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Indigenous Utilization and Management of Useful Plants in and Around Awash National Park, Ethiopia

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Indigenous Utilization and Management of Useful Plants in and Around Awash National Park, Ethiopia Avens Publishing Group Inviting Innovations Open Access Research Article J Plant Biol Soil Health June 2016 Vol.:3, Issue:1 © All rights are reserved by Gebeyehu, et al. Avens Publishing Group InvitingJournal Innovations of Indigenous Utilization and Plant Biology & Management of Useful Plants in Soil Health Dinkissa Beche1, Getaneh Gebeyehu2* and Kebenu Feyisa3 1Department of Biology, Samara University, Semera, Ethiopia and around Awash National Park, 2 Department of Biology, Assosa University, Assosa, Ethiopia 3Department of Natural Resource Management, Samara University, Ethiopia Semera, Ethiopia Address for Correspondence Getaneh Gebeyehu, Department of Biology, Assosa University, P.O. Box 18, Keywords: Awash National Park; Ethnobotany; Indigenous Assosa, Ethiopia, Tel: 0910176047; E-mail: [email protected] knowledge; Useful plants; Utilization Submission: 07 April, 2016 Abstract Accepted: 27 May, 2016 An ethnobotanical study in and around Awash National Park with Published: 04 June, 2016 special emphasis on useful plants was conducted from September Copyright: © 2016 Gebeyehu G, et al. This is an open access article 2014 to August 2015. The study was aimed at documenting the distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which indigenous knowledge of people on utilization and maintenance permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, of cultural significance useful plants in their pastoral areas. Sixty-two provided the original work is properly cited. useful plants belonging to 49 genera and 31 families were collected Reviewed & Approved by: Dr. Jiansheng Liang, Department of and identified from the study area. Most of plants investigated in the Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, China area have multiple uses which accounted to 54 species (87% of total Dr. Daike Tian, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center of plants). Totally, five useful plant categories were identified, including 35 CAS, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, China. medicinal species, 22 wild edible species, 39 forage species, 17 species for cosmetics and beauty and 45 species used for construction, fuel and firewood. In preference ranking of medicinal plants,Acacia negrii was ranked first followed by Acacia senegal to treat wound. Analysis must have gradually lead to small scale plants, whose continued of direct matrix ranking on multiple uses of seven species revealed that Boswellia microphylla, Ziziphus spina-christi and Balanites aegyptiaca intensification resulted in the emergence of full scale agriculture were reported to be the most important and intensively used species in gardens and fields [5]. Studying the relationship between people in the community. Informant consensus factor analysis showed that and plants and the significance of plant use knowledge towards the construction, fuel and charcoal (72%) and wild edible plants (71%) had high informant agreement. In plant species level, informant consensus wellbeing of the community is extremely important [4,6]. was higher for Rostraria cristata which was cited by 91.9% used for forages followed by Grewia villosa (72.5%) and Lawsonia inermis Ethiopia is the home of amazing system of indigenous knowledge (62.9%) for different cosmetics in the society. In and around the Awash that supports people to survive under adverse environmental National Park, useful plants were facing threats in their natural habitats conditions, famine and poverty [7]. The country is also diverse in from various human activities. Population pressure followed by drought climatic conditions, topographic and edaphic variation that enable and agricultural expansion was found as the major threatening factors. The urgent actions are needed to conserve such vital plant resources. occurrence of a wide range of vegetation from tropical rain and cloud Further analysis of pharmaceutical and nutritional values of plants forests to the desert scrubs [8]. Awash National Park is found in arid should be evaluated to optimize their wise use in the future. and semi-arid environment which is faced many problems from drought, population and livestock pressures. Two ethnic peoples Introduction (Oromo and Afar) live surrounding the Park and frequently compete on utilization of plant resources, which posed many problems on The history of indigenous people depending on plants and plant resources in the park as well as in the surrounding area before utilization, physical and social environment shapes plant use and documentation on the importance of useful plants. Most previous plant-human interaction. Ethnobotany is the study of this plant studies in the site have been focused on plant diversity, composition human interrelationship embedded in dynamic ecosystem of natural and structure [9,10]. Therefore, it is very needed to document the local and social components [1-4]. The role of plants reflects their biological knowledge of communities on useful plants for the conservation and and physical properties. The natural, anthropological, environmental management of plant species in and around Awash National Park. and genetic factors limited responses of plants to human’s need. In the beginning, plant use was restricted to food, medicine and shelter, Materials and Methods but later human beings have explored the potential of plants for a Description of the study area number of other purposes. Hence, human’s dependency on plants ° ° has increased both directly and indirectly [2]. Awash National Park is located at 9 20’N and 40 20’E. It is in the lowlands of Ethiopia at 215 Km North-East of Addis Ababa, covering Human beings depend mainly on plants and to a less extent an area of 756 Km2. The climatic condition of the park is arid and on animals for the basic requirements of their existence [3]. The semi-arid, with an average annual rainfall of 620 mm. indispensable dependence of humans on plants for their livelihoods primarily started with domestication and can be dated back to ten The park serves as home of Ethiopia’s largest Beisa oryx thousand years ago [4]. The collection of useful plants around homes population and is the second most important critical area, where some endangered, endemic and migratory bird species live. The presence of Citation: Beche D, Gebeyehu G, Feyisa K. Indigenous Utilization and Management of Useful Plants in and around Awash National Park, Ethiopia. J Plant Biol Soil Health. 2016;3(1): 12. Citation: Beche D, Gebeyehu G, Feyisa K. Indigenous Utilization and Management of Useful Plants in and around Awash National Park, Ethiopia. J Plant Biol Soil Health. 2016;3(1): 12. ISSN: 2331-8996 (42 male and 18 female) were involved in the interview. In which, 15 key informants were identified by following systematic method of informant selection [4,13] and other informants were selected randomly [13]. Preference ranking for five medicinal plants was analyzed to understand people perception on identification of efficacy plants. Direct matrix ranking for seven multiple uses of plants was analyzed to determine the main cause for overharvesting of the respective plants [4,13]. Identification of useful plant specimens collected from the study area was performed using taxonomic keys and Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea [14-21] and deposited in Samara University. Data analysis Ethnobotanical data were entered into excel spreadsheet and Figure 1: The Awash National Park, the surrounding Afar and Oromo tribes. ethnomedicinal uses and taxonomic groups were analyzed using descriptive statistics.The level of homogeneity between information provided by different informants was calculated using the Informants’ unique botanical features including Doum palm and riverine forests make the park attractive. The park is also characterized by unique Consensus Factor (ICF) [22]. It is calculated as: landscape scenery and geological features including Fentale Crater, Nur− Nt ICF = Ilala Sala plains and grasslands, Hot spring area and the gorge which (Nur − 1) represent an important income and food source for local communities. The Filwuha hot springs are important for curing illnesses such as Where, Nur is the number of use reports from informants for a malaria, the oldest educational museum and the lodges inside have particular plant-usage category and Nt is the number of species that diverse and unique ethnic/cultural features, including the Seats for are used for that plant usage category for all informants. Values range Gada system and the Belaadas in Afar, an ideal place of a training between 0 and 1, where ‘‘1’’ indicates the highest level of informant site for ornithologists, primatologists and archaeologists and vital consent. In this study, five use categories for all informants reported watering points for livestock, including Hakaki and the hot springs frequently were chosen and consensus factors were calculated. [11]. Socioeconomic of the two ethnic peoples The park is surrounded by two regions; namely Afar (Awash Fantale district) and Oromia (Fantale district) regions (Figure 1). The Karrayyu and Ittu clans of Afan Oromo speakers found to the South and South West of the Park. The Karrayyu Oromo are pure pastoralists whereas the Ittu Oromo are agro-pastoralists. The Afar tribes are located at the North (Debene Clan) and East (Waima clan) of the park [12]. Pastoral agriculture is practiced mainly at an elevation below 1,500 m a.s.l. with annual rainfall of below 450 mm. In the arid zone, nomadic and semi nomadic pastoral livestock production depend on camels and
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