italy) ...... 1125 Corrado Cencetti, Pierluigi De Rosa, and Andrea Fredduzzi Contents xxix

199 Landslide Hazard: Risk Zonation and Impact Wave Analysis for the Bumbuma Dam—Sierra Leone ...... 1129 Battaglia Daniele, Strozzi Tazio, and Bezzi Alberto

200 Study on Reactivation and Deformation Process of XierGuazi Ancient-Landslide in Heishui Reservoir of Southwestern China...... 1135 Jian Guo, Mo Xu, and Yong Zhao

201 The Classification of Damming Landslides and Landslide Dams Induced by the Wenchuan Earthquake ...... 1143 Xuanmei Fan, Cees J. van Westen, Chenxiao Tang, Qiang Xu, Runqiu Huang, and Gonghui Wang

202 Large-Scale Shaking Table Tests of Landslide Dams ...... 1149 Zhen-Ming Shi, You-Quan Wang, Sheng-Gong Guan, Jian-Feng Chen, and Ming Peng

203 Seepage Stability and Dam-Breaking Mode of Tangjiashan Barrier Dam Induced by the Wenchuan Earthquake ...... 1155 X.W. Hu, G. Luo, J.L. Lv, Y.Y. Hu, J.X. Liang, and L. Fang

204 The Internal Structure and Stability of Some Large Landslide Dams

Induced by the 2008 Wenchuan (Mw7.9) Earthquake, China...... 1163 Gonghui Wang, Runqiu Huang, and Toshitaka Kamai

205 Detecting Premonitory Phenomena of Landslide Dam Failure by Piping ...... 1171 Fawu Wang, Yohei Kuwada, Austin C. Okeke, Yasuhiro Mitani, Hufeng Yang, Fikri Faris, Hisao Hayashi, and Shinya Baba

206 A Large-Scale Test on Overtopping Failure of Two Artificial Dams in Taiwan ...... 1177 Su-Chin Chen, Zheng-Yi Feng, Chiang Wang, and Tzu-Yang Hsu

Part XVI Landslide Forecast Using New Techniques and Early Warning Systems

207 Monitoring of Rainfall Induced Landslides in Relation to Weather Conditions at Selected Locations in Polish Carpathians...... 1185 Zbigniew Bednarczyk

208 ArcGIS V.10 Landslide Susceptibility Data Mining Add-in Tool Integrating Data Mining and GIS Techniques to Model Landslide Susceptibility ...... 1191 Darshika Palamakumbure, David Stirling, Phil Flentje, and Robin Chowdhury

209 Linking Vegetation Patterns and Landslide Occurrence: An Empirical Method ...... 1195 M. Teresa Carone, Eleonora Gioia, Maurizio Ferretti, and Fausto Marincioni xxx Contents

210 A Geographical Information System (GIS) Based Probabilistic Certainty Factor Approach in Assessing Landslide Susceptibility: The Case Study of Kimi, Euboea, Greece...... 1199 Ioanna Ilia, Ioannis Koumantakis, Dimitrios Rozos, Georgios Koukis, and Paraskevas Tsangaratos

211 Comparative Study of the Methods for Assessing Landslide Susceptibility in Ialomiţa Subcarpathians, Romania ...... 1205 Zenaida Chitu, Alexandru Istrate, Mary-Jeanne Adler, Ionut Sandric, Bogdan Olariu, and Bogdan Mihai

212 Effect of Shearing Rate on Residual Strength of Landslide Soils ...... 1211 Deepak R. Bhat and R. Yatabe

Part XVII Landslide Numerical Modeling

213 Influence of Rock Masses Properties on the Slope Stabilities: A Study Based on Slope Failures During the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake ...... 1219 Xiaoli Chen, Bengang Zhou, Hongliu Ran, Wei Min, and Qing Zhou

214 Back-Analysis of a Failed Rock Wedge Using a 3D Numerical Model . . . 1225 Paolo Paronuzzi, Elia Rigo, and Alberto Bolla

215 Footing on the Crest of Slope: Slope Stability or Bearing Capacity? . . . . 1231 Lysandros Pantelidis and D.V. Griffiths

216 Influence of Spatial Variability on Rock Slope Reliability Using 1-D Random Fields ...... 1235 Lysandros Pantelidis, Elias Gravanis, and D.V. Griffiths

217 A Finite Element Analysis of the Brindisi di Montagna Scalo Earthflow (Basilicata, Southern-Italy)...... 1239 Vincenzo De Luca, Bentivenga Mario, Giuseppe Palladino, Salvatore Grimaldi, and Giacomo Prosser

218 Geomechanical Modelling of 1999 Cervinara Debris Avalanche Propagation (Southern Italy) ...... 1245 Sabatino Cuomo, Manuel Pastor, Leonardo Cascini, and Giuseppe Claudio Castorino

219 The Formation and Distribution of Stress Concentration Zones in Heterogeneous Rock Masses with Slopes ...... 1251 O.V. Zerkal, E.V. Kalinin, and L.L. Panasyan

220 Numerical Modeling of the Climate Effect on the Evolution of the Landslide of Ain El Hammam (Algeria) ...... 1255 Lynda Djerbal and Bachir Melbouci

221 Analysis of Deformation and Failure for Embankment Slope Based on FLAC: A Numerical Study ...... 1261 Wang Genlong, Xu Youning, Yu Guoqiang, and Wu Faquan Contents xxxi

222 Back Analysis of Johnsons Landing 2012 Landslide Using Two Dynamic Analysis Models ...... 1267 Giacomo Marinelli, Jordan Aaron, Lisa Borgatti, Peter Jordan, and Oldrich Hungr

223 Numerical Modelling to Calibrate the Geotechnical Model of a Deep-Seated Landslide in Weathered Crystalline Rocks: Acri (Calabria, Italy)...... 1271 Sarah Carmen Maiorano, Luigi Borrelli, Nicola Moraci, and Giovanni Gullà

224 Plant Root Reinforcement Against Local Failure Mechanism of Natural Slope ...... 1275 Younus Ahmed Khan and Habibah Lateh

225 Sensitivity of Soil Cohesion on the Stability of Gougerd Landslide, Northwest of Iran ...... 1281 Akbar Khodavirdizadeh, Ebrahim Asghari-Kaljahi, and Sepideh Abolhasanzadeh

Part XVIII Landslide Recognition, Early Warnings and Risk Management

226 Remaining Tectonic Faults Hinder Distinguishing a Landslide Body and Basement Rock ...... 1287 Yasuhiko Wakizaka

227 Establishment of Criteria for Traffic Regulations Along the National Road Based on Numerical Simulations During Torrential Rainfall . . . . . 1293 Yuto Tsuruzawa, Tomofumi Koyama, Hideki Nakamura, Keita Lee, Naoki Fukuyama, and Masayoshi Yamada

228 Understanding of Landslide Science in the Nepal Himalaya ...... 1299 Ranjan Kumar Dahal

Part XIX Long-term Monitoring of Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformations for Hazard Assessment and Mitigation

229 Long-Term Monitoring to Support Landslide Inventory Maps: The Case of the North-Western Coast of the Island of Malta ...... 1307 Stefano Devoto, Matteo Mantovani, Alessandro Pasuto, Daniela Piacentini, and Mauro Soldati

230 Geomorphological Characterization, Monitoring and Modeling of the Monte Rotolon Complex Landslide (Recoaro Terme, Italy) ...... 1311 Francesco Fidolini, Veronica Pazzi, William Frodella, Stefano Morelli, and Riccardo Fanti

231 Monitoring of the Evolution of a Deep-Seated Landslide in Lushan Area, Taiwan ...... 1317 Kuo-Lung Wang, Meei-Ling Lin, Jun-Tin Lin, Ssu-Chung Huang, Ray-Tang Liao, and Chao-Wei Chen xxxii Contents

232 GPS Monitoring of the Scopello (Sicily, Italy) DGSD Phenomenon: Relationships Between Surficial and Deep-Seated Morphodynamics. . . . . 1321 Valerio Agnesi, Edoardo Rotigliano, Umberto Tammaro, Chiara Cappadonia, Christian Conoscenti, Francesco Obrizzo, Cipriano Di Maggio, Dario Luzio, and Folco Pingue

233 Ganderberg Landslide Characterization Through Monitoring ...... 1327 Giulia Bossi, Simone Frigerio, Matteo Mantovani, Gianluca Marcato, Luca Schenato, and Alessandro Pasuto

234 Real-Time Monitoring of Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation in the Taiwan Mountain Belt ...... 1333 Rou-Fei Chen, Ya-Ju Hsu, Shui-Beih Yu, Kuo-Jen Chang, Ruo-Ying Wu, Yu-Chung Hsieh, and Ching-Wee Lin

235 Long-Term Continuous Monitoring of a Deep-Seated Compound Rock Slide in the Northern Apennines (Italy) ...... 1337 Alessandro Corsini, Francesco Bonacini, Marco Mulas, Marcello Petitta, Francesco Ronchetti, and Giovanni Truffelli

Part XX Mathematical-Numerical Modelling Approaches for Slope Stability Analyses

236 Use Accelerogram of Real Earthquakes in the Evaluation of the Stress-Strain State of Landslide Slopes in Seismically Active Regions of Ukraine ...... 1343 O. Trofymchuk, I. Kaliukh, K. Silchenko, V. Polevetskiy, V. Berchun, and T. Kalyukh

237 Reconstruction of the Geotechnical Model Considering Random Parameters Distributions ...... 1347 Calista Monia, Pasculli Antonio and Sciarra Nicola

238 Complex Dynamics of Landslides with Time Delay Under External Seismic Triggering Effect...... 1353 Srđan Kostić, Nebojša Vasović, Dragutin Jevremović,Duško Sunarić, Igor Franović, and Kristina Todorović

239 Artificial Neural Networks and Kriging Method for Slope Geomechanical Characterization ...... 1357 Romina Secci, M. Laura Foddis, Alessandro Mazzella, Augusto Montisci, and Gabriele Uras

240 Comparative Study of System Reliability Analysis Methods for Soil Slope Stability...... 1363 Xiao Liu, D.V. Griffiths, and Hui-ming Tang

241 Simplification of the Stratigraphic Profile in Geotechnical Models of Landslides: An Analysis Through a Stochastic Approach ...... 1367 G. Bossi, L. Borgatti, G. Marcato, and G. Gottardi Contents xxxiii

242 Slope Stability Integrate Analyses: The Study Case of Mount Falcone (Central Italy)...... 1371 Domenico Aringoli, Marco Materazzi, Bernardino Gentili, Gilberto Pambianchi, and Nicola Sciarra

Part XXI Mechanisms of Initiation of Rapid Landslides

243 Landslide-Quake: A New Mechanism of Initiation of Large Rapid Landslides ...... 1379 Xiaoyan Zhao, Houtian Hu, and Ziying Xiong

244 Qiao Ergou Landslide Formation Mechanism and Characteristics...... 1383 Yongzhi Wang, Wei Qi, Yangyang Zhou, Jiao Jin, Yudong Liu, and Fasuo Zhao

245 Influence of Geological, Morphological and Climatic Factors in the Initiation of Shallow Landslides in North Western Italy ...... 1389 Michela Rosa Palladino, Laura Turconi, Fabio Luino, Maria Teresa Brunetti, Silvia Peruccacci, and Fausto Guzzetti

246 Recent Extreme Rainfall-Induced Landslides and Government Countermeasures in Korea ...... 1393 Su-Gon Lee and Stephen R. Hencher

247 Morphological and Climatic Aspects of the Initiation of the San Mango Sul Calore Debris Avalanche in Southern Italy ...... 1397 Luigi Guerriero, Paola Revellino, Nazzareno Diodato, Gerardo Grelle, Aldo De Vito, and Francesco Maria Guadagno

Part XXII Monitoring and Early Warning

248 Radar Evaluation Movements Structures and Field ...... 1403 J.-P. Duranthon, F. Lemaître, and M.-A. Chanut

249 Temperature Monitoring in Piping-Prone Hydraulic Structures ...... 1409 S. Bersan and A.R. Koelewijn

250 Geophysical and Geodetical Monitoring of Slope Movements at the Three Gorges Dam Area of the Yangtze River in China ...... 1415 Simon Kremers, Karsten Zimmermann, and Alexander Fleer

251 Wireless Sensor Networks and Sensor Fusion for Early Warning in Engineering Geology ...... 1421 Tomás M. Fernandez-Steeger, Hui Hu, Cheng Li, and Rafig Azzam

252 Optical Fiber Technology to Monitor Slope Movement ...... 1425 Arslan Arzu, Kelam Mehmet Abdullah, Eker Arif Mert, Akgün Haluk, and Koçkar Mustafa Kerem xxxiv Contents

Part XXIII Monitoring and Modeling of Landslide Processes

253 Real-Time Monitoring and Data Analysis of an Active Landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir...... 1433 Haifeng Huang, Wu Yi, Qinglin Yi, and Shuqiang Lu

254 GIS-Based Deterministic Analysis of Deep-Seated Slope Stability in a Complex Geological Setting ...... 1437 Martin Mergili, Ivan Marchesini, Massimiliano Alvioli, Mauro Rossi, Michele Santangelo, Mauro Cardinali, Francesca Ardizzone, Federica Fiorucci, Barbara Schneider-Muntau, Wolfgang Fellin, and Fausto Guzzetti

255 Slope Stability Analyses of the Proposed Reconstituted Slope of the Quarry Heights Drive Landslide, Durban, South Africa ...... 1441 P. Naidoo, E.D.C. Hingston, and K. Ribbink

256 Landslide Modeling Basing on Probability Theory of Renewal Processes...... 1447 A.S. Victorov, T.V. Orlov, and O.N. Trapeznikova

257 Empirical Verification of Stochastic Theory for Landslide Hazard Forecasting (Seattle Case Study) ...... 1451 T.V. Orlov and A.S. Victorov

258 Map Numerical Modelling of Landslides Using Data from Different Monitoring Systems: The Example of Rosone (Western Alps) ...... 1455 Davide Notti, Claudia Meisina, Francesco Zucca, Giuseppe Balduzzi, and Alessio Colombo

259 Modelling of Landslide Seismicity Using the Smooth Particle Method . . . 1461 Andreas S. Eisermann and Manfred Joswig

260 About the Landslide Hazard Criteria for the Transportation Safety of the 2014 Sochi Olympics ...... 1469 Postoev German, Kazeev Andrey, and Fedotova Ksenia

Part XXIV Numerical and Analytical Methods for Prediction of Landslide Deformation Evolution

261 Mechanical Behavior of Cores of Earth Dams Built with Marls: Analysis of the Influence of Organic and Inorganic Carbonates...... 1475 F. Lamas and R. Bravo

262 Monitoring of the Shear and Compression Deformation in a Sandy Model Slope Under Artificial Rainfall ...... 1481 Katsuo Sasahara, Naoki Sakai, and Kazuya Itoh

263 Numerical Simulations for the Possible Future Geohazard Events in the Rječina Valley, Croatia ...... 1485 Chunxiang Wang, Hideaki Marui, Naoki Watanabe, and Gen Furuya Contents xxxv

264 The Influence of Shear Heating on the Development of Creeping Landslides ...... 1491 Sujeevan Vinayagamoorthy and Antonis Zervos

265 Natural Slope Stabilization with Self-Compacting Concrete: Numerical Simulation with the Finite-Element Method ...... 1495 J.L. Piqueras Sala, J.A. Ramos Martín, R. Mingorance Mingorance, and F. Lamas Fernández

266 Evaluation on Effect of Landslide Control Based on Hierarchy-Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method ...... 1501 Yong Zhang, Sheng-wei Shi, Jun Song, and Ying-jian Cheng

267 Slope Stability Evaluation of Stiff Fissured Clays and Shales for Different Failure Conditions ...... 1507 Chrysanthos Steiakakis, Zacharias Agioutantis, and Evangelia Apostolou

268 The Ivancich Active Landslide Process (Assisi, Central Italy) Analysed via Numerical Modeling Jointly Optimized by DInSAR and Inclinometric Data ...... 1513 R. Castaldo, P. Tizzani, P. Lollino, F. Calò, F. Ardizzone, M. Manunta, F. Guzzetti, and R. Lanari

269 3D Stability Analysis of the Portalet Landslide Using Finite Element Method...... 1519 Guadalupe Bru, Jose Antonio Fernández-Merodo, Juan Carlos García-Davalillo, Gerardo Herrera, and Jose Fernández

Part XXV Passive Seismic Methods for Unstable Masses Monitoring

270 Microseismicity and Acoustic Emission for Landslide Monitoring (North-East Italy) ...... 1527 Giuliana Zoppè, Giovanni Costa, Neil Dixon, Matthew Peter Spriggs, and Gianluca Marcato

271 Analysis of Pre-collapse Failure Signals from a Destructive Rockfall by Nanoseismic Monitoring ...... 1531 Marco Walter, Ulrich Schwaderer, and Manfred Joswig

272 Seismic Monitoring of a Rockslide: The Torgiovannetto Quarry (Central Apennines, Italy) ...... 1537 A. Lotti, G. Saccorotti, A. Fiaschi, L. Matassoni, G. Gigli, V. Pazzi, and N. Casagli

273 SeiSlide: A Matlab® Processing Framework for the Seismological Monitoring of Unstable Geological Masses ...... 1541 Saccorotti Gilberto, Fiaschi Andrea, Matassoni Luca, and Lotti Alessia xxxvi Contents

Part XXVI Prediction Methods for Rainfall Triggered Landslides

274 Preliminary Remarks About Rainfall Thresholds for Triggering Debris Flows on the Messina Area ...... 1547 Luca Falconi, Carmelo Gioè, Simona Malerba, and Claudio Puglisi

275 Rainfall Threshold and Landslides in the Post-orogenic Complex of the Esino River Basin, Central Italy...... 1553 Eleonora Gioia, Gabriella Speranza, Federica Appiotti, Maurizio Ferretti, and Fausto Marincioni

276 Hysteresis Effect on the Deep-Seated Landslide by Rainfall: The Case of the Kualiangzi Landslide, China ...... 1557 Qiang Xu, Wenhui Li, Hanxiang Liu, Ran Tang, Sijiao Chen, and Xu Sun

277 Monitoring and Modelling of Soil–Atmosphere Interaction on a Slope Affected by Shallow Landslides ...... 1563 Roberto Valentino, Massimiliano Bordoni, Claudia Meisina, Davide Zizioli, Marco Bittelli, and Silvia Chersich

278 Long-Term Hydrological Modelling of Pyroclastic Soil Mantled Slopes for Assessing Rainfall Thresholds Triggering Debris Flows: The Case of the Sarno Mountains (Campania—Southern Italy)...... 1567 Elisabetta Napolitano, Pantaleone De Vita, Francesco Fusco, Vincenzo Allocca, and Ferdinando Manna

279 A Prelimilary Study of the Rainfall Threshold and Early Warning System for Landslide in Taiwan...... 1571 Lun-Wei Wei, Ching-Fang Lee, Chuen-Ming Huang, Wei-Kai Huang, Hsi-Hung Lin, and Chung-Chi Chi

280 Catalogue of Rainfall Events with Shallow Landslides and New Rainfall Thresholds in Italy ...... 1575 Maria Teresa Brunetti, Silvia Peruccacci, Loredana Antronico, Devis Bartolini, Andrea Maria Deganutti, Stefano Luigi Gariano, Giulio Iovine, Silvia Luciani, Fabio Luino, Massimo Melillo, Michela Rosa Palladino, Mario Parise, Mauro Rossi, Laura Turconi, Carmela Vennari, Giovanna Vessia, Alessia Viero, and Fausto Guzzetti

281 Rainfall Intensity-Duration Thresholds for Triggering Shallow Landslides in the Eastern Ligurian Riviera (Italy) ...... 1581 Roberto Giannecchini, Yuri Galanti, and Michele Barsanti

282 Establishing Landslide Susceptibility Along a Coastal Range Highway in Eastern Taiwan ...... 1585 Ching-Fang Lee, Wei-Kai Huang, Lun-Wei Wei, Ting-Chi Tsao, Yu-Lin Chang, and Shu-Yeong Chi

283 Prediction Analysis of Rainfall Induced Landslide in a Samnite Prone Area ...... 1593 Grelle Gerardo, Revellino Paola, Guerriero Luigi, Soriano Marcella, Diodato Nazzareno, and Guadagno Francesco Maria Contents xxxvii

284 Landslides Triggered in the Continental Part of Croatia by Extreme Precipitation in 2013 ...... 1599 Sanja Bernat, Snježana Mihalić Arbanas, and Martin Krkač

285 Modeling the Shallow Landslides Occurred in Tizzano Val Parma in April 2013 ...... 1605 Lorella Montrasio, Andrea Terrone, and Martina Chiara Morandi

286 Spatial Pattern of Hydrological Predictability of Landslide-Prone Areas ...... 1611 Diodato Nazzareno, Guerriero Luigi, Revellino Paola, Grelle Gerardo, and Guadagno Francesco Maria

287 Landslide Susceptibility Assessment on Slopes in Flysch Deposits: A Deterministic Approach ...... 1615 Sanja Dugonjić Jovančević, Martina Vivoda, and Željko Arbanas

Part XXVII Rapid Landslide Propagation: Physical and Numerical Modeling

288 Effects of Flow Volume and Grain Size on Mobility of Granular Flows of Angular Rock Fragments...... 1621 Bruno Cagnoli and Giovanni Paolo Romano

289 On the Use of Numerical Models for Flow-like Landslide Simulation. . . . 1625 Marina Pirulli, Claudio Scavia, and Mauro Tararbra

290 Evaluation of the Trent2D Model Capabilities to Reproduce and Forecast Debris-Flow Deposition Patterns Through a Back Analysis of a Real Event...... 1629 Giorgio Rosatti, Nadia Zorzi, Lorenzo Begnudelli, and Aronne Armanini

291 Inverse Analysis for Rheology Calibration in SPH Analysis of Landslide Run-Out ...... 1635 Sabatino Cuomo, Michele Calvello, and Valentina Villari

292 Sliding of Rapid Granular Masses: Analytical Modeling and Empirical Criteria ...... 1641 Francesco Federico and Chiara Cesali

293 Study on the Mechanical Behaviour of Flexible Barriers by in situ Testing and Modelling...... 1651 Roberto Brighenti, Anna Maria Ferrero, Andrea Segalini, and Gessica Umili

294 Discrete Element Modeling of a Rockfall in the South of the “Massif Central”, France ...... 1657 Stiven Cuervo, Dominique Daudon, Vincent Richefeu, Pascal Villard, and Julien Lorentz

295 Numerical Simulation of Shallow Grain-Fluid Flows in a Rotating Drum...... 1663 Alessandro Bosco, Roland Kaitna, Marina Pirulli, Oldrich Hungr, Manuel Pastor, and Claudio Scavia xxxviii Contents

296 Comparison of Debris Flow Depositional Scenarios Using Different DTMs...... 1667 Chiara Deangeli, Davide Tiranti, Federica Marco, and Marco Volpato

297 Modeling Debris-Flow Runout Pattern on a Forested Alpine Fan with Different Dynamic Simulation Models ...... 1673 Schraml Klaus, Thomschitz Barbara, McArdell Brian, Graf Christoph, Hungr Oldrich, and Kaitna Roland

298 Propagation and Erosion of a Fast Moving Granular Mass...... 1677 Giovanni B. Crosta, Mattia De Caro, Giorgio Volpi, Fabio De Blasio, Silvia Imposimato, and Dennis Roddeman

299 Applicability of Two Propagation Models to Simulate the Rotolon Earth-Flow Occurred in November 2010 ...... 1683 Simonetta Cola, Giulia Bossi, Stefano Munari, Lorenzo Brezzi, and Gianluca Marcato

Part XXVIII Rapid Mass Movement of Rock

300 Peculiarities of Large Landslides’ Morphology and Internal Structure: Constraints of Their Motion Modelling ...... 1691 Alexander Strom

301 The Normal Stress on the Slip Surface: A Dominating Factor on the Run-Out Distance of the Sliding Rock Mass ...... 1695 Che-Ming Yang, You-Ren Chen, Jia-Jyun Dong, Huai-Houh Hsu, and Win-Bin Cheng

302 Assessment of the Stability of a Rock Slope by Using Different Methodologies...... 1701 Pedro Preto, Isabel Fernandes, and Maria dos Anjos Ribeiro

303 Complex Interactions of Rock Avalanche Emplacement with Fluvial Sediments: Field Structures at the Tschirgant Deposit, Austria ...... 1707 Anja Dufresne, Christoph Prager, and John J. Clague

304 Stochasticity of Rockfall Tracjectory Revealed by a Field Experiment Repeated on a Single Sample...... 1713 Hengxing Lan, Langping Li, and Yuming Wu

305 In Situ Test on Dynamic Response of Single Surface Slope ...... 1723 Shengwen Qi, C. Derek Martin, Shenglin Qi, and Yu Zou

306 Rockfall-Simulation with Irregular Rock Blocks ...... 1729 James Glover, Perry Bartelt, Marc Christen, and Werner Gerber

307 Orthogonal Test Analysis on the Sensitivity of Stability Influence Factors of Dao Guapai Perilous Rock in Jiangyou ...... 1735 Pei-dong Su and Wan-lin Chen Contents xxxix

308 Fragmenting Granular Flow: A Personal Account of the Concept ...... 1741 Mauri J. McSaveney

309 Rock Falls in Horizontal Strata Due to Differential Weathering ...... 1745 Tian-ming Su, Yan-ge Zhang, Tie-zhu Zhang, and Yi-lin Liu

310 Quick Assessment on Impact Stress Over Buried Pipelines Due to Rockfall...... 1753 Wenkai Feng and Runqiu Huang

Part XXIX Risk Analysis, Assessment and Management

311 Landslide Risk Assessment with Uncertainty of Hazard Class Membership. An Application of Favourability Modeling in the Deba Valley Area, Northern Spain ...... 1759 Andrea G. Fabbri, Juan Remondo, and Chang-Jo Chung

312 A Simple Method to Include Uncertainties in Cost-Benefit Analyses . . . . 1763 Pierrick Nicolet, Michel Jaboyedoff, and Sébastien Lévy

313 Challenges of Geologic Catastrophes in Georgia and Ways of Their Reduction ...... 1767 Tsereteli Emil, Gobejishvili Ramin, Gaprindashvili George, and Gaprindashvili Merab

314 Glossary of Terms on Landslide Hazard and Risk ...... 1775 Jordi Corominas, Herbert Einstein, Tim Davis, Alexander Strom, Giulio Zuccaro, Farrokh Nadim, and Thierry Verdel

315 Climate as an Integral Synthesizer in Development-Reactivation Processes of Landslide and Diagnostic Criterion of Its Evaluation ...... 1781 Nana Bolashvili, Emil Tsereteli, Omar Qutsnashvili, George Gaprindashvili, and Otar Kurtsikidze

316 What Does Hazard Mean? Seeking to Provide Further Clarification to Commonly Used Landslide Terminology ...... 1789 Anthony S. Miner, Darren R. Paul, Steve Parry, and Phil Flentje

317 Population Landslide Vulnerability Evaluation: The Case of the Indigenous Population of Pahuatlán-Puebla, Mexico ...... 1793 Franny Murillo-García, Mauro Rossi, Federica Fiorucci, and Irasema Alcántara-Ayala

318 An Integrated Hydrological-Geotechnical Model in GIS for the Analysis and Prediction of Large-Scale Landslides Triggered by Rainfall Events ...... 1799 Roberto Passalacqua, Rossella Bovolenta, and Bianca Federici

319 Engineering Geological Mapping as a Part of Landslide Mitigation at Surface Mining Site in Desa Licin, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia. . . . 1805 Luthfan Harisan Jihadi, Fikri Noor Azy, Muhammad Bey Anural, and Zufialdi Zakaria xl Contents

320 Probability of Landslide Impact on Vehicles on Two-Lane Highways . . . 1809 Daniela S. Cardoso, Manuel G. Romana, and Dennis R. Hiltunen

321 Quantitative Rockfall Risk Assessment in the Roadways of Gipuzkoa . . . 1813 Jordi Corominas and Olga Mavrouli

322 Risk Analysis of Slopes on Vitória-Minas Railroad ...... 1817 Stefânia Moreira Alves and Romero César Gomes

323 Case History: Failure of a Clay Slope Involving Time Effects ...... 1823 Håkon Heyerdahl, Hans Petter Jostad, Trond Vernang, and Bjørn G. Kalsnes

324 Management of Rock Fall Risk on the Main Roads of Southtirol ...... 1829 Claudia Strada, Silvia Tagnin, Matteo Mottironi, Verena Larcher, Giovanni Villa, and Volkmar Mair

325 The Use of DInSAR Data for the Analysis of Building Damage Induced by Slow-Moving Landslides ...... 1835 Settimio Ferlisi, Dario Peduto, Giovanni Gullà, Gianfranco Nicodemo, Luigi Borrelli, and Gianfranco Fornaro

326 Assessing Vulnerability to Landslides in Italy ...... 1841 Caterina De Lucia, Claudia Ceppi, and Dino Borri

327 Determination and Analysis of Desertification Process with Satellite Data Alsat-1 and Landsat in the Algerian Steppe ...... 1847 Zegrar Ahmed

Part XXX Rockfall Protection

328 Kinematic Response of an Impacted Rockfall Protection Embankment ...... 1855 Stéphane Lambert, François Nicot, and Philippe Gotteland

329 Quantifying the Relevance of Rebound Modelling Approaches Using Field Experimental Results ...... 1859 Franck Bourrier, Oldrich Hungr, and Luuk Dorren

330 Dynamic Behavior of Rock Fall Protection Net Fences: A Parametric Study ...... 1863 Marie-Aurélie Chanut, Laurent Dubois, and François Nicot

331 Structural Design of Rockfall Protection Embankments: Can a Static Approach Solve a Dynamic Problem? ...... 1869 Bernd Kister

332 Strategy for the Foundation Design of Rockfall Barriers...... 1875 Giorgio Giacchetti, Alberto Grimod, and Daniele Peila

333 Rockfall Mitigation Using Simple Drapery System: Design Approach . . . 1881 Giorgio Giacchetti and Alberto Grimod Contents xli

334 Superficial Consolidation of Rock Slope: Design at the Ultimate and Seriviceability Limit State ...... 1885 Giorgio Giacchetti and Alberto Grimod

335 Felled Trees as a Rockfall Protection System: Experimental and Numerical Studies ...... 1889 Ignacio Olmedo, Franck Bourrier, David Bertrand, Frederic Berger, and Ali Limam

336 A Coastal Cliff Stability Study in Peniche (Portugal)...... 1895 Cláudia Santos, Alexandre Santos-Ferreira, and Elisabete Dias

337 Effect of Forest Presence on Rockfall Trajectory. An Example from Greece ...... 1899 Haralambos Saroglou, Frederic Berger, Franck Bourrier, Pavlos Asteriou, George Tsiambaos, and Dimitrios Tsagkas

Part XXXI Rockfall Risk Assessment and Management - Current Practice and Developments

338 The Extraordinary Rock-Snow Avalanche of Alpl, Tyrol, Austria. Is it Possible to Predict the Runout by Means of Single-phase Voellmy- or Coulomb-Type Models? ...... 1907 Alexander Preh and Johann Thomas Sausgruber

339 Rockfall Runout Simulation Fine-Tuning in Christchurch, New Zealand ...... 1913 Andrea Valagussa, Giovanni B. Crosta, Paolo Frattini, Stefania Zenoni, and Chris Massey

340 Investigating Rock Fall Frequency and Failure Configurations Using Terrestrial Laser Scanner ...... 1919 Julie D’Amato, Antoine Guerin, Didier Hantz, Jean-Pierre Rossetti, and Michel Jaboyedoff

341 Evaluation of a Rockfall Risk Management System for Mountainous and Touristic Paths...... 1925 A.A. Antoniou

342 Rockfall Analysis, Modeling and Mitigation Along Al-Hada Descent Road, Saudi Arabia...... 1931 Bahaaeldin Sadagah

343 2D- and 3D-Rock Fall Simulations as a Basis for the Design of a Protection Embankment for a Development Area ...... 1937 Bernd Kister and Olivier Fontana

344 Characteristics of Some Rockfalls Triggered by the 2010/2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence, New Zealand ...... 1943 C.I. Massey, M.J. MacSaveney, and L. Richards xlii Contents

345 A New Susceptibility Index for Rockfall Risk Assessment on Road Networks ...... 1949 C. Mignelli, D. Peila, S.M. Ratto, E. Navillod, M. Armand, M. Cauduro, and A. Chabod

346 Regional Mapping of Forest with a Protection Function Against Rockfall ...... 1957 D. Toe and F. Berger

347 Improving Rebound Models in 3D Rockfall Simulation Codes Used for the Design of Protection Embankments ...... 1961 D. Toe, S. Lambert, F. Bourrier, and F. Berger

348 Improving the Integration of Coppice Forest Protection in Rockfall Model ...... 1965 D. Toe, F. Bourrier, and F. Berger

349 Study on Formation Mechanism and Evolution of Cracking-Toppling Rockfall Affected by Underground Mining: A Case Study of Shangyang River Rockfall ...... 1969 Da Zheng, Nengpan Ju, Hua Zhao, and Huo Li

350 Integrated Evaluation of Rockfall Triggering Mechanism for Road Monitoring ...... 1975 Evangelia Apostolou, Zacharias Agioutantis, and Chrysanthos Steiakakis

351 Rockfall Risk Assessment and Management Along the “Via dell’Amore” (Lovers’ Lane) in the Cinque Terre National Park (Italy)...... 1979 F. Faccini, E. Raso, C. Malgarotto, and G. Antonielli

352 How Can Reliability-Based Approaches Improve the Design of Rockfall Protection Fences? ...... 1985 Franck Bourrier, Julien Baroth, and Stéphane Lambert

353 Rockfall Hazard and Risk Assessment: The Promontory of the Pre-Hellenic Village Castelmola Case, North-Eastern Sicily (Italy)...... 1989 Giovanna Pappalardo and Simone Mineo

354 The Study on the Determination Method of 3D Joint Roughness Coefficient ...... 1995 Hua Li, Runqiu Huang, Xiangtao Xu, Janguo Xiao, and Xingrong Zhong

355 New Developments in Rock Fall Hazard Assessment and Zoning: An Application of the Cadanav Methodology...... 2001 Jacopo M Abbruzzese and Vincent Labiouse

356 Rockfall Trajectory Analysis with Drapery Systems ...... 2007 K. Thoeni, A. Giacomini, C. Lambert, and S.W. Sloan

357 A Framework for Risk Management in Rockfall Protection ...... 2013 Lovorka Libric, Mario Bacic, and Meho Sasa Kovacevic Contents xliii

358 Rockfall Susceptibility Assessment at the Municipal Scale (Bovec Municipality, Slovenia) ...... 2017 Magda Čarman, Miloš Bavec, Marko Komac, and Matija Krivic

359 Evaluation of Rockfall Restitution Coefficients ...... 2023 N. Sabatakakis, N. Depountis, and N. Vagenas

360 Rock Fall Analysis on the City of Lubango, SW Angola ...... 2027 Pedro Santarém Andrade, Gracinda Gonçalves, and Mário Quinta-Ferreira

361 Assessing Rockfall Along the Illawarra Escarpment ...... 2031 Phil Flentje, Darshika Palamakumbure, and Jack Thompson

362 3D Rockfall Modeling and Mitigation Design Reliability ...... 2037 Runing Zhang and Alan Rock

363 Rockfalls: Effect of Slope Surface Weathering on the Coefficients of Restitution ...... 2041 Sofia Giokari, Pavlos Asteriou, Charalampos Saroglou, and George Tsiambaos

364 The Influence of Shape on the Inherent Rolling Potential of Loose Rocks ...... 2045 Stephen Fityus, Anna Giacomini, and Klaus Thoeni

365 Rock Avalanche Investigation in Tempi Valley, Greece...... 2049 Kaspar Graf, Bernd Rathmayr, and Valentin Raemy

366 Geological Investigations of Rockfall Along Neijiang–Liupanshui Railway in Hengjiang to Daguan Section, Sichuan ...... 2053 Ying Wang, Tengyuan Zhao, and Zhi-yong Bai

367 Stability Analysis of Cut Slopes in Ohio, USA: A Quantitative Approach ...... 2057 Yonathan Admassu and Abdul Shakoor

368 Rockfall Risk Analysis Along Transportation Facilities ...... 2061 Paolo Frattini, Giovanni B. Crosta, Andrea Valagussa, Andrea Tamburini, and Walter Alberto

Part XXXII Slope Stabilization and Protection Measures: Concepts and Methods

369 Landslide at Sunuapa 401, Chiapas, México (Hidrocarbon Exploration Well); Risk Reduction by Stabilization Construction ...... 2067 O. Cuanalo, G. Polanco, and J. Rivera

370 Modeling of Engineered Slopes for the Effective Design of Protection Structures: Example in the City of Sochi (Russia)...... 2071 Matsiy Sergey, Leyer Darya, Bezuglova Ekaterina, and Riabukhin Aleksandr

371 Numerical Analysis of Slopes Reinforced with a Row of Short Piles . . . . 2077 Lirer Stefania, Ramondini Massimo, and Toraldo Caterina xliv Contents

372 Floating Anchors in Landslide Stabilization: The Cortiana Case in North-Eastern Italy ...... 2083 Bisson Alberto, Cola Simonetta, Tessari Giulia, and Floris Mario

373 A Cliff Failure in Ericeira (Centre of Portugal) Fishing Harbour South Access...... 2089 Alexandre Santos-Ferreira, Ana Paula F. da Silva, Cláudia Santos, Elisabete Dias, Mónica Cabral, Liliana Ribeiro, and Cláudia Rocha

374 Investigation of the Freeway No. 3 Landslide in Taiwan ...... 2093 Lien-Kuang Chen, Su-Chin Chen, and Ming-Chun Ke

375 Assessment of Slope Stability Problems in an Open Pit Quarry; an Example from Istanbul Cebeci Region, Turkey...... 2097 Selman Er, Murat Yılmaz, Atiye Tugrul, Altay Ertin, Nuray Tokgöz, and Ersin Arel

376 Slope Stabilization Design in Environmentally Sensitive Areas ...... 2101 Dimitris Tsagkas and Haralambos Saroglou

Part XXXIII Water in Slope Instability: Hydrological, Mechanical and Chemical Processes

377 Study on the Water-Rock Interaction Behavior of Xigeda Strata in Lamaxi Gully, Sichuan Province, China ...... 2107 Sixiang Ling, Xiyong Wu, Xin Liao, Xiaoning Li, and Siyuan Zhao

378 Soil Water Content and Triggering of Debris Flows in the Messina Area (Italy): Preliminary Remarks...... 2113 Rosario Napoli, Cinzia Crovato, Luca Falconi, and Carmelo Gioè

379 Description and Mechanism of a Landslide in SE Queensland Following Ex-tropical Cyclone Oswald ...... 2119 Bari I. Thomas and Graham Rose

380 Analysis of Transient Pore Pressure Distribution and Safety Factor of a Slow Clayey Deep-Seated Landslide by 2D and 3D Models ...... 2123 Roberto Vassallo, Giuseppe Maria Grimaldi, and Caterina Di Maio

381 Hydrogeology, Hydrochemistry and Isotopic Investigation to Define the Lateral Hydraulic Boundaries of a Deep Rock Slide (Berceto Landslide: Northern Apennines) ...... 2129 Manuela Deiana, Federico Cervi, Alessandro Corsini, Antonio Ambanelli, Michela Diena, Luigi Lopardo, Giovanni Truffelli, and Francesco Ronchetti

382 Influence of Pore Fluid Composition on the Residual Strength of a Clayey Landslide ...... 2133 Caterina Di Maio, Gianvito Scaringi, and Roberto Vassallo

383 Hydrochemical Approach of Mechanical Degradation of the Séchilienne Unstable Slope ...... 2137 C. Bertrand, A. Vallet, and J. Mudry Contents xlv

384 Hydrogeological Threshold Using Support Vector Machines and Effective Rainfall Applied to a Deep Seated Unstable Slope (Séchilienne, French Alps) ...... 2143 Aurélien Vallet, Davit Varron, Catherine Bertrand, and Jacques Mudry

385 Geotechnical Investigations in an Old Landslide Situated in Fine-Grained Neogene Sediments (Alkofen, Bavaria, Germany)...... 2147 Georg Stockinger, Marion Nickmann, and Kurosch Thuro

386 Steady Lateral Flow in Sloping Soils: Which is the Effect of the Conductivity at Saturation Profile? ...... 2153 Stefano Barontini, Marco Falocchi, and Roberto Ranzi

387 Estimation of Long-Term Strength of Rock Based on Subcritical Crack Growth ...... 2157 Yoshitaka Nara, Yuma Oe, Sumihiko Murata, Tsuyoshi Ishida, and Katsuhiko Kaneko

388 Characterization of Laterites for Engineering Geological Applications . . . 2161 R. Nagarajan

Erratum to: Objective Definition of Rainfall Intensity-Duration Thresholds for Post-fire Flash Floods and Debris Flows in the Area Burned by the Waldo Canyon Fire, Colorado, USA ...... E1 Dennis M. Staley, Jason W. Kean, and Joseph E. Gartner

Author Index ...... 2167 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto di Ricerca per la Protezione Idrogeologica

The Istituto di Ricerca per la Protezione Idrogeologica (IRPI), of the Italian Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), designs and executes research, technical and development activities in the vast and variegated field of natural hazards, vulnerability assessment and geo- risk mitigation. We study all geo-hydrological hazards, including floods, landslides, erosion processes, subsidence, droughts, and hazards in coastal and mountain areas. We investigate the availability and quality of water, the exploitation of geo-resources, and the disposal of wastes. We research the expected impact of climatic and environmental changes on geo-hazards and geo- resources, and we contribute to the design of sustainable adaptation strategies. Our outreach activities contribute to educate and inform on geo-hazards and their consequences in Italy.

We conduct our research and technical activities at various geographical and temporal scales, and in different physiographic and climatic regions, in Italy, in Europe, and in the World. Our scientific objective is the production of new knowledge about potentially dangerous natural phenomena, and their interactions with the natural and the human environment. We develop products, services, technologies and tools for the advanced, timely and accurate detection and monitoring of geo-hazards, for the assessment of geo-risks, and for the design and the implemen- tation of sustainable strategies for risk reduction and adaptation. We are 100 dedicated scientists, technicians and administrative staff operating in five centres located in Perugia (headquarter), Bari, Cosenza, Padova and Torino. Our network of labs and expertizes is a recognized Centre of Competence on geo-hydrological hazards and risks for the Italian Civil Protection Department, an Office of the Prime Minister.

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