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"A note on the activity and species composition of sesiids [: ] as measured by traps and trunk sampling in orchards of southwestern Quebec"

Gérald Chouinard, Sylvie Bellerose, Michèle Roy et Charles Vincent Phytoprotection, vol. 87, n° 3, 2006, p. 131-134.

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A note on the activity and species composition of sesiids [Lepidoptera: Sesiidae] as measured by pheromone traps and trunk sampling in apple orchards of southwestern Quebec

Gérald Chouinard1, Sylvie Bellerose1, Michèle Roy2, and Charles Vincent 3

Received 2006-04-26; accepted 2007-01-15

PHYTOPROTECTION 87 : 131-134

Adult males and larvae of sesiids were monitored in ten (1989–1991), five (2000) and two (2004) Quebec apple orchards. Multi Pher III traps baited with 99.1% Z, Z-3, 13-octadecadienyl acetate and 0.9% Z, E plus E, Z-3, 13-octadecadienyl acetate were used for adults, and trunk sampling was used for larvae. scitula, S. pyri, Podosesia syringae, S. acerrubri, S. fulvipes, S. exitiosa, S. acerni and Sesia tibialis males were captured between 1989 and 1991. Only 5 of the 347 adults of the S. scitula/pyri complex captured in 2000 belonged to S. pyri. Key words: Apple trees, pheromone traps, sesiids, Synanthedon pyri, Synanthedon scitula, trunk sampling. [Une note sur l’activité et la composition des espèces de sésies [Lepidoptera : Sesiidae] lors de dépistages à l’aide de pièges à phéromones et d’échantillonnages sur les troncs en vergers de pom- miers du sud-ouest du Québec] Des adultes mâles et des larves de sésies ont été dépistés dans dix (1989 à 1991), cinq (2000) et deux (2004) vergers de pommiers du Québec. Les adultes ont été capturés à l’aide de pièges Multi-Pher III appâtés de capsules chargées de 99,1 % d’acétate de Z, Z-3, 13-octadécadiényle et 0,9 % d’acétate de Z, E plus E, Z-3, 13-octadécadiényle; les larves ont été échantillonnées par examen visuel des troncs. Les mâles adultes capturés de 1989 à 1991 appartenaient aux espèces suivantes : Synanthedon scitula, S. pyri, Podosesia syringae, S. acerrubri, S. fulvipes, S. exitiosa, S. acerni et Sesia tibialis. Seulement 5 des 347 adultes du complexe S. scitula/pyri capturés en 2000 appartenaient à l’espèce S. pyri. Mots clés : échantillonnage des troncs, pièges à phéromones, pommiers, sésies, Synanthedon pyri, Synanthedon scitula.

The dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris), Female dogwood and apple bark borers readily lay and the apple bark borer, Synanthedon pyri (Harris) their eggs, and larvae feed and develop in these [Lepidoptera: Sesiidae], are two lepidopterans meristematic tissues on the aboveground portion of indigenous to North America. Dogwood borers the rootstocks (Riedl et al. 1985). The larvae of dog- (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) attack a number of woody wood borers and apple bark borers feed on the same plant species including dogwood, oak, , cherry plant parts (Bergh and Leskey 2003). In Quebec, and apple (Engelhardt 1946; Warner and Hay 1985). Parent (1962) reported dogwood borers in a number According to Woodside (1952), the apple bark borer of orchards at Mont-Saint-Hilaire. Since the 1990s, feeds on apple, , mountain ash, hawthorn and apple production advisors have reported that a num- serviceberry. In northeastern North America, the dog- ber of dwarf apple tree plantings in southwestern wood borer became an economically significant pest Quebec have sustained severe infestations of sesiids, of apple orchards following the introduction of the attributed to S. scitula. The current strategy for con- Malling and Malling-Merton clonal rootstocks in new trolling these infestations involves spraying an insec- plantings. These rootstocks have been linked to the ticide on the trunk in order to suppress the adults and development of burr knots (Warner and Hay 1985). the larvae (Chouinard et al. 2001). Warner and Hay

1. Institut de recherche et de développement en agroenvironnement (IRDA), Saint-Hyacinthe (Quebec), Canada J2S 7B8; corres- ponding author e-mail: [email protected] 2. Direction de l’innovation scientifique et technologique, Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l’Alimentation du Québec (MAPAQ), Complexe scientifique, Québec (Quebec), Canada G1P 3W8 3. Horticulture Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu (Quebec), Canada J3B 3E6

131 (1985) and Riedl et al. (1985) conducted sampling in did not permit the use of a higher number of orchards. some apple orchards in Ontario and New York, In all, 200 apple trees propagated on dwarfing and respectively, that resulted in the capture of a number semi-dwarfing rootstocks (M.26 or MM.106) were of sesiid species. This sampling work gave rise to dis- selected using a staggered grid sampling plan in each cussions about the abundance of S. scitula in these plot and inspected for sesiid larvae over the first 90 two regions near the province of Quebec. The studies cm above ground, with special attention given to burr also showed that S. pyri populations in these regions knots. Dead and soft tissues were dislodged or are either below the detection level or too low to scraped delicately. The larvae removed from infesta- cause damage to apple trees. In the state of Georgia tion sites with soft tweezers were deposited in vials (USA), Snow et al. (1985) caught 22 sesiid species filled with 70% ethanol and then shipped to LDP- in Pherocon 1C traps baited with several pheromone MAPAQ for identification of the species using larval blends. In October 2005, the Canadian Food Ins- morphology (Mackay 1968). pection Agency also announced that a new species Between 1989 and 1991, eight sesiid species of clearwing , Synanthedon myopaeformis were identified from captured in pheromone (Borkhausen), had been discovered in British Colum- traps: Synanthedon scitula, S. pyri, Podosesia bia, and surveys conducted in 2006 throughout Canada syringae (Harris), S. acerrubri Engelhardt, S. fulvipes also revealed its presence in Ontario (Rob Ormrod, (Harris), S. exitiosa (Say), S. acerni (Clemens) and personal communication). This note, however, only Sesia tibialis (Harris). Adults belonging to the reports on species composition of sesiids in Quebec S. scitula/pyri complex were captured in all the apple orchards and on some parameters of their orchards (Fig. 1). The first adults were trapped activity as measured by trapping (with S. scitula syn- between June 10 and July 23 depending on the thetic sex pheromone as a bait) and trunk samplings. orchard and the year. The captures extended into From 1989 to 1991, adult sesiids were monitored September. On average, the peak level of captures, in ten apple orchards from southwestern Quebec defined as the maximum number of captures record- (Franklin, Hemmingford, Rougemont, Saint-Paul- ed between two checks of the traps, was reached in d’Abbotsford, Frelighsburg, Oka, Saint-Joseph-du- mid-July, coinciding with an average of 1069 accu- Lac) and from the Quebec City area (Saint-Laurent mulated degree-days (base 5°C). and Sainte-Famille (Île d’Orléans) and Saint-Antoine- In the Quebec City region, the first captures were de-Tilly). The first four of these orchards were moni- recorded on June 11 and the activity period did not tored again in 2000. Two Multi Pher III traps (Services extend beyond the third week of July, with captures Bio-Contrôle, Sainte-Foy (Quebec), Canada) baited lower than in the Montreal region. The highest cap- with a sex attractant (Scentry Inc., Buckeye, Arizona, tures were recorded in commercial orchards rather USA), composed of 99.1% Z, Z-3, 13-octadecadienyl than in the untreated orchard at Frelighsburg (1989- acetate and 0.9% Z, E plus E, Z-3, 13-octadecadienyl 1991). The data collected from four orchards in acetate, were installed in a 5 ha section of each southwestern Quebec, during the period 1989 to orchard. This choice was based on commercial 1991, showed a single peak in captures and con- availability when the experiments started in 1989. The firmed that the species of the S. scitula/pyri complex traps were hung in the foliage about 1.5 m above the are univoltine in Quebec, as Parent reported earlier ground. They were checked once a week, from early (1962). Their flight period extends from mid-June into June to mid-October, between 1989 and 1991, and September, with peak activity occurring from the end from mid-June to late August in 2000. The sex of June to a few days after mid-July (Fig. 1). attractant lures were changed on a monthly basis. All sesiids caught in the traps from 1989 to 1991 were The activity period of adults belonging to the identified to the species level using reference speci- S. scitula/pyri complex, as determined by our moni- mens previously identified at Agriculture Canada’s toring scheme, increased from 1989 to 1991 and Biosystematics Research Institute (currently the varied greatly from one site to another. This variabili- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids ty may be due to numerous factors related to orchard and ) in Ottawa; some specimens were management, presence of wild hosts within or near also sent to the above-mentioned Institute to validate the orchards, local weather conditions, rootstocks, identification at the species-level by genitalia analysis spray programs as well as possible variation in the (Eichlin and Duckworth 1988). In 2000, sesiids belong- quality of the supplied lures. ing to the S. scitula/pyri complex were collected and In 2000, the activity period of the dogwood borer identified to the species level to determine if the was similar to that observed between 1989 and 1991 predominance of the dogwood borer over the apple for the S. scitula/pyri complex, but the peak of cap- bark borer in New York (Warner and Hay 1985) and tures was delayed to early August as observed for Ontario (Riedl et al. 1985) extended to Quebec. Some 1990. specimens were sent to the Laboratoire de diagnostic en phytoprotection of the ministère de l’Agriculture, These results show that the peak observed in des Pêcheries et de l’Alimentation du Québec (LDP- Quebec can occur around between 15 d earlier and 20 MAPAQ) to validate identification at the species-level d later than reported in New York (mid-July) for the by genitalia analysis. same sex attractant used in a Pherocon® 1CP sticky trap (Riedl et al. 1985). The Multi Pher III trap kept captured In 2004, two orchards (Dunham and Havelock) specimens in better condition than the sticky trap, thus from southwestern Quebec with large populations of facilitating species identification, which was complicat- sesiid larvae on tree trunks were sampled. The time ed by the low selectivity of the pheromone blend requirement for sampling and identification of larvae PHYTOPROTECTION 87 (3) 2006 (Bergh et al. 2004, 2006).

132 CHOUINARD ET AL.: A NOTE ON SESIIDS OF QUEBEC APPLE ORCHARDS

Figure 1. Mean weekly captures per trap (± standard deviation) of sesiids of the Synanthedon scitula/pyri complex, in Multi Pher III traps installed in four southwestern Quebec apple orchards (Franklin, Hemmingford, Rougemont, Saint-Paul-d’Abbotsford) in 1989, 1990, 1991 and 2000.

The infestation levels observed in the two Quebec The current control recommendation for sesiid orchards in 2004 were lower than those reported in borers in heavily infested orchards is to time insecti- New York. Dogwood borer infestation levels of cide sprays with peak adult captures (Chouinard et al. inspected trunks totaled 7% (Dunham) and 2% 2001). The use of pheromone traps to monitor sesiid (Havelock) of trunks in 2004. In New York, the per- borers would facilitate the application of the recom- centage of infested trees ranges from 0-100%, mendation. Recent investigations with new phero- depending on the rootstocks and the orchard plots mone blends have enhanced the selectivity and involved (Riedl et al. 1985). In this region, the mean attractiveness of dogwood borer (Bergh percentage of infested trees was 32-37% for M.9, et al. 2006; Leskey et al. 2006; Zhang et al. 2005). MM.106 and M.26 rootstocks, but only 4% for Other experiments need to be carried out to assess MM.111. the efficacy and selectivity of these new pheromone formulations and to determine whether they would Only one tree was attacked by the apple bark borer be sufficiently effective to be used in pheromone (0.5% - five larvae) and only five adults were caught in traps as part of a recommended monitoring tech- pheromone traps in 2000 (vs 342 dogwood borers). nique suitable to an integrated pest management This was not unexpected since it is a minor pest of program. burr knots in northeastern North America according to Bergh and Leskey (2003).

133 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Engelhardt, G.P. 1946. The North American clear-wing of the family Aegeriidae. US National Museum We thank Ginette Laplante (MAPAQ, Saint-Hyacinthe) Bulletin 190. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA. and Benoit Rancourt (Agriculture and Agri-Food Leskey, T.C., J.C. Bergh, J.F. Walgenbach, and A. Zhang. Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu) for their technical 2006. Attractiveness and specificity of pheromone-baited assistance, and Claude Ritchot (retired, Laboratoire traps for male dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula de Diagnostic, MAPAQ, Saint-Hyacinthe), Mario Harris (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae). Environ. Entomol. 35 : Fréchette (Laboratoire de Diagnostic en Phytopro- 268-275. tection, MAPAQ, Québec) and P.T. Dang (Agriculture Mackay, M.R. 1968. The North American Aegeriidae Canada’s Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa) (Lepidoptera): a revision based on late-instar larvae. for the identification of specimens. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 58 : 1-112. Parent, B. 1962. Observations sur trois nouveaux insectes nuisibles aux pommiers dans le Québec : Thamnosphe- REFERENCES cia scitula Harris (Lépidoptère : Aegeriidae), Lithocolletis crataegella Clem. (Lépidoptères : Lithocolletidae), et Bergh, J.C., and T.C. Leskey. 2003. Biology, ecology and Quadraspidiotus ostreaeformis curtis (Homoptères : management of dogwood borer in eastern apple Diaspididae). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Qué. 7 : 19-24. orchards. Can. Entomol. 135 : 615-635. Riedl, H., R.W. Weires, A. Seaman, and S.A. Hoying. 1985. Bergh, J.C., T.C. Leskey, and A. Zhang. 2004. Discrimination Seasonal biology and control of the dogwood borer, by male dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Lepidop- Synanthedon scitula (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) on clonal tera: Sesiidae), among traps baited with commercially apple rootstocks in New York. Can. Entomol. 117 : 1367- available pheromone lures. J. Econ. Entomol. 97 : 344- 1377. 352. Snow, J.W., T.D. Eichlin, and J.H. Tumlinson. 1985. Seasonal Bergh, J.C., T.C. Leskey, J.M. Sousa, and A. Zhang. 2006. captures of clearwing moths (Sesiidae) in traps baited Diel periodicity of emergence and premating reproduc- with various formulations of 3,13-octadecadienyl acetate tive behaviors of adult dogwood borer (Lepidoptera: and alcohol. J. Agric. Entomol. 2 : 73-84. Sesiidae). Environ. Entomol. 35 : 435-442. Warner J., and S. Hay. 1985. Observation, monitoring and Chouinard, G., Y. Morin, and C. Brodeur. 2001. Lutte contre control of clearwings borers (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) on les insectes et les acariens du pommier. Pages 99-138 apple in central Ontario. Can. Entomol. 117 : 1471-1478. in G. Chouinard (éd.), Guide de gestion intégrée des Woodside, A.M. 1952. The apple bark borer. Va. Polytech. ennemis du pommier. Centre de référence en agriculture Inst. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. No. 451. et agro-alimentaire du Québec, Quebec. Zhang, A., T.C. Leskey, J.C. Bergh, and J.F. Walgenbach. Eichlin T.D., and W.D. Duckworth. 1988. Sesioidea: Sesiidae. 2005. Sex pheromone of the dogwood borer, Synanthe- Pages 1-176 in R.B. Dominick et al. (eds.), The moths don scitula. J. Chem. Ecol. 31 : 2463-2479. of America north of Mexico, fascicle 5.1. Wedge Entomo- logical Research Foundation, Washington, DC, USA. PHYTOPROTECTION 87 (3) 2006

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