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The Positive Impacts of Transportation Investment NCHRP Project 8-36, Task 22 Compilation of Working Papers

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The Positive Impacts of Transportation Investment NCHRP Project 8-36, Task 22 Compilation of Working Papers The Positive Impacts of Transportation Investment NCHRP Project 8-36, Task 22 compilation of working papers prepared for National Cooperative Highway Research Program Transportation Research Board National Research Council prepared by Cambridge Systematics, Inc. February 2002 compilation of working papers The Positive Impacts of Transportation Investment NCHRP Project 8-36, Task 22 prepared for National Cooperative Highway Research Program Transportation Research Board National Research Council prepared by Cambridge Systematics, Inc. 150 CambridgePark Drive, Suite 4000 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140 February 2002 The Positive Impacts of Transportation Investment Table of Contents Working Paper 1: Economic Benefits of Transportation Investment.......................... 1-1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1-1 1.0 Transportation Investment Boosts Industry Competitiveness ........................ 1-5 2.0 Transportation Investment Enhances Household Welfare .............................. 1-10 3.0 Transportation Investment Strengthens Local, Regional, and State Economies...................................................................................................... 1-14 4.0 Transportation Investment Boosts Business and Leisure Travel .................... 1-21 5.0 Transportation Investment Reduces Economic Losses Associated with Accidents.................................................................................... 1-25 6.0 Transportation Investment Reduces Economic Losses Associated with Congestion ................................................................................. 1-28 7.0 Transportation Investment Creates Jobs in the Transportation Sector .......... 1-31 Conclusion............................................................................................................... 1-32 Working Paper 2: Environmental Benefits of Transportation Investment ................ 2-1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 2-1 1.0 Reduced Air Pollution and Improved Energy Efficiency................................. 2-2 2.0 Reduced Noise Pollution....................................................................................... 2-9 3.0 Wetlands Protection and Reduced Water Pollution ......................................... 2-10 4.0 Reduced Light Pollution ....................................................................................... 2-13 5.0 Brownfields Reclamation and Recycling ............................................................ 2-13 6.0 Historic and Ecological Preservation Benefits ................................................... 2-15 Conclusion............................................................................................................... 2-19 Working Paper 3: Community and Social Benefits of Transportation Investment.. 3-1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 3-1 1.0 Mobility and Access Benefits................................................................................ 3-4 2.0 Benefits of Alternative Travel Modes.................................................................. 3-7 3.0 Safety Benefits......................................................................................................... 3-11 4.0 Aesthetic Benefits ................................................................................................... 3-17 5.0 Community Cohesion Benefits ............................................................................ 3-20 Conclusion............................................................................................................... 3-23 Working Paper 4: The Benefits of Reducing Congestion.............................................. 4-1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 4-1 1.0 Congestion Wastes Time and Affects People’s Qualify of Life....................... 4-3 2.0 Congestion Increases Crashes and Harms the Environment........................... 4-5 3.0 Congestion Affects the Economy......................................................................... 4-7 4.0 Travel Time Reliability Is Important ................................................................... 4-10 5.0 Reducing Congestion Is Feasible and Beneficial ............................................... 4-12 Conclusion............................................................................................................... 4-16 Appendix A Compendium of Facts Cambridge Systematics, Inc. February 2002 i The Positive Impacts of Transportation Investment List of Figures Working Paper 1: Economic Benefits of Transportation Investment.......................... 1-1 1. Transportation Requirements per Dollar of Industry....................................... 1-3 2. Growth in U.S. Imports and Exports, 1992–2000............................................... 1-10 3. Transportation Employment in the United States, 1990–2000......................... 1-32 Working Paper 2: Environmental Benefits of Transportation Investment ................ 2-1 1. On-Road Vehicle Carbon Monoxide Emissions, 1970–1999............................. 2-3 2. On-Road Vehicle Lead Emissions, 1970–1999.................................................... 2-3 3. On-Road Vehicle Nitrogen Oxide and Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions, 1970–1999...................................................................... 2-4 4. On-Road Vehicle Pollutant Emissions as a Percentage of U.S. Total, 1970–1999.............................................................................................................. 2-4 Working Paper 4: The Benefits of Reducing Congestion.............................................. 4-1 1. Metropolitan Congestion ...................................................................................... 4-2 2. Relationship of Congestion and Accident Rates on Urban Highways........... 4-6 3. Growth in Small Package Freight ........................................................................ 4-9 4. Savings from Fixing Bottlenecks.......................................................................... 4-15 Cambridge Systematics, Inc. February 2002 iii Preface The objective of NCHRP Project 8-36, Task 22 is to produce an easily understandable document that effectively communicates the positive impacts of investments in this nation’s transportation system. The work will be used by AASHTO in its TEA-21 reauthorization efforts. To achieve this goal, Cambridge Systematics prepared the four working papers in this document, each covering an important aspect of the positive impacts of transportation investment, as follows: 1. Economic Benefits of Transportation Investment; 2. Environmental Benefits of Transportation Investment; 3. Community and Social Benefits of Transportation Investment; and 4. The Benefits of Reducing Congestion. At the end of this compilation of working pages is a compendium of the facts found in the pages. Economic Benefits of Transportation Investment Working Paper #1 Working Paper #1 Economic Benefits of Transportation Investment Working Paper #1: Economic Benefits of Transportation Investment Introduction For over 200 years, our nation’s economy has grown and prospered thanks to a reliable, robust, and safe transportation network. Transportation investments and the introduction of new transportation technologies have profoundly affected the growth and development patterns of the United States. In 1800, the cost to move a ton of goods 30 miles inland was comparable to moving it across the Atlantic Ocean. By the 1850s, the railroads had reduced the cost of delivering goods by as much as 80 to 90 percent.1 Clipper ships and maritime trade helped finance the industrial revolution, the Erie Canal spurred the devel- opment of the Midwest and established New York City as a center for commerce, and rail- roads connected the country’s coasts while hastening the rise of Chicago as a major city. At the turn of the twentieth century, street- “ ” cars decongested the cities, allowing mil- “Space without adequate transport lions of people to move from crowded, often facilities presents a barrier; it is dirty urban neighborhoods to the suburbs, transport which breathes economic yet continue to commute to their downtown life into space.” jobs. Paved roads, coupled with the inven- tion of the automobile, introduced still – J.B. Thompson greater levels of mobility, access, and flexi- Geographer bility, facilitating the movement of both goods and people. After the Second World War, the Interstate Highway System linked the nation east to west and north to south. Today, the nation’s newest jobs, homes, and businesses – as well as the lowest unemployment rates – are found in close proximity to the Interstates.2 Since the 1980s, deregulation of the rail and motor carrier industries has squeezed even greater efficiencies out of the nation’s transport network. Average rates for 1 James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 11. 2 Peter T. Kilborn, “In Rural Areas, Interstates Build Their Own Economy,” The New York Times, 14 July 2001. Cambridge Systematics, Inc. February 2002 1-1 Working Paper #1 Economic Benefits of Transportation Investment Class I railroads, adjusted for inflation, have decreased
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