UNITED NATIONS

General Assembly Distr. GENERAL A/41/550 11 September 1986

ORIGINAL: ENGLISH

Forty-first session Aqenda item 85

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAMME OF ACTION FOR THE SECOND DECADE ‘ TO COMBAT RACISM AND RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

Study on the role of private group action to combat racism and racial discrimination

Report of the Secretary-General

CONTENTS

Paragraphs Page

I. INTRODUCTION ...... *...... *.*...*...... **...... l-4 2

II. SURVEY OF THE ACTIVITXES REPORTED BY NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS TO COMBAT RACISM AND RACIAL DISCRIMINATION . . 9 - 90 3

1x1. CONSIDERATION BY THE SUB-COMMISSION ON PREVENTION OF DISCRIMINATION AND PROTECTION OF MINORITIES OF THE ROLE OF PRIVATE GROUP ACTION IN COMBATING RACISM AND RACIAL DISCRIMINATION ...... *...... 91 - 98 17

IV. RECENT INFORMATION AND VIEWS RECEIVED BY THE SECRETARY+XNERAL ...... *...... *..*...... *.... 99 - 127 19

v. RELEVANT RECOMMENDATIONS OF EXPERTS AND BODIES WITHIN THE UNITED NATIONS ...... ~...... 128 - 138 24

86-22650 2691a (El / . . . ,pf - A/41/550 English Paqe 2

I. INTRODUCTION

1. The present report is submitted pursuant to req;lests contained in the Programme of Action for the Second Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (A/39/167-E/1984/33, para. 33 (c) : A/39/167-E/1984/33/Add.l, para. 1 (c)1, and General Assembly resolution 40/22, of 29 November 1985. In paraqraph 9 of that resolution, the General Assembly, inter alia, requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its forty-first session a study on the role of private group action to combat racism and racial Discrimination.

2. Referring to action by non-governmental organizations , paragraphs 55 and 56 of the Programme of Action adopted by the Second World Conference’to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination state as follows: &’

“55. By virtue of their independent status, non-governmental organizations individually and collectively have an important contribution to make to the achievement of the objectives of the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination. Through various activities sponsored by them, non-governmental organizations can be effective in identifying and publicizing areas of racial discrimination which otherwise may not come to light, and in helping to create greater practical understanding among young people of the importance of actively combatinq all forms of discrimination, in their own countries as well as in the international community.

“56. Non-governmental organisations have the opportunity to create and sustain awareness among their members and in society at large regarding the evils of racism and racial discrimination. Such awareness can be transmitted from a national to an international orqanization with all the added benefits of the concrete experience Of a particular Country. Governments shou Id therefore ensure that non-governmental organizations are enabled to function freely and openly within their societies and thereby to make an effective contribution to the elimination of racism and racial discrimination throughout the world.” .,

3. In the preparation of the present report, account has been taken of past and current activities of non-governmental orqanizations reported to the United Nations under the auspices of the Decades to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination. It has been felt that the study should be drawn up in such a way as to enable the General Assembly to formulate recommendations of a practical nature for future activities by groups undertaking action to combat racism and racial discrimination.

4. Account has also been taken of a report drawn up and submitted to the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities on 22 June 1978 (E/CN.4/Sub.2/L.6801. The text of that report will be made available to the General Assembly for consideration in conjunction with the present report.

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II, SURVEY OF THE ACTIVITIES REPORTED BY NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS TO COMBAT RACISM AND RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

5. The present section attempts to qive an outline of activities undertaken by non-governmental orqanizations in their struggle to eliminate racism and racial discrimination based on the reports that they have submitted under the Decade. Non-qovernmental orqanizations have played a valuable role in drawing attention to the fallacies of racial theories and in promoting racial harmony among peoples. Non-qovernmental organizations have organized conferences and seminars durinq the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination with the aim of formulatina and co-ordinatinq activities under the Programme for the First dnrl Second Decades. 2/

6. The range of activities also covers the following areas: financial and material aid to the victims of apartheid, assistance to political prisoners, boycott (economic, cultural and academic) and action directed at disinvestment campaiqna to per!-uade foreign transnational corporations to terminate their dealings with the Government of South Africa.

7. Many non-qovernmental orqanizations have focused their attention on effective action against the racist policies of the South African regime. These ictivitias included, inter alia, a request for comprehensive mandatory sanctions and the termination of military and security collaboration. y

8. Other activities concentrated on legal aid provided to victims of racism, racial discrimination and aparthc id. One orqanization established a special fund for victims of racism and another organization founded the International Defence and Aid Fund, These contributions are by and large voluntary in nature.

9. Trade union activities provide another example of the existing cooperation of private groups with United Nations orqans and bodies. The annual special reports of the Director-General of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) on the application of the Declaration concerning the policy of apartheid devote a special chapter on trade union activities covering action undertaken by national employers’ and workers’ organizations. Orqanizations have focused on the effects that a termination of bank loans could have on the South African economy, while several orqanizations sub,,itted information on their attempts to call for an oil emharqo.

10. Many orqanizations sponsored programmes related to education and dissemination of information, Some organizations were actively enqaqed in elaboratinq educational programmes for schools on human rights in qeneral and racism and racidl discrimination in particular. Others provided Scholarship8 for study abroad to students who are victims of the racial policies of the Government of South Africa.

11. One orqanization intervened regularly with GOVerntIWntB on behalf of victims of racial discrimination and exposed the consequences of racial policies in its regular publications.

12. Many orqanizations attributed a pivotal role to the mass media in the struqqle aqainst racism and racial discrimination. / . . . A/41/550 Enql ish Page 4

13. A more concrete summary of activities carried out by non-governmental organizations and groups is provided in the following paragraphs of the present study.

Summary of the areas where private group action has contributed to combatins racism and rack1 discrimination

1. Ratification of pertinent international instruments

14. The World Federation or United Nations Associations recommended to its national affiliates the Collouinq main points aa focuses for their aLcivitieu during the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discriminations

15. The Federation recommended 9 the rromotion of the ratification of the qnternational Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 5J to which 124 States are currently psrties, and the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid_, g/ ratified by 83 States on 1 June 1986.

16. In addition, the Federation recommended the study of loca? laws and practices with a view to repealing laws of a regional character and pluqqinq al.1 judicisl and administrative loopholes t.rrouqh which racial discrimination is tskin? r:ace.

17. The Federation also recommended the annual observance of the International Day for the Elimination of Fbclal Biscriminatlon and suqqested that non-ativernmental otganizatlonr mobilize public opinion for the Implementation of the various resolutions of the General Assembly against racirlm in general and apartheid in particular. 7J In addition it asked organizationt to establish national committees z/ to study the position of racial, ethnic, religious and economic minorities in their respective countries and to take appropriate legal or administrative measures to remedy any discriminstion cqainst such minorities.

2. Request for comprehensive mandatory sanctions against racist r&q!.mes

18. Very many private groups and non-qovernmentel orqanizations sup-rt the call by the United Nations for comprehensive and mandatory senctions against the south African r&inn.

19. The Central Committee of the World Council of Churches (WCC) urged the member churches through their national councilsx

(a) To investigate and analyse the military, political, industrial and financial systems of their countries to discover and identify the involvement and support provided by these systems in the perpetuation of racism and racial discrimination in the domestic and in the foreign policies of their countries and to co-ordinate their findings through the Programme to Combat Racism)

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(bl To develop, individually or in co-operation with other churches, strategies and action proarammes designed to redirect these systems to contribute to the elimination of racism and racial discrimination and to promote social justice. w

A positive result of this call for concerted action was the final declaration of Harare adopted on 6 December 1985 by church leaders from Western Europe, North America, Australia, South Africa and other parts of Aft ica.

20, The Dutch branch of WCC concluded that hidden racist judqements play a role in the adoption of attitudes towards South Africa and therefore recommended that churches should enter into consultations with political parties and inform themselves about the parties’ position and activities in order to be able to change the political climate. z/

21. The Non-Governmental Orqanizations Symposium on world Peace and the Liberation of South Africa and Namibia condemned the political and military co-operation Of several Governments with the Government of South Africa and therefore appealed to all Governments, non-governmental orqanizations and the public to undertake co-ordinated campaigns to secure mandatory sanctions and the total isolation of the South African t&ime,

22. The request for mandatory sanctions may be implemented throuqh boycotts and disinvestment campaigns. The following private groups and non-governmental orqanizations have been playing an active role in pursuing a boycott (academic, consumer, cultural or economic) s anti-apartheid movements, including 8 number Of national anti-aoartheid movements, lJ/ International Ptoqress Organization, 11/ Orqanization of African Trade Union Unity, l2J International Movement for Fraternal Union amonc? Races and Peoples, l3J International Conference of Free Trade Unions l4/ and Afro-Asian Peoples ’ Solidarity Ocoanization. Is/

23. The following organizations have launched a call for disinvestment campaigns: Anti-Apartheid Movement, l6J International Peace Research Association, lJ/ Catholic International Education Office, 18/ World Peace Council, l9J International Movement for Fraternal Union amonq Races and Peoples, 20J Pax Christi, 2lJ International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, 22/ Christian Peace Conference 23/ and International Union of Students. -24/

3. Request to end military and securitv collaboration with racist rdgimes

24. The Fourth Assembly of the World Council of Churches, meetinq at Uppsala, Sweden, in 1968, recommended that investments in =institutions that perpetuate racism” should be terminated. 25J

25. Four years later, in 1972, the WCC Central Committee decided to sell its investments in corporations that are directly involved in investment in or trade with six countries in southern Africa and to deposit none of its funds in banks that maintain direct bankina operations in those countries. In 1973, an extensive

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CorrO8pOndOnCO started with the 10 bankr with which WCC maintained accounts. The next atop was taken after more precirr deciaiona were taken by the WCC Central COMittee in 1974, singling aut the European American Banking Corporation (EABC) and ite mix members. After these banks refused to give the solicited aBauranCeA to 8tOP granting loana to the Government of South Africa and itta agencies, WCC decided to close itr account with the Midland Bank, the only member of EABC with which it had relat ionr. In 1901 the WCC Executive Committee adopted a set of five criteria to serve aa guideline6 for WCC relations with banks doinq business in South Africa. Submaquently, WCC relations with the Union Bank of Switzerlano, the Drerdner Bank and the Swiaa Bank Corporation were also terminated.

26. The Fifth Ae8aembly of WCC, at Nairobi in 1975, urged member churches to identify with, initiate or activate campaigne to halt arms traffic, to work for the withdrawal of investmenta and the ending of bank loans, and to stop white migration to South Africa. . 27. Member churches, were also called upon to expose their countries’ nuclear collaboration with South Africa. The technical expertise and commercial benefits rert with the companies, but the normal official and financial requirements coverinq export licences and credit guarantees are the reeponeibility of the national Governmentr concerned. Acceptance of one or two of the tenders now under preparation with endorsement by the relevant Government8 will result in a fur:her economic and financial strengthening of apartheid. In addition, Western technological expertire ir assisting South Africa in the development of a nuclear enrichment plant that will make South Africa self-sufficient in nuclear fuel for civil and military uee. Economic and industrial resourcea in the West will thus brg atill morr intimately committed to the expansion of a system that denies to the majority of inhabitanta the prospect or right of pereonal, social and political freedom.

28. WCC had called upon its member churches in the countries involvsdr

(a) To ascertain the extent of their own country’s commercial and governmental commitment to South Africa’s nuclear programmer

(b) To make public the political and military implications and coneequsnceH of pursuing a policy of collaboration with the South African authoritiesl

(cl To challenge those companies and Governments involved to revirte their policies in the light of coneideratione that are broader than the purely commercial and economic criteria involved.

29. In 1977 the WCC Central Committee urged member churches to work for the imposition of a mandatory and complete arms embargo against South Africa and the withdrawal of licences for the manufacture of arms.

30. The Sixth Assembly of WCC, meeting at Vancouver in 1983, affirmer’ the need for mandatory and comprehensive sanctions and further urged Governments that, through their fleets, are involved in transporting oil to South Africa to take immetjiate steps, Unilaterally or in cboperation with others, to bring an effective halt to the fueiling of apartheid. A/41/550 Enqlish Pay0 7

31. The International Non-Governmental Orqanizationa Conference sponsored bY the Sub-Committee on Racism, Racial Discrimination, Apartheid and Decolonization in 1978 focueed i!l particular on action by non-qovernmental orqanizations to be taken aqa inst South Aft icn in the economic, military and nucl.ear field. 26/

32. An off Ic:u VJA~ astabliehed at Oslo entitled the World Campaiqn against Military and Nuclear Codiaboration. Thie office monitors violations of the arm8 embarqo and helpe to co-cerd$nute international action. 2J/

33. The following orqanizations also submitted information on activities to halt military and security collaboratiolr with South Africax International Peace Research Aseociation, 17/ World Peace Council, l9J International Federation of Free Trade Unione 22/ and International Union of Students. z/

4. Aid to victims of racism, racial discrimination and apart.heid and the contribution of private group action to the release of political prisonera

34. When it formed the Programme to Combat Racif$m, the WCC Central Committee alro established a Special Fund to Combat Racism. Each year grants from this Fund are made to orqanizations of racially oppressed qroups and orqanizstions that support victim6 of racial injustice.

35. The Special Fund dramatizea the struqqle aqainet racism internationally. It enables churches, church orqanizationa ard others to express both spiritual and material solidarity whth the racially oppressed. The grant8 from the Special Fund are widely publicized. Since 1970 more than $6 million hae been disbursed through the Special Fund to orqanizatione all over the globe.

36. Because churches have often been more a part of the problem of racism than part of its solution, the Special Fund can be aeen am constituting a creative act of repentance for this involvement as well aa an effort to establish new relationships with the victims of racism. For this reason, the qrants are made without control of the manner in which the money in spent.

37. The criteria for the Special Fund, adopted bv the WCC Central Committee in 1969, and reaffirmed in 1976 and 1980, are:

(al The purpose of the orqanizations must not be in conflict with the qeneral purposes of WCC and its units, and the qrants are to be used fc)r humanitarian activities (i.e. social, health and educational purposes, legal aid, etc.);

(b) The proceeds of the Fund should be used to support orqanizations that combat raciem rather than welfare orqanizatione that alleviate the effects of racism and that would normally be eliqible for support from other unite of WCC;

Ic) (i) The focus oi the grants shoulo be on raisin9 the level of awareness of the racially oppressed people and on strenqtheninq their orqanizational capability;

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(ii) In addition, there ie a need to support orqanizatione that aliqn themselves with the victim6 of racial njuatice and those that puraue the same oiljectiveei

fd) The grants are made without control of the manner in which they are spent, and are intended axx an expreaaion of commitment by the Programme to Combat Racism to the cause of economic, oocial and political jueticc that these orqanizations promot-1

(e) (i) The Rituation in Southern Africa ia recoqnized a8 a priority because of the overt and intensive nature of white racism and the increaninq awarenea8 on the part of the oppressed in their struqqle for librqtion)

(ii) In Ihe relection of othnr areaa, priority is qiven to tholre places where the struggle is moat intenre and where a grant might make a subrtantial contribution to the proceae of liberatiolr, particularly where racial group6 are in imminent danger of being phyeically or culturally exterminated1

(iii) In considering applicat!ons from orqanizations in countries with white and affluent msjoritiees note hae only been taken of thoae where political involvement precludea help from other Bourcea. 28/

38. Apsrt from the Special Fund to Combat Rat:iam established by WCC, a Defrbnce and Aid Fund ham been established in Sauth Africa. In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Christisn Action fa race relation@ fund) had aet up ite own Defence and Aid Fund, which warn eubeequently axpanded in 1964 to become the InteLnational Defence and Aid Fund with six affiliated national committeea. Governments have ever since readj.ly contributed to this Aid Fund for victims of racial discrimination and apartheid_. z/

39. In the llnited States, the American Committee on Africa eetahlished ite south African Defence Fund. 30/ All these funds have played an active role in the defence of persons tried in the so-called treseon trials in South Africa. Amnee ty International play6 a paramount role in this field. Pereonn in prison, detention or restriction have been adopted by individual Amneety group8 who endeavour to provide them with aeaietance and bring about thair relearre. Financial assistance to “adopted prieonere and their families has been supplied by individual qroups of Amnesty International and by the International Secretariat in London. -31/

40. Durinq 1985, Amnesty International took action on behalf of more than 775 individual political prisoners in South Africa. These included prieoners of conscience, possible prisoners of conecience and victims of torture and other human r iqhts abuses.

41. On 5 March 1986, Amnesty International launched a world-wide campaiqn against imprisonment on racial and political qrounde, torture and other hum6 r iqhts abuses in South Africa. The campaign wa6 initiated with an open letter fr’!tI Amnesty International to State President P. W. Botha, which called on the Government of South Africa to take 10 specific measure8 for the protection of baeic human rlyhts. /I.. A/41/550 Enqlish Paqe 9

42. Durinq the Amneaty International campaiqn on South Africa, letters have been sent from throuqhout the world to South African officials and thousands of other South Africans, includinq community leaders, company exacutives and member8 of church bodies, trade unions and other inetitutions. These letters express concern about and call for an end to violat iona of human riqhtm, includinq theme based on race. 32/

43. The followinq orqanizations have also contributed to the relesee of political prisoners and qiven aid to victims of racial diecriminstion and apartheid: Anti-Apartheid-- Movement, 33/ Swedish Save the Children Federation (Rlldda Barnen), 141 InternationarUnion for Child welfare, 35/ Pan African Inf5t.itUt.e for Development , 36 Christian Peace Conference, 37/ Muslim World League 38/ and Women’s InternationalDemocratic Federation. 39/ --

5. Trade union activities

44. The World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) repoctad that it has at all. times done its utmost to support the struqqle against racism and racial discrimination and has consistently implemented the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly. On the occasion of the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in 1983, WPTU called upon workers and trade unions in all countries further to strenqthen their actions of solidarity in support of t!le struqqle aqainet racism and racial discrimination. WFTU also inform world opinion of the workerr’ etruqqle against racism and racial discrimination throuqh its various publications and its radio programmes. The Federation participated, inter slia, in the International Trade Union Conference on Sanctiona and other Action8 against the Apartheid RCqime in South Africa (Geneva, June 1983), the Second World Conference to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (Geneva, Auquet 1983), the International Conference of Solidarity with the Front-line States (Lisbon, March 1983), and the International Conference in Support of the Struqqle of the Namihian People for Independence (Paris, April 1983). Apart from the above-mentioned activities, WCTU and its affiliates observe the relevant international daye and weeks for the elimination of eacial discrimination and solidarity with peoples, Ruth aR the International Day of Solidarity with South African Political Prisoners (11 October) and tho Week of Solidarity with the People of Namibia and their Liberation Movement (SWAPOI .

45. The Federation adds that: (a) its workers’ education pro -amme includes lectures on the etruqqlc aqainst apartheid, racism and racial c”Lecrimination; (b) within the field of the traininq of trade union officials, a series of different projects were orqanized to educate workers on the roots of racism and thapartheid and e necessary actions to eradicate them; (c) WFTU and its affiliated national centres reqularly provide practical nuppoet, including scholarships, to national trade union orqanizatione etruqqllnq aqainst racism and colonialism. -40/

46. Trade union activities have focueed mainly .)n 1he special situation of black South African workers.

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(a) Concrete action by national union6 41/

47. The Dutch labour movement hss laid down stringent conditiona for investment in South Africa to be acceptable. Theee condition8 are:

(a) Unconditional recognition of the right of all population group8 to orqanize trade unions and of the right to collective barqaininqr

(b) Effective abolition of job rerervationt

(c) Refraininq from applying the wage determinationo of the blaqe Act in such a way aa to eubject black workera to minimum wager;

(d) Immediate eatabllshment of “rate for the job” standards for all population groups and effective enforcement thereof1 . (0) Provision of vocational training for all population qroupe.

48. In August 1976, the Dutch trade union movement approached the Government of the Netherlandr insisting that it should aever all economic rrlatione with South Africa and that leqialative measurer be adopted to enrure that ouch eanctione are fully implemented.

49. The Swedish trade union movement has alao elaborated similar demande. They have written to the six Swedirh firma that have major inve8tment in South Africa asking them to recoqnize uniona for African workerr and to allow orqanizera on the premises of the company.

50. The British Trade Union ronqreea haa put particular emphaaia on the recognition of African unions by British companies operating in South Africs.

51. The Itslisn trade lrnion confederation isaued a joint appeal to the Government of Italy and Italian businese intereete to boycott South Africa.

52. The affiliate of the Internstional Confederation of Free Trade Unions (JCFPU) in the Federsl Republic of Germany hae orqsnized eeminare to rslly workers into action against apartheid.

I h) Assistance to the African trade union movement in South Africa

53. with reqard to assistance to the African trade union movement in South Africa, it should be noted that there are now 24 African unione , with a total membership of around 60,000. ICFTU maintain8 contact8 wSth the uniona, 8s well ae with those institutions that a;e helping African workers to orqanize. However, no contacts exist with the white trade union movement in South Africa. Even the so-called liberal Trade Union Council of South Africa (TUCSA) , which banned Aft icane from membership in 1969 but is now aqain making overtures to the African trade union movement , is reqarded with qreat suspicion by the African workers and is therefore not acceptable to ICFTU.

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54. Therefore, a new trade union was created open to all workers without distinction a8 to race and colour. The new orqanization, the South African Counci 1 of Trade Unione (SACTU) , not only defend8 tha trade UT, in principles without distinction aa to race, it io alro actively engaged in the struggle against all forme of oppression and exploitation. 42J

55. In November 1985, a new trade union federation wae launched at Durban. The new union, known an the Conqreee of South African Trade Unione (COSATU), claim8 to represent more than 500,000 worker9 in all the main sectors of the economy.

56. At ite founding conqreas, COSATU adopted a political statement Callinq for disinvestment in South Africa. It gave the Government cf South Africa a six-month ultimatum to abolish the pase lawe and influx control, to remove the troope from the towntahipe, to provide equal education for all South African8 and to end the migrant labour syetem. 43J

57. A number of private groups and non-qovernmental orqanizationa reported that they provide sseiutance to trade union movemente withirr Gouth Africa: International Orqanization of EmployeLu, w World Conference of Labour, g/ Anti-Apartheid Movement, 46J World Federation of Trade Unions, 47/ Orqanization of African Trade Union Unity 48/ and Intdrnational Confederation of Free TI ade Unions. s/

58. In order to have any impact and effectiveness, any reRolution or recommendation adopted by ICPTU muat be given an immediate follow-up by ite affiliated orqanizations. Thisl follow-up constitutes tangible action.

59. The tipecial report of the Director-General of the International Labour Organisation on the Declaration concerning the policy of laq>_artheid in South Africa furnished information on action taken by national employers’ and workers’ orqanizatione. National trade union action took place through pressure on Governments, preaeure on companies active in South Africa, monitoring codes of conduct and withdrawal of trade union funds. --50,’

6. Disinveetment campaiqne-- and campaigns to end bank loans --to South Af r ira

(a) Diainveetment campaign8

60. A major policy issue confrontinq the churches has been their holdinqs in corporations or banks doinq bueineee in South Africa. WCC took a poSition an this issue in 1972, when ite Finance Committee rrae instructed to eel1 holdlnqs and end investments in South Africa and Namibia, and not to make depositzs in banks operating in these countriee. 5l.J

61. A study prepared under the WCC Proqramme to Combat Racism revealed, inter alia, that the presence of foreign banks in South Africa 1~ most valued for the role it play8 in facilitating and promoting the financing of fixed inveetment projects, trade and other economic activity. z/

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62. However, the study concluded that action8 by various church and private groups ,lo not go unnoticed. In an attempt to neutralize the effects of such action0 bankore are themselves refining old approaches and adopting new ones. 23J

63. The Dutch affiliate of the World Council of Churches made an inveetiqation into the effect6 eanctiona in the form of dieinveetment action could have on the economy of South Africa.

64. A number of student disinvestment campaigns have taken place in the United S tatee.

65. The People’s FFOnt for the Liberation o,C Southern Africa wae eetablished at Princeton University to press for university dieinvestmelrt from approximately 40 corporation6 and banks with operaticns in South Africa. Thanks largely to ita efforte, one bank in Princeton hacr ceased to eel1 Krugerrand. z/

66. The Committee against Investments in South Africa had been established in Auquet 1977 to persuade Columbia tinivereity to end ite inveetmente in South Africa. 54/

67. The University of Chicago Action Group, established in 1977, hae the objective to terminate the University’s investment in banks and corporations active in South Africa and to work for the economic and political Isolation of South Africa. -55/ 68. Tht Anti-Lpartheid Coalition at Yale University aimed at putting preeeure on the Board of Truateee to divest of the stocks it held in corporations whose activities supported the minority r&qime of South Africa. -56/

69. The South African Action Group at Weston Univereity aimed at the withdrawal of United Statee corporate investment8 Srom South Africa. 57/

70. A distinction must be drawn between “disinveetment” and “diainveetment action”. Diainveetment action, with withdrawal of inveetmente in firms with interests in South Africa, does no: neceRearily lead to a reduction in -job opportunities in South Africa, becauee the tranenational corporation8 continue their activities. This strateqy is intended, in particular, to put pressure on the firma concerned and on the Government of South Africa.

71. Real disinveetment can take varioue forme. It may be a decision not to invest further in the South African economy :eee the Swedish leqislation on this point) or to make no new Xoane. It may be a decision to sell existing proouct lines. Thus Cma Cola sold the largest part of ita interests to South African Brewers. Nor doea such action necessarily lead tc a loss of jobs. Finally, it might be a decision to withdraw capital goods from South Africa. This will indeed lead to a 108s in job opportunitiee, althouqh it should be said immediately chat this form of disinveetment ie considered to be the least likely.

72. The study concluded that the effect of economic sanctions on the job market la of secondary importance. The primary question is: who controls the investmentst who decides in what and in what way investments will be made; who profit6 from

/ . . . A/41/550 English Page 13 the investmenta? 58J It therefore recommended to church institutions and individual church members, within a period of 12 monthe, to eel1 all their inveetmente in companies that invest in and trade with South Africa in the fOFm of church pension funds and other investments by church inetitutione. Churches and church inetitutione are called upon to exert influence on other penaion funds t0 perouade them to diapoee of their investmente in euch companies.

73. The aale of investments in companies that inveet in and trade with South Africa should be accompanied by creative action and the necessary publicity. Education and information programmes aimed at church members end workers in thv ,e firms should be launched. z/

74. The following private group8 and non-governmental organizations submitted relevant information nn dieinveatment activitieer -60/ (a) The Catholic International Education Office undertook activitiee amonq educators and students in order to bring pressure to bear on multinational corporations and banks operating in south Africa to modify their financial and social policies towards the black populationt -18/ (b) The International Movement for Fraternal union Among &WCS and Peoples reported that some of its affiliates in industrialized countries were applying preeaure to end investment in South African 61/

(c) The Chrietian Peace Conference recommended to the members Of the Conference and to the churchee that they promote efforts to withdraw investmentti from South Africa, especially by Western transnational corporations. 23/

75. The Danifih “Kirkenes Raceproqtam” communicated that, thanks to ite efforts, the Danish Parliament in May 1985 enacted a law to stop new Danish i’lveetmenta in South Africa and Namibia. The main features of the law aret

Is) A halt to any sort of new inveetment in South Africa, amonq others in factory industr iest

fb) A halt to any sort of leasing of machinery or equipment anywhere in South Africa and Namibia;

(cl A halt to investments through affiliated companies or throuqh Danes abroadr

(d) InveetnlPnt in estaL>lished companies to obtain their proper running is allowc?d, but not for eXpanf3iOnI

(e) Companies already established in South Africa are to report every year to the Government about their activities. G/

76. The Dutch Committee on Southern Africa reported that in several countries a campaiqn has started or Fe in preparation to force the international oil company Royal Dutch/Shell to withdraw from South Africa.

/ . . . A/41/550 English Page 14

77. In Western Europe anti-apartheid orqanizst;ons in Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom, have decided to make the campaiqn against Shell a central item in their activities. 63/

78. The International Non-Governmental Orqanisations Conference for Action against Apartheid proposed, inter alla, the following forms of action on investment 83d bank loans by non-governmental orqanisationsr

(a) Mobilisation for the withdrawal of all foreign investment from South Africa, and a halt to the flow of new foreign capital and credit, especially bank loans;

(b) Action to expose and pressure to end the collaboration between international banking and finance agencies and South Africa;

(c) Concerted campaigns to bring pressure on member States of the International Moiletary Fund (IMF) to take all necessary action to terminate loans and credits to So&h Africa and to end all other forms of collaboration, including expulsion of South Africa from IMFt

(d) Action against all forms of direct and indirect investment in the bantustans;

(e) Campaigns to persuade all members of the Orqanization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to cease investinq in banks and other financial institutions that collaborate with South Africa;

(f) Campaiqns to require the disclosure of information on bankinq relations with South Africa:

(4) International co-ordination of activity of anti-banking campaigns, in particular an International Day of Action against Banking Links with South Africa. The date chosen after confirmation by participating national anti-apartheid and solidarity movements was 1 December 1978;

(h) National campaigns to secure the cancellation of double taxation and similar agreements, for foreign exchange regulations to ban the export of capital and the extension of credit to South Africa, and for other appropriate fiscal measureat

(i) Campaigns against foreiqn investments by national banks or by nationalised industries. -64/

(b) Campaiqnn to end bank loans -65/

79. The campaign against bank loans to South Africa started in the late 1960s and early 1970s and was followed very soon by campaigns against the selling of Krugerrand. Since its inception, the international campaign has made great progress. It not only sp-ead to a number of new countries but also broadened its scope in almost all of the countries concerned.

/ . . . A/41/550 Enqlish Pays 15

80. The first successes were obtained in the United States, where some omaller banks qave way to the demands of the campaiqners to end bank loans to South Africa. In 1976/1977, two major international banks in the Netherlands announced that they would no lonqer participate in loans. During the subsequent years, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States, the campaiqns gained strength, while othere were launched in Austria, the Federal Republic of Germany and Switzerland. WCC policies vie-&vie bank loans to South Africa - the 1981 adoption of the five cr,iteria to serve as qdelines and the subsequent withdrawal of accounts from three major banks - served as an important impetus for the launching of these campaiqns. Remarkable achievements were made in the United States where divestment legislation, including the withdrawal of funds from banks participating in loans to South Africa, ha.: been adopted in 5 states and 25 cities. Furthermore, Congress passed leqislation severely restrictinq future United States support for IMF loans to South Africa. In the United Kinqdan, the qather inq of the oupport of local councils and subsequent withdrawal of accounts from Barclays Bank by eeveral of these councils constitutes a milestone for the movement.

(cl Factors

81. Experience has shown that one of the important factors that contributed to the decision of banks to stop loans to South Africa was public opinion and the resulting pressure that had been built up. Orqanizations involved in the different countries included anti-apartheid movements, churches, church-related organ1 sat ions, third world and youth orqanisations, an well as trade unions and others. A major tactical element beinq used by groups in a number of countries is ifi the choice of “target banks*, on which campaigns are focused.

(d) ---Irr, truments 82. Some of the instruments used in the various campaiqns are discussed belowr

(a) Research and publications are indispensable tools for information and education in any campaign. In some countries, special research groups have been founded that produce action-oriented research material;

(b) Correspondence is maintained with the banks aekinq them about their involvement in loans to southern Africa, their presence in South Africa and Namibia and soliciting assurances that they will stop these kinds of activities;

(cl A number of churches, church-related organisations and others are involved in discussions with the manaqement and employees* boards of particular banks;

(d) A further important element of the campaiqns that also contributes to increasinq awareness is the introduction of shareholders’ resolutions. A basic element underlying these actions is taking seriously the qhts given to shareholders by the stockholders’ laws. A number of churL..es and church-related orqanizat ions, as well as others havinq shares in a particular bank, have taken seriously the moral responsibility arising from the fact of havinq shares in a particular company. Although the possibilities of what can be done vary in the

/ . . . A/41/550 Enql irh Pa8 16

countriee according to the different leqislatione, the general overall effect of sharehclder resolution8 is that they open up the poneibllity for wider dlscuasion of the lseue.

83. The campsiqn against bank lyana to South Africa resulted in a number of public policy etatementa being obtained from Borne banks. Of particular interest and importance here are etatemente by banks announcing that they would no longer participate in loans to South Africa and its aqenciee. To date, thsee include 14 banks in the United States (among them the world’ta biggest private bank, Citibank), one Canadian bank, Dutch banka qnd others. These announcements are certainly due to the campalqne being led and they constitute a great aucceaa to the efforts of the campaiqners.

84. ‘1 campaign against bank loans to SouLh Africa ie part of the international ef fo::ce to achieve mandatory and comprehensive economic eanctions aqainat South Africa. The impact of the banking campaign on other companies having economic relbrtione with South Africa cannot be underestimated, aF certainly, without the? rrecec:eary capital flow, inveetment in and trade wit:] South Africa will also consequently decrease and subsequently cease. Thus, the policy chanqes of a number 02 bank8 also have their effect8 on the position of tranenational corporations with intersate in South Africa and Namibia. Thie might aleo give a boost to divestment and diainveetment campaign8 in the respective countries as well aa to the efforts to achieve mandatory and comprehensive sanctions against South Africa.

7. Education

85. Education has played a pivotal role in the struqqle aqainst racism, racial discrimination and apartheid. Private qroupa have undertaken the following activitieet the orqanization of pedagogical in-service tralninq courses for black teachers to help them to improve their professional qualifications, and the eetablishment and implementation of edwatlorral programmes based on justice and development and aiming at eradicating the root6 of racism r-,d racial discrimination. Moreover, workahops were sponsored to combat student prejudice at hiqh schools, and educational proqrammea were developed that could eliminate racial tensions among peoples of various tribes and races.

86. Some training activitiee of an African institute were aimed not only at eliminating all racial prejudice, but also at permitting a continufnq exchange, among all the countries from which the institute receives students. between studente, on the one hand, snd teachers and group leaders, on the &her. -66/ 87. The International Union of Studellts each year gives a number of scholarships to national liberation movements in southern Africa to enable students who on account of their resistance to apartheid are unable to continue their studim in their homelands to do ao in other countries. -67/

88. ?he International University Exchange Fund has undertaken an extensive scholarship programme to aid refugee students. It holds regular consultations with United Nations bodie:., such as the Centre aqainet Apartheid, and has clueely co-ordinated its scholarship activities with those of the United Nations / . . . A/4 l/550 Enqlish Paye 17

Educational and Training Proqramme for Southern Africa, in particular as regards uniform scholarship rates mnrX selection procedures. It also participated in a number of international s~~rrlinars and conferences on racism. 68/

89. The World Federation cbf Democratic Youth also qrants a limited number of scholarships and educat.ionlll facilities each year to student8 from South Africa and Namibia, providinq co!~cr’stc! material assistance to the liberation movements of southern Africa. -69/ 90. Private qroups consider the diasemin~tion of educational material on the root8 of racism and racial discr lmination an effective mea IS to comoat the phenomenon. 70/ Publication of individual studier! and the orqanization of mobile seminars and

III. CONSIDERATION BY THE SUB-COMMISSION ON PREVENTION OF DISCRXMINATION AND PROTECTION OF MINORITIES OF THE ROLE OF PRIVATE GROUP ACTION IN COMBATING RACISM AND RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

91. At the request of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities the Secretary-General submitted a report in 1978 on the act:i.vitii:s of national and international non--qovernmental orqanizations with respect to foreiqn direct investment in and bank loans to, inter alia, southern Africa. For quidance purposes a brief introduction is presented here.

92. With respect to international non-qovernment,ql orqanizations, two categories predominated in this study : church-related bodies and trade unions. This stemmed from the fact that theso type5 of orqanizations have been the moat a( ive in research and action with reqard to transnational inveatment in southern Africa.

93. The bulk of this study has been devoted to the rccordinq of those national and international activities of non-qovernmental orqanizations that most directly confront the hanks and companies whose policies with respect to southern Africa have been called into question. The type of undertakinq most frequently treated here is the stockholder challenqe, which emurqed durinq this period as the moRt widespr+?ad means of dealinq with the problem. l[rn addition, the informat ion q iven below has been oraanized in terms of the type of corporate en,

94. The time period covered in this report was 1972-1978. This time frame was chosen becaufie the year 1972 seemed to mark the qeneral. beqinninq of corl istent, structured action aqainRt foreign investment iu South Afr ice and Namibia by national and international non-qovernmental orqanisations. In the instanceu when siqnificant activities took place earlier, they have also been noted. As to sources, while United Nation5 materials served as the basis for this report, it proved necessary in some cases to use other sources, such as press reports and the published zndtttrials of the non-qovernmental orqanizations themselves. / . . . A/41/550 Enq 1 ish Page 18

95. Althouqh there had been earlier examples of activity, non-qovernmental orqanization cam_paiqns against foreign investment in South Africa began in earnest in 1972. The activities of some of the most important of these organizations are reported below. Whereas many of the national and international non-qovernmental organizations whose activities are reported enjoyed Consultative status with the United Nations, others did not. Finally, this document, although preliminary in nature, offers evidence of the valuable service rendered by national and international non-governmental organisations in the struqqle against racism and racial discrimination.

96. The question of foreign bank credits to South Africa has been the focus of much recent national and international action by non-governmental organisations. Much of this activity has taken place in the Countries whose banks have led in supplyinq bank loans to South Africa.

97. Since its revocation of the South African mandate to administer Namibia in 1966, the General Assembly has repeatedly condemned the presence of foreign companies in the Territory, on the qrounds that their operations there serve to leqitimize South Africa’s illegal occupation of Namibia and to provide material support to South Africa through, inter alia, capital investment, the provision of goods and services, the transfer of technoloay and the payment of taxes and royalties. This position was expressed in General Assembly resolution 32/9 of 4 November 1977. In resolution 32/9 D, paragraph 22, the General Assembly strongly condemned the activities of all fore&n corporations operatinq in Namibia under the ilieqal administration of South Africa that are illegally exploiting the human and natural resources of the Territory , and demanded that transnational corporations comply with all pertinent resolutions of the General Assembly by immediately abstaining from any new investments in Namibia, by withdrawinq from the Territory and generally by putting an end to their co-operation with the illeqal South African administration in Namibia. Tn resolution 32/9 G, paragraph 4, the Assembly appealed to Governments to discourage private investors from participating in business ventures in Namibia that benefit the South African rdqime by making available additional resources to meet the military costs of its repressive policies in Namibia.

98. National non-qovernmental organisations engaged in trying to convince investors in Namibia to comply with General Assembly resolutions on the matter have been on more favourable around than in parallel attempts to secure the withdrawal or freezing of investments in South Africa. In addition to citing the facts of the termination of South Africa’s mandate‘for governance of the Territory and subsequent General Assembly and Security Council resolutions condemning Pretoria’s defiance of that act, non-governmental organisations have made qood use of the upholding of the General Assembly’s 1966 decision by the Internaticrnal Court of Justice in 1971. As well, the announcement by the Government of the United States in 1970 that it would discourage further investment in Namibia and would not intercede to protect holdings of United States-based firms against claims from a future legitimate qovernment in the Territory, z/ has proved a tell ino argument in non-governmental orqanization campaigns against foreign investors in Namibia.

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TV. RECENT KNEY)RMATTON AND VTEWS RECEIVED BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL

A. Sub-Committee on Raciem, Racial Diecrimination, Apartheid and Decolonizatian of the Special Non-Governmental OrganizatiOn Committee on Hum&n Riqhta

99. The Sub-Committee was catabliehed in Geneva in 1973 in support of the United Nations Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Diecrimination. Tte member6 are non-governmental orqanlzationa in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council. They include women’s orqanizationa, profcaaionsl aaaocistions, trade unions, social, cultural and religious organizatione and youth orqanizatione.

100. The Sub-Committee has carried out it8 work a8 part of the Special Non-Governmental Oraanization Committee on Human Riqht8 (Geneva) and hae, throughout the Decade, organized conferencea and seminars with the aim of encouraging non-qovernmental oraanizations to formulate activ! lies on United Nations programmes and actiona for the Decade.

101. The first project of the Sub-Committee was the International Non-Governmental Orqanizations Conference .qainst Apartheid and Colonialiem in Africa, held in September 1974 at Geneva. As part of the preparation6 for the Conference, a questionnaire on teachinq the need to eliminate apartheid and colonialism and the provisions of the relevant international inetrumenta was sent to 250 addreseea, 100 replies were received, mostly from UNESCO national commisaionr and ministries of educ:a t ion, The Sub-Committee subsequently held other conferences and seminars focuRinq on the im-@sition of mandatory eanctione against South Africa, disinvestment campaigns againat forciqn tranenational corporations operatinq in South Africa, and the mohrlization of w zld public opinion to brinq about the ratification end implementation of United Nations conventions on racism and racial discrimination. z/

102. The Sub-Committee reported on the results of -heee conference6 to the Secretary-Genera I, the Commieaion on Human Rights and the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minoritiee. Annual report6 were ol~o sllbmitted t\; the ECOSOC under paragraph 18 (f) of the Programme of the Decade. The Sub-Co!nn?ittee has also maintained particularly close co-operation with the Special Committee a?ainet Apartheid and the Centre against Apartheid.

103. The documents from the conference8 were widely distributed and other reporta were writtcbrr and distrihuten by other organizatione. Thie distribution of information and the conferences themselves have stimulated activitiecP on these Questions by individual non-qovernmentai organization members of the Sub-Committee.

B. The World Council of Churches

104. WCC, with the assistance of its national affiliates, haa been very sctive in the struaqle aqainvt racism and racial discrimination.

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105. In 1969 it decided to emtahlirh a special Programme to Combat Racimm am an integral part of itr wwk. The Programme to Combat Racimm l xpremmee WCC’6 commitment:

fa) To end discrimination baaed on race1

(b) To end the exploitatioc of men and women ar,d to ex: jme racimm often ured to juotify that exploitationl

(c) To support the etrugqle of the racially oppressed.

In ertablishinq the Proqrarmne, the Central Committee of WCC! called on churchem to mwe beyond charity, qrantm and traditional programming to relevant and macrificial action leading to new relationmhipm of dignity and jumtice among all and to become agents for the radical reconmtruction of l ociety.

106. Ten yearm later the entire membermhip of WCC - l ome 300 churches in over 100 countrien on all 6 continents - took part In a procemm of conmultation on combating racism in the 198Om. The raflult warn an expreumion of overwhelming eupport for the total Programme to Combat Jimm.

107. The WCC Programme to Combat Racimm is implemented through regular national, 75/ regional 76/ and world 77J conmu~ltationm on racioml the immuing of reportm and background papers on mpecial featurem of phenomenon of racism and racial diecrimination, 78J or the carrying out of remearch iato a pernicioum form of racirm and racial diecrimination, the apartheid mystem in South Africa and how to end it. 79J

C. German Democratic Republic Committee for the Decade for Action to Combat Racimm and Racial Dimcrimination

108. The German Democratic Republic Solidarity Committee ham taken part actively and directly in conferencem and rympomia organized by partner committee0 or international orqanizations that deal with the etruqgla agaitwt racism, apartheid and colonialiem, such am the World Conference againmt Apartheid, Racimm and Colonialimm at Lisbon, the World Conference for Action aqainmt Apartheid at Laqom and the World Conference to Combat Racism at Geneva. 8OJ Hundrade of African6 persecuted by the raciot r&gimes were trained or are being trained at universities, inmtitutee of hiqher learning, technical mchoole or in centres tor vocational training in the German Democrattc Republic. eo/

109. An important contribution to the International Anti-sartheid-- Year warn the publication of a volume tif doc(rmetrZ entitled “Against Raciem, Apartheid and Colonial iem”, which was publiehed on the occasion of the International Decade for Action tc? Combat Raciem and Racial Diecrimination. 81/

/ . . . A/41/550 Itnqlirh Page 21

D. Anti-Racial-Di8crimination Canrultativo Body

1. Aims and methodr

110, The Anti-Racial-Discrimination Consultative Rody lhD0, Nothmrlandr) brinqm together a number of orqanizations concmrnmd with combating and, whmrm porriblo, preventing racial discrimination, racism and farcirm. ADO ammkm to promotm these objectives by:

(8) Keeping member orqanizationa informmd on activities concmrned with thm prevention and elimination of racial diecriminationj

(b) Formulatinq a common standpoint towardm fascist anl/or racist groups and Occurrences in the Netherlands;

(cl Providing support to groups in the field aimed st thm prmvmntion and elimination of racial discrimination.

2. Comporition

111. A large number of orqsnizations in thm Nmtharlandr are actively concerned with the prevention and elimination of racial discrimination, and many of thmm do important work at local or reqional levmlr. ADO bring8 toqmthmr variour national orqanizat ione. These are required to matimfy a number of critmria, nammlyt

(a) The organizationa must be national in nature8

(b) Their aims muet cover activities designed to achievm a structural improvement in the position of athnic qroupc (i.e. ruling out organisation8 primarily concerned with individual welfare services) t

(Cl They must enjoy a broad base of input within Dutch society or within one or more ethnic groups.

3. National Bureau for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

112. ADO was actively involved in the preparationu to smt up thz National Burmau for the Elimination of Discrimination (LER) , the plans for which ADO eupported from the inception. The bodies participating in ADO wmre and rmmsin convinced of the need for a bureau able to concentrate on the legal problems associated with discrimination and raciem. -S2/

E. Oil embargo 83/

113. Direct action taken by the Seamen’s Union of Australia against a shipping company delivering oil to South Africa has kesulted in this company’s decision to stop trading, oil to South Africa.

/ .*. A/41/550 English Pagm 22

114. Endorsing the deciriona made at thm International Conference of Maritime Unions on Oil Supplies to South Africa, hmld in October 1985 in London, the Maritimm and Dockworkmrag Union of thm Ghana Trades Union ConqrmsP has publicly announced it will take action aqainet companies known to be involved in oil deliverima to South Africa.

1. Now campaign aqain8t Shell

115. Thm Fram South Africa Movement ham decidad to target the private sector for its involvement in South Africa. The first target is to be Shell Oil the Ammrican Subsidiary of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group. The leader of the Free South Africa Movmment stated oil was South Africs’a Achillme’ heel and he accused the Royal Dutch/Sh&ll Group of violating the oil embargo by shipping oil to South Africa through traders and middlemen.

116. On 9 January 1986 the Free South Africa Movement ehowed it had joined hands with Amaricaga largest trade union fmdmration, AFL-CIO (13 million members) , in a canpaiqn to force Shell out of South Africa. In an unprscedsnted step of both movemmnta they callmd on all Americana to boycott Shell products and to destroy thmir Shmll credit cards.

117. This nation-wide campaign is furthermore supported by the United Auto Workers, the United Mine Worker6 of Ammrica, the Ammric8n Fedmration of Government Empluyeea, the International Union of Bricklaymra, the National Education Associ8tiOn (a teachers’ union), the Coalition of Black Trade Unionists and the National Orqanizat ion for Wommn.

2. Ant I-Apar the id Movement urqee legal controls

118. Since the Government of the United Kingdom did at last recognize on 26 September 1985 an oil embargo a8 a “rmetrictive meaaure” by the European Community, the British Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) has urqod its Government to implement the oil embargo strictly. The British Government, however, has not been prepared to introduce controls to enforce its own q*~idelines. It has informed AAM that “it ie impossible to monitor or control third-party trade in 011~. According to AAM, this refusal will s,&nd a very clear signal ta the Government of South Africa that the United Kingdom is not even committed to the European Community’e *reetr ictive measures”. AAM therefore stressed the necessity of the following legal controls, which should be implemented imm~diatelyr

(8) A ban on North Sea oil exports to South Africa and Namibia, directly or indirectly, including the introduction of end-user certificates to control the deetination Df all exporter

/b) A similar ban on the export to South Africa and Namibia of refined petroleum products of all kinds)

(cl A ban on British-owned, -registered or -managed vessels ehippinq crude oil or refined petroleum products to South Africa and Namibia. The British / ..* A/41/550 Enqliah Paqm 23

Government should alao carry out a major inveatiqation conzmrninq the country’6 involvmment in tha supply, dmlivmry, rmfininq and mackmtinq of oil and refinmd pmtroleum products, including British involvemant in thm production of oil from coal in South Afr ic8, and than draw up comptahmnaiva lmgialation to atop all much Br itiah involvement.

119. The International Non-Governmental Organiaatio~~a Confmrmncm for Action l qainat Aparthaid also called for particular campaigna for the img?oaition of a mandatory oil embargo against South Africa, and thm co-ordination of such campaiqna with thm permsnen,t off ice of thm Orqanitation of Aftic8n Unity (GAO) in thio taapect. 84/

120. The Declaration of the Confmrmncm af Weat European Prrliammnt8ri8na on Oil Embargo aqair.at South Africa called for legislation by individual parliaments that would:

(8) Prohibit the supply to South Africa of the crude oil of the country concerned8

lb) Prohibit the supply to South Afr its of crudm oil that it ham imported from other countries1

(cl Prohibit thm supply to South Africa of rmfinmd oil products it ham produced or imported!

(d) Prohibit involvmment by its own citiamna and comprrnims in the male or transportation to South Africa of crude or refined oil from any pmt of the world (not juat from the country in question) I

(e) Prohibit such involvement by ovmraaaa aubaidiariee of its own companies. 85/

F. Boycotts

1. Consumer boycott

121. A consumer boycott ham throughout the yaara proven to be highly effective since it waa firat undmrtaken in Novmmber 1960 to punish thm South African economy after the Sharpeville maaaacrm. 86J

122. The International NonGovernments Organiaationa Confarencm for Action against Apartheid called for:

(a) General campaigns for the boycott of South African goods by individuala and institutions;

(b) Organisation of campaigns to encourage trade union action to refuse to handle South African products rnd for aolidarity action by trade unioniata and the general public in aupport of any group of workers who take such actions

/ . . . A/4 l/550 Enqliah Page 24

(cl Action tQ require that all South African products are labelled indicating their origin. 8?/

123. The consumer boycott, potentially one of the moat effective ways of undermining economic confidence in the Government, ham, during 1985, developed into a major inStrUment of popular retaliation inaide South Africa.

124. Immediately following thm declaration of the atatm of emergency in South Africa, the Preaidmnt of tha United Democratic Party, Dr. Allan Boessk, iaaued a call for a national consumer boycott of ~‘1 shops owned by supporters of apartheid. Alrmady well advanced in many areas, the uoycott ham since tdken iouth Africcr’a buainmaa community to the core. At Port Elisabmth, for example, people had already kmn boycotting many of the city centre shops am far back as the beginning of July. The boycott ma well co-ordinate8 through campaigns and publicised through pamphlets, houee vieita and press statements. 98/

125. The followinq privatm groups and non-governmental orqanizations have pursued boycott campaigner Anti-Apartheid MovemenhL which focused on a consumer boycott as well as a cultural and academic boycotts 22/ affiliatea of the Intmrnational Yovement for Fraternal Union among Races and Peoples, which participated in boycotts of South African productar 13/ International Conference of Free Trade Unions, which requested international governmental bodies tc consider a trade boycott. 14/

2. Sports and cultural boycott

126. The cultural boycott of South Africa made importsnt gains in 1985, especially in the United States of America. There has been a significant decline in the number of entertainera, actors and others performing in south Africa. This resulted from an increase in intern&Zion81 activities against collaboration with the apartheid rigime. It is due to the activiti~~a of private groups that in a number of West European countries municipalities adopted legislation banning artistn who visited South Africa from performing. Private qroups have played an active role in persuading the Special Committee against Apartheid to publish, since 1901, a register of entertainers, actors and other performers in South Africa, as part of a cultursl boycott. es/

127. It is due to the same influence of private groups that the Special Committee against Apartheid since 1980 publiehes a semi-annual register of sport contacts with South Africa and that the General Assembly adopted the International Convention against Apartheid in Sportb. 90/

V. RELEVANT RECOMMENDATIONS OF EXPERTS AND W)DIES WITHIN ‘MIE UNITED NATIONS

128. In his study for the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and protectiolt of Minorities, Mr. Santa Ccuz, with respect to South Africa, recommended that an educational Programme designed to acquaint the public of each country with

/ . . . A/41/550 English Page 25 the evil consequences of the policy of apartheid should be undertaken by Statea and, when appropriate, by non-governmental orqanizationo, universities, churches or other civic groups. 9lJ Such programmes could facilitate compliance by the national Governments with the resolutions of the General Aeeembly.

129. A number of seminar6 that took place under the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination and the Seminar on the Elimination of All Form6 of Racisl Discrimination made the following pertinent recommendations. 92/

130. Ae regards ma88 media, the seminar recoqnized their power to influence the minde, hearts and actions of peoples. There was qeneral agreement that such information media have a special responsibility for propagating the idea that the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination ia eseential in order to eetablish the full and baeic diqnity of the human being. Derogatory references to permone bared on colour, ethnic origin or race in the organs of mass media cannot be regarded in the 8ame light as similar references to persons holding different opinions or beliefs, be those opinions or beliefs political, religious, cultural or social. The latter type of phenomena is subject to change as well a6 to varying interpretations, but the derogatory criticism of a human being on account Of his colour, race or et’ uic origin, etrikee at the very root of hia dignity and questions the exi,. ence of a tact that he ia unable to change or do anything about.

131. Exercise of the great power of the information media carries with it immense potential for good or evil. The endeavour of all must be to ensure that the ma8u media are harnessed for a qood cause, namely, to epread about the public awareness that discrimination on grounds of race” colour or ethnic origin is an affront to human dignity.

132. As regards legislation and education, there we8 general agreement that they have a very important role to play in the elimination of racial discrimination and prejudice. The law could be used to eliminate manifestations of racial discrimination, and education, from the very earliest stages, would implant a sense of human dignity and help the proqteesive forces in society to achieve their goal in eliminating racial discrimination. It was generally agreed that the assignment of priorities in the use of these two instruments was a matter to be determined by the States concerned. Further, it was emphasised that administrative action at the national level should complement legislation and education.

133. A Round Table of Univereity Professors and Directors of Race Relations Institutions on the Teaching of Boblems of Racial Discrimination made the following recommendations8

(a) A apecialized international centre should be established to provide liaison and co-ordination for the collection, storage and dissemination both of the results of studies and of appropriate teaching materials that are available;

(b) A periodical along the line8 of Developlent Forum should be launched, in co-operation with UNESCO, and should be circulated, free of charge, as widely as possible, among educators and interested persons in the third world and the developed countries. -93/

/ . . . A/41/556 Enqlish Page 26

134. A Seminar on Political, Economic, Cultural and other Factors Underlying situations leading to Racism, including a Survey of the Increase or Decline of Racism and Racial Discrimination, recunmended that8 94J

(a) A round-table conference be held of representatives of the information and mass media in Africa in order to discuss the role of African information and mass media in combating racism and racial discrimination. OAU should play an important role in this regard;

lb) OAU convene a meeting of African jurists as soon as possible to draw up proposals for the establishment of an international tribunal to try persons alleged to have committed the crime of apartheid, as provided for in the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid.

135. A Seminar on Effective Measures to Prevent Transnational Corporations and other Established Interests from Collaborating with the Racist Rbqime of South Africa made the following recommendations: 95J

(a) Trade unionists employed by transnational corporations should be urged to act to secure the withdrawal of those corporations from South Africa and to take acticn in solidarity with the struggle of workers in South Africa1

(b) The United Nations should convene an international conference of scientists to consider the implications of South Africa’s nuclear capability for the peace and security of Africa.

136. A reqional seminar on the theme “Recourse procedures and other forms of protection available to victims of racial discrimination and activities to bs undertaken at the national and regional levels” recommended that: 96J

(a) Efforts should be made to promote the exchange of information and to disseminate information on violations of the rights of &digenous peoples. The exchanye of information should be carried out in such a manner as to obtain the necessary response from foreign entities carrying out ackivities in the vicinity of areas occupied by indigenous peoples. The information so obtained should be disseminated in order to make indigenous peoples fully aware of the activities that affect them;

(b) Information proqrammes (films, lectures, exhibitions, audio-visual presentations) should be orqanized on the problem of indigenous groups with a view to increasing awareness of the problem of discrimination, An effort should be made to reach s broad audience and not only the small groups of intellectuals and professional people to whom such programmes are normally restricted)

(c) Contacts and the exchange of information and experience amonq indigenous organ1 zat ions should be promoted;

(d) Contacts aqd the exchange of information among persons and institutions supporting the rights of indigenous peoples should dlso be promoted.

/ . . . A/41/550 English Page 27

137. Another regional seminar on “Recourse procedures and other forms Of protection available to victims of racial discrimination and activities to be undertaken at the national and regional levels with special reference to Asia and the Pacific” made the followinq recommendations: 97J

(a) Educational and information measures, with particular regard to the language of minority groups, should be taken by all States, as well as by the bodies concerned, with respect to the recourse procedures available to victims of racial discrimination;

lb) The Working Group on Indigenous Populations of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities should consider ways and means of encouraging and assistinq indigenous populations to form their own orqanizations for the promotion and protection of their rights. The Workinq Group should also study not only ways and means of ensuring the participation of such populations in the Governments of their respective countries, but also schemes that would enab them to enjoy improved standards of living.

138. The Serir ldr on Community Relations Commissions and their Functions made the following recommendations, inter alla: 98J

(a) All race and community relations commissions, and other organizations and institutions serving similar purposes in their respective countries or at the international level should contribute and continue to contribute towards the combating and extermination of racism, racial discrimination and all their variant manifestations;

(b) The organizations and institutions enumerated in paragraph (a) above and all peace and freedom-loving nations to do their utmost should help inform their respective national public and the international community about the evil effects of sartheid, and should be on guard against any manifestationu of any variant of the evil in their own countries and among their own peoples.

Notes

Y Report of the Second World Conterence to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination, Geneva, 1-12 August 1983 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.83.XIV.4 and corrigendum), chap. II. 21 E. S. Reddy; “Contribution of Non-Governmental Organizat ions to United Nations EEforts for the Elimination of Apartheid and the Independence of Namibia”, paper presented to the Non-Governmental Organizations Symposium on World Peace and the Liberation of South Africa and Namibia, Geneva, 11-15 June 19U6. Y See the study prepared in accordance with paragraph 18 of the Programme of activities to be undertaken durinq the second half of the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (General Assembly resolution 34/24 of 15 November 1979, annex), entitled, “Specific measures to be taken with a view to endinq all forms of commercial, financial and technological assistance to the economy of South Africa” (A/CONF.119/13), paras. 110-175. / . . . A/41/550 Enql ish Page 20

Notes (cant inued)

i/ E/5474, pars. 73 (the Programme of activities to be undertaken durinq the second half of the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (General AsL-ably resolution 34/24 of 15 November 1979, annex), The Universal Eeperanto Association also urged Governments to do the same) t E/5760, pars. 113.

P/ Resolution 2106 A (XX), annex* !ii Resolution 3068 (XXVIII), annex. L/ E/5636, para. 109. !Y See World Council of Churches, “Breaking down the Walls”, Statements and Actions on Racism, p. 44. . Y “The Moment of Trljth” , Report of the consultation on South Africa organized by ‘“he Council of churches at Amersfoort, the Netherlands, 28-30 November 1985, pp. 7-9. . As!/ E/5474, para. 748 Anti-Apartheid Movement of the Federal Repllblic of Germany statement submitted to the Non-Governmental Orqanizations Symposium on War Id Peace, Geneva, !986; report of activities of the Swiss Anti-Apartheid Movemnnt 1984-1985.

-111 E/1979/13, para. 32.

g/ E/1980/7, pars. 45. 13/ E/1981/15, Add.1, para. 51.

-14/ E/1982/24, para. 27.

w “AAPSC aqainst Aparthe@“, AfreAsian Publications No. 96, Cairo, August 1978.

!/ E/5474, para. 74; E/1980/7, para. 47.

-l-J/ E/5474, para. 90. w E/1980/7, para. 75.

-19/ E/1981/15, para. 59. 20/-Ibid. , para 51. 21/ E/1381/15, Add.1, para. 62. 22/ E/1982/24, para. 27; E/1984/56, para. 34.

-231 E/1984/56, para. 44. / . . . A/41/556 Enqliah Paqe 29

Notes (continued)

-24/ E,‘1985/16/Add.1r para. 37.

zs/ Overview of atateaents ancz actions of WCC with regard to ~.mosaic and military links v,ith South Africa and Namibia prepared for the Programme to C&mt Racism Workshop on Ecnnomic Isolation of South Africa, May 1985, Frankfurt, Lbadaral Re&blic of Germany.

26/ Report of the International NGOI!J Conference for Action aqaina; Apartheid, Cent; aqainst Apartheid, hotes tnd Documents No. 47/78, p. 7.

Lip/& Hou-I “The International Impact of the South African Struggle for I) Centre against. gartheid, Notes and Documents W. 2/82, p. 30. - 2/ See also E/5474, pars. 81, and E/1985/16, para. 3 s/ G. Houser, op. cit., p. 28.

-30/ Ibid., p. 11. -31/ E/5636, para 4. 84 and 86 E/1985/16/Add.l, paras. 33 and 34.

321 Submission by Amnesty International concerning its activities within the framzork of the Second Dacc?de for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination fin response to General Assembly resolution 39/16 Of 23 November 1984, v?ara. 11 (a)).

33/ E/5474, pars. 74.

--.34/ E/5636, para. 100; E/5920. pars. 109.

g ~/5636, para. 99.

-36/ E/547-:, para. 79. J7/ E/5960/Add.l, para. 98 E/1380/7, para. 51r E/1981/15, yara. 371 E/1985/16, para. 91.

-3l3/ E/1984/56, pars. 37. 391 -Ibid., para. 3P.

jy Ibid., parae. 39 and 40.

s/ Information is taken from a report by Mr. Andrew M. Idailembo, “ICFIYJ Action aqainst Apartheid”, Centre aqainst Apartheid, Note8 and Documents do. 14/77, May 1977, pp. 3-7.

/ . . . A/41/550 Enqli8R liaqe 30

Note@ (cant inuod)

42/ See Shivene F. Carim, “The Role of Women in the South African Trade Union Movemontw , Contro aqainat Aparthaid, Notor and Documontm No. ‘I/801 aeo alnO John Bautsowe, “Trade Unionr and thr Struqqlo for Liberation in South Africa", Contra aqainrt Apartheid, Notor and Documents No. 15/77. 43/ R/CN.4/1986/9, paras. 311 and 313. 44/ E/5636, pats. ~7.

45/ E/5474, par&A. 70. 46-1 E/5474, para. 74, and E/1979/13, psra. 54.

. 47/ E/1979/13, pars. 52.

re/ sY/1980/7, para. 44. E,'1982/24, pars. 27~ E/1984/56, para. 34, and E/1986/16/Add.l, parar. 28 and %.

w Special report of the Director-Qrnoral on the l pplicat ion of “.he Declaration concorninq the Policy of &arthoid-.- in South Africa, Gonova, International Labour Conference aevanty-second l eamion, 1986, chap. II, pp. 102-155.

51/ G. Houaer, OP. Cit., p. 27. “Brick@ in the Wall,, aI Update on Foraiqn Bank Inveetment in , March 1981, in Eva Militzt The International Campaign to End Loan8 to South Africa, propared for the World Council of Churchor’ Programme to Combat Racism, April 1905, p. 36.

53/--Ibid., p. 40.

54/ “International Campaign aqainrt Invartment in Apartheid South Africa”, Centre against Apartheid, Notea and Documenta No. 15/78 p. 5.

55/-Ibid., p. 6.

561 -1blb.r P. 7.

Y-.--Ibid., p. 10.

-53/ The Moment of Truth”, OJ. cit., pp. 18 and 19.

w-Ibid., p. 20.

/ . . . A/41/550 Enqlimh Paqe 31

Noted icont inuedl

!w For information up to 1978, l M the excell.ent etudy prapr.rod fo: the Sub-Crxnniseion on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of MinOKitiOB at ita thirty-firat #aanion in 1978 (E/CN.4/Sub.2/L.680), chap. I (Activities of national non-qovsrnmental orqanizstionr w’th respect to tranrnational indurttial companies with investments in South Africa) and chap. II (Activities of international non-qovornmental orqaniza:iona with reapet to tranenationsl industrial companies with inveetmento in South Africa).

61/ E/1981/15/Add.l, pars. 51.

w Communication entitled “Danish Sanctions againat South Africa and Namibia, 1985-1986”, Ecumenical Council of Denmark, Nykopinq, Denmark.

y Communication entitled “International Campaiqn against Royal Dutch/Shell” Southern Africa Committee, Workinq Group Kairoa, Amrtordam, June 1986.

E/ Hoport of the International Non-Governmental Orqanizatione Conference for Action aqainst Aparth , op. cit., pp. 6-7.

ps/ The information contained in this section ia taken from a paper written by Evrl Militz for the World Council of Churchen’ Proqrcrmme to Combat Racism, entitled “The International Campaiqn to End Loann to South Africa”, pp. 23-271 Geneva, Apr 11 1985. See al ao, by the same author, “Banx loans to South Africa - mid 1932-19fMm, Centre aqainst Apartheid, Notes and Documents No. 12/85. !w E/5920, pars. 114. E/ E/5920, para. 132, and E/1965/16/Add.l, pars. 37.

ae/ E/1978/24/Add.2, para. 201 E/1979/13/13, pars. 63r E/1980/7, para. 611 E/1981/15, para. 45, a78 E/1981/15, paras. 56 and 57. $y E/1982/24, para. 30.

?1)/ E/1982/24/Add. 1, para. 751 E/1984/56, pars. 371 and the communication by the Minority Riqhts Group dated 21 April 1986. z/ E/1984/56, pora. S2. 72/ E/1984/56/Add.l, para. 8. 73/ E/CN .4/Sub. 2/383, p. 44. ?4/ “Report on th(> Activities in Support of the United Natione Decade 1’or Aqtion to Combat RaciBI ?d Racial Discrimination 1973-1983” (A/C!ONF/CRP.Sl . The Sub-Committee recently .+,jnsored a non-governmental orqanixation Symposium on World Peace and the Liberation of South Africa and Namibia in June 1986 at Genevcr.

-75/ “The Moment of Truth”, OP. Cit. / . . . A/41/550 Enqlirh Paqe 32

Notes (continued) 76/ Report of the Conrultstion on the Churchee’ Involvement in Southern Africa, Zambia, May 1382. 77/ “Churchor raopondinq to racism in the 1980en, report of the World Consultation on Racirm called by the World Council of Churches, the Netherlands, June 1980,

w “Breaking down the Wal’;m!“, World Council of Churchee, Statements and Actiona on Racisa 1948-1985, Geneva, 1986.

-79/ Beate Klein, op. cit. i!!Y Kurt Loibt, “Action in support of the International Anti-Apartheid Year”, .Centro aqain6t Apartheid, Notem and Documents No. 40178 p. 8.

er/ “Aqainrt Raciaml Apartheid and Colonialism”, documents published by the Gorman Democratic Hopublic Committoe for the Decade of Action to Combat Racism and Racial Dircrimination 1949-1977, Staatsverlag DDR, Berlin, 1978. See alsu under the same title documents for the period 1977-1982, Verlag Zeit in Bild, Dresden, 1983.

!w Working paper prepared for the United Nations Seminar on Community Relations Ccmmirmionr and their Functions, (HR/Geneva/l9B5 (l)/WP/Z, pp. 2 and 5) .

!w Information on activities undertaken by private qroupe in certain countries ilr contained in the Neweletter on the Oil Embargo againat South Africa, No. 3, February 1986. !w Report of the International Non-Governmental Organizations Conference for Action aqainmt Apartheid, op. cit., p. 6. See aleo P. Conlon) “The Sasol Coal liquefaction planet economic implicatione and impact on South Africs’a ability to withstand an oil cut-off” , Centre aqainet Apartheid, Notee and Documents No. 10/85. !w “Declaration of the Confersnce of West European parliamentarians on Oil Embatqo aqainet South Africa” , Centre againet Apartheid, Notes and Documents, No. 5/81, para. 13.

E/ See G. Houeert op. cit., p. 16.

!w Report of the International Non-Governmental Orqanizations Conference for Action aqainet Apartheid, op. cit., pp. 7 and 8.

es/ E/CN.4/1986/9, paraa. 325-327.

es/ Reqister of entertainers, actors and others who have performed in Apartheid South Africa” , Centre aqainet Apartheid, Notee and Documents No. 3/86.

?o/ General Aeeembly reeolution 40/64 G (annex) of 10 December 1985.

/ . . . A/4 l/550 Enqlieh Paqe 33

Note8 (continued)

w Hernan Santa Cfuz, Report to the Sub-Commieeion on Prevention of Diecriminstian and Protection of Minorities (E/CN.4/Sub.2/L.660), para. 959.

92/ Flopott of the Seminar on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Diecrimination (ST/Hd/34, pp. 38 and 39.

2Y Report of the Round Table of University Profesaore and Directors of Race Relations Inatitutione on the Teachinq of Probleme of Racial Discrimination (ST/HR/SER.A/'=), p. 15.

y4/ ST/HR/SER.A/7, p. 37. !Y ST/HR/SER.A/9, p. 34. E/ ST/HR/SER.A/ll, p. 27.

97/ sT/HR/SER.A/13, pp. 32 and 33. se/ ST/HR/SER.A/17, pp. 20 and 21.