MAR210177 Tropics & Exotics 2023 Teaser

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2022-2023 C O L L E C T I O N TROPICS and EXOTICS Oceania Cruises’ 2022-2023 Tropics & Exotics Collection is an imaginatively curated array of voyages that explores the most coveted corners of the world. More than ever before, these voyages charting the Caribbean, South America, Asia, Africa, the South Pacific, Australia and beyond are the perfect inspiration for future travels. 2022-2023 Tropics & Exotics Collection Highlights n 127 itineraries with 284 total overnights that afford additional opportunities to immerse yourself in the cuisine, culture and history of these destinations n With 40 Caribbean voyages, discover sun-filled escapes to the most coveted regions and an array of less-traveled islands such as Bonaire, Dominica and Guadeloupe n In South America, contrast high-energy capitals such as Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro and Santiago de Chile with the wild beauty of Patagonia, the Amazon or Antarctica n Explore iconic destinations and intriguing, off-the-beaten-path locales across Asia and Africa n Fulfill lifelong travel dreams with unforgettable voyages to Tahiti, Australia and New Zealand n Enjoy a diversity of enriching destination experiences with our Go Local Tours, culinary-focused excursions and tours that immerse you in sustainability and green practices around the world — continued 2022-2023 C O L L E C T I O N TROPICS and EXOTICS Free Airport Transfers with OLife Choice Take advantage of even more value with our OLife Choice Airfare promotion, which includes FREE Roundtrip Airport Transfers on each 2022-2023 Tropics & Exotics Collection voyage. Remember that you can reserve their dream voyage with complete peace of mind since every cruise is covered by our Best Price Guarantee. 2 for 1 Cruise Fares & Free Internet OLife Choice | Includes: Roundtrip Airfare* & Airport Transfers Plus choose one: Free Shore Excursions Free Beverage Package Free Shipboard Credit Season Highlights Total Itineraries: 127 New Itineraries: 63 Overnights: 284 Ports: 272 Extended Journeys: 41 *Visit OceaniaCruises.com/terms for details. MAR210177.

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Link Between the Double-Intertropical Convergence Zone Problem and Cloud Biases Over the Southern Ocean
Link between the double-Intertropical Convergence Zone problem and cloud biases over the Southern Ocean Yen-Ting Hwang1 and Dargan M. W. Frierson Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1640 Edited by Mark H. Thiemens, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, and approved February 15, 2013 (received for review August 2, 2012) The double-Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) problem, in which climate models show that the bias can be reduced by changing excessive precipitation is produced in the Southern Hemisphere aspects of the convection scheme (e.g., refs. 7–9) or changing the tropics, which resembles a Southern Hemisphere counterpart to the surface wind stress formulation (e.g., ref. 10). Given the complex strong Northern Hemisphere ITCZ, is perhaps the most signiﬁcant feedback processes in the tropics, it is challenging to understand and most persistent bias of global climate models. In this study, we the mechanisms by which the sensitivity experiments listed above look to the extratropics for possible causes of the double-ITCZ improve tropical precipitation. problem by performing a global energetic analysis with historical Recent work in general circulation theory has suggested that simulations from a suite of global climate models and comparing one should not only look within the tropics for features that affect with satellite observations of the Earth’s energy budget. Our results tropical precipitation. A set of idealized experiments showed that show that models with more energy ﬂux into the Southern heating a global climate model exclusively in the extratropics can Hemisphere atmosphere (at the top of the atmosphere and at the lead to tropical rainfall shifts from one side of the tropics to the surface) tend to have a stronger double-ITCZ bias, consistent with other (11).
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General Atmospheric Circulation of the Tropics
General Atmospheric Circulation of the Tropics By Herbert Riehl Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado CURRENT PROBLEMS IN RESEi\RCII The General Atmospheric Circulation of the Tropics by Herbert Riehl Colorado State University In science. ,ve are always interested in a well-ordered simple package whenever such a package appears to be in the offing. There has been widespread belief that the general circulation of the tropics meets these requirements. The weather observations which have been gathered in increasing volume in the upper air over the tropics during the last 15 years" ho\vever, have thrown doubt on the validity of such a simple view. They appear to call for a more complex ap proach to an ultimate understanding of the tropical atmospheric ma chineryand of the interaction between tropical and temperate latitudes. The question no\v is: must we really accept an increased order of difficulty, or can the evidence of the new observations be reconciled with the older approach? If so, chances at arriving at a definite solu tion of the tropical general circulation problem within the next decade would be greatly enhanced.. In one respect the story has not changed; the tropics are a heat source for the atmosphere of higher latitudes. This fact, in broad terms. has been appreciated for centuries. Further, circumnaviga tion of the oceans by sailing vessels led to recognition of a second fact; the tropics also are the source of momentum for the westerly winds prevalent especially in temperate latitudes. Essentially half. of the globe has winds from east at the surface (fig.
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Extreme Precipitation in the Tropics Is Closely Associated with Long-Lived Convective Systems ✉ Rémy Roca 1 & Thomas Fiolleau 1
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00015-4 OPEN Extreme precipitation in the tropics is closely associated with long-lived convective systems ✉ Rémy Roca 1 & Thomas Fiolleau 1 Water and energy cycles are linked to global warming through the water vapor feedback and heavy precipitation events are expected to intensify as the climate warms. For the mid- latitudes, extreme precipitation theory has been successful in explaining the observations, 1234567890():,; however, studies of responses in the tropics have diverged. Here we present an analysis of satellite-derived observations of daily accumulated precipitation and of the characteristics of convective systems throughout the tropics to investigate the relationship between the organization of mesoscale convective systems and extreme precipitation in the tropics. We ﬁnd that 40% of the days with more than 250 mm precipitation over land are associated with convective systems that last more than 24 hours, although those systems only represent 5% of mesoscale convective systems overall. We conclude that long-lived mesoscale convective systems that are well organized contribute disproportionally to extreme tropical precipitation. 1 Laboratoire d’Études en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (Université de Toulouse III, CNRS, CNES, IRD), Toulouse, France. ✉ email: [email protected] COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT | (2020) 1:18 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00015-4 | www.nature.com/commsenv 1 ARTICLE COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT | https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00015-4 ater and energy cycles are intimately linked to global The characteristics of extreme precipitating storms in the tro- Wwarming through the water vapor feedback1. Speciﬁ- pics remain mostly qualitative, lacking in key aspects of the life cally, as temperature increases, the concentration of cycle of organized convection.
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Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 4
Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 4 Lecture 4 The Köppen Classification of Climates The climatic classifications of the greatest agricultural value are those based on the interactions of temperature and precipitation. The most widely known and used system was devised by the Austrian geographer Wladimir Köppen. It is based on temperature, precipitation, seasonal characteristics, and the fact that natural vegetation is the best available expression of the climate of a region. A distinctive feature of the Köppen system is its use of symbolic terms to designate climatic types. The various climates are described by a code consisting of letters, each of which has a precise meaning. Köppen identified five basic climates: A = Tropical rainy B = Dry C = Humid, mild-winter temperate D = Humid, severe-winter temperate E = Polar Each basic climate is subdivided to describe different subclimates, denoted by a combination of capital and small letters. The capital letters S (steppe) and W (desert) subdivide the B, or dry, climates. Similarly T (tundra) and F (icecap) subdivide the E, or polar, climates. Small letters further differentiate climates. 1 Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 4 Critics have expressed the opinion that the Köppen classification is based on too few kinds of data, and that boundaries between the various climatic regions are too arbitrary. But in spite of these objections this system has gained widespread recognition and use. Its simplicity and general adherence to vegetational zones has made it the basis for many revisions and other classifications.
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Evaluation of Precipitation Climatology Derived from TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) Monthly Product Over Land with Two Gauged-Based Products
Climate 2015, 3, 964-982; doi:10.3390/cli3040964 OPEN ACCESS climate ISSN 2225-1154 www.mdpi.com/journal/climate Article Evaluation of Precipitation Climatology Derived from TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) Monthly Product over Land with Two Gauged-Based Products Zhong Liu Center for Spatial Information Science and Systems (CSISS), George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-301-614-5764. Academic Editor: Menglin Susan Jin Received: 3 April 2015 / Accepted: 27 October 2015 / Published: 18 November 2015 Abstract: The NASA/JAXA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) has been in operation for over 17 years since 1997. The length of TRMM is far shorter than those from ground observations, raising a question as to whether TRMM derived climatology products are good enough for research and applications. In this study, three climatologies derived from a blended product (the TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) monthly product or 3B43) and gauge-based ground observations (Global Precipitation Climatology Center (GPCC) and Willmott and Matsuura (WM)) are compared over land on a global scale (50° N–50° S) to assess the performance and weaknesses of the TMPA-derived climatology. Results show that the 3B43 climatology matches well with the two gauge-based climatologies in all seasons in terms of spatial distribution, zonal means as well as seasonal variations. However, large variations are found in light rain (<0.5 mm/day) regions such as the Sahara Desert. At high rain rates, large negative biases (3B43 < WM < GPCC) are found in orographically influenced regions such as windward sides of monsoon mountains in JJA, which is associated with underestimation of shallow orographic rain rates in microwave radiometer algorithms and sparse gauge data for bias correction.
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Methods of Avocado Growing in the Tropics Applicable to California
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Tropical Wet Realms of Central Africa, Part I
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Australia and Oceania: Physical Geography
R E S O U R C E L I B R A R Y E N C Y C L O P E D I C E N T RY Australia and Oceania: Physical Geography Encyclopedic entry. Oceania is a region made up of thousands of islands throughout the South Pacific Ocean. G R A D E S 6 - 12+ S U B J E C T S Biology, Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Human Geography, Physical Geography C O N T E N T S 10 Images For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit: http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/oceania-physical-geography/ Oceania is a region made up of thousands of islands throughout the Central and South Pacific Ocean. It includes Australia, the smallest continent in terms of total land area. Most of Australia and Oceania is under the Pacific, a vast body of water that is larger than all the Earth’s continental landmasses and islands combined. The name “Oceania” justly establishes the Pacific Ocean as the defining characteristic of the continent. Oceania is dominated by the nation of Australia. The other two major landmasses of Oceania are the microcontinent of Zealandia, which includes the country of New Zealand, and the eastern half of the island of New Guinea, made up of the nation of Papua New Guinea. Oceania also includes three island regions: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia (including the U.S. state of Hawaii). Oceania’s physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately. Oceania can be divided into three island groups: continental islands, high islands, and low islands.
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Africa's Climate: Helping Decision-Makers Make Sense Of
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Soil Erosion by Water in the Tropics
630 US ISSN 0271-9916 December 1982 RESEARCH EXTENSION SERrES 024 Soil Erosion by Water in the Tropics S. A. EI-Swaify, E. W. Dangler, and C. L. Armstrong HITAHR • COLLEGE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN RESOURCES • UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII BEST AVAILABLE COpy SOIL EROSION BY WATER IN THE TROPICS S. A. EI-Swaify, E. W. Dangler, and C. L. Armstrong Department ofAgronomy and Soil Science College ofTropical Agriculture and Human Resources University ofHawaii Honolulu, Hawaii BESTAVAILABLE COpy CONTENTS Illustrations vii Tables ix Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations xiii Synopsis and Recommendations xv 1. Introduction 1 Forms ofwater erosion 1 Tolerance limits 3 Special considerations for the tropics 6 2. Extent ofWater Erosion in the Tropics 9 Approaches, methods, and scales ofassessment 9 Rainfall erosion in the tropics-general trends 12 Inventory ofrainfall erosion in the tropics 13 Tropical Africa 14 Tropical Asia 31 Tropical Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Pacific Islands 44 Tropical South America 45 Central America 53 Caribbean Islands 55 Changes in the extent oferosion 58 3. Impact of Rainfall Erosion in the Tropics 60 Impact on soil productivity 60 Flood hazards 69 Sedimentation and usefulness ofreservoirs and waterways 72 Other environmental impacts .: 74 4. Predictability Parameters for Rainfall Erosion in the Tropics 75 Conditions favoring high rates ofsoil loss 75 Quantitative parameters for prediction 76 Prevailing land-use patterns and farming systems 108 5. Erosion Control Measures 119 Traditional systems 121 Developed systems 121 Vegetative control methods 124 Mechanical control methods 134 6. Priority Needs for Problem Solving 146 Information dissemination 146 Research needs ............................................................ 146 Extension, advisory, and information delivery services 149 Training needs 149 Literature Cited 150 Index 169 About the Authors 173 v ILLUSTRATIONS MAPS 1.
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Lowland Vegetation of Tropical South America -- an Overview
Lowland Vegetation of Tropical South America -- An Overview Douglas C. Daly John D. Mitchell The New York Botanical Garden [modified from this reference:] Daly, D. C. & J. D. Mitchell 2000. Lowland vegetation of tropical South America -- an overview. Pages 391-454. In: D. Lentz, ed. Imperfect Balance: Landscape Transformations in the pre-Columbian Americas. Columbia University Press, New York. 1 Contents Introduction Observations on vegetation classification Folk classifications Humid forests Introduction Structure Conditions that suppport moist forests Formations and how to define them Inclusions and archipelagos Trends and patterns of diversity in humid forests Transitions Floodplain forests River types Other inundated forests Phytochoria: Chocó Magdalena/NW Caribbean Coast (mosaic type) Venezuelan Guayana/Guayana Highland Guianas-Eastern Amazonia Amazonia (remainder) Southern Amazonia Transitions Atlantic Forest Complex Tropical Dry Forests Introduction Phytochoria: Coastal Cordillera of Venezuela Caatinga Chaco Chaquenian vegetation Non-Chaquenian vegetation Transitional vegetation Southern Brazilian Region Savannas Introduction Phytochoria: Cerrado Llanos of Venezuela and Colombia Roraima-Rupununi savanna region Llanos de Moxos (mosaic type) Pantanal (mosaic type) 2 Campo rupestre Conclusions Acknowledgments Literature Cited 3 Introduction Tropical lowland South America boasts a diversity of vegetation cover as impressive -- and often as bewildering -- as its diversity of plant species. In this chapter, we attempt to describe the major types of vegetation cover in this vast region as they occurred in pre- Columbian times and outline the conditions that support them. Examining the large-scale phytogeographic regions characterized by each major cover type (see Fig. I), we provide basic information on geology, geological history, topography, and climate; describe variants of physiognomy (vegetation structure) and geography; discuss transitions; and examine some floristic patterns and affinities within and among these regions.
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Next Generation Ecosystem Experiments ‐ Tropics
NEXT GENERATION ECOSYSTEM EXPERIMENTS ‐ TROPICS BERAC March 22‐23, 2016 Gaithersburg, Maryland Why NGEE‐Tropics? • Tropical forests cycle more carbon and water Future terrestrial carbon sink uncertainty in ESMs than any other biome, and play critical roles in determining the Earth’s energy balance CMIP5 • Large uncertainties in tropical forest response to a changing atmosphere and a warming climate st • With 21 century warming, novel “no analog” (Friedlingstein et al., 2014) climates emerge, potential for drought • Large source/sink carbon fluxes from complex anthropogenic landscapes Climate change –into novel regimes Secondary forest a key carbon sink in the tropics Historical Future Better graphic (Kennaway & Helmer, 2007) 2 Tropical Forests and the Global Carbon Cycle Tropical forest carbon budgets (Pg C yr‐1) Sinks are positive values; sources are negative values Carbon sink and source 1990‐1999 2000‐2007 1990‐2007 Tropical intact forest 1.33 ± 0.35 1.02 ± 0.47 1.19 ±0.41 Tropical regrowth 1.57 ± 0.50 1.72 ± 0.54 1.64 ±0.52 forest Tropical gross −3.03 ±0.49 −2.82 ±0.45 −2.94 ± 0.47* deforestation (Pan et al., 2011) *‐0.9 ±0.5 Pg C yr‐1 globally for 2005‐2014 2014 fossil fuel emissions 9.8 ±0.5 Pg C yr‐1 36% (3.5 Pg C yr‐1) remained in the atmosphere (Global Carbon Project 2015) 3 NGEE‐Tropics Goal and Questions Overarching Goal • Develop a predictive understanding of tropical forest carbon balance and climate system feedbacks to changing environmental drivers over the 21st Century. Grand Deliverable • A representative, process‐rich
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