DOCSLIB.ORG

Participatory Development of Weed Management Technologies in Benin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Participatory Development of Weed Management Technologies in Benin Participatory development of weed management technologies in Benin 2006 WJ 3ldl}0 Tropical Resource Management Papers, No. 83 (2006); ISBN 90-8585-100-9 Also published as thesis (2006), Wageningen University ISBN 90-8504-434-0 Participatory development of weed management technologies in Benin Pierre Vinassého Vissoh Abstract Vissoh, P.V. 2006. Participatory development of weed management technologies in Benin. Ph.D thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 187 pp.with English, French and Dutch summaries. Weeds constitute a major constraint to agricultural production in the Republic of Benin. Agricultural intensification and the evolution towards permanent cropping systems have led to the emergence of novel weed problems. A diagnostic study identified speargrass (Imperata cylindrica) and the parasitic weed Striga spp. as major novel weeds. Both weeds are difficult to eradicate, cause substantial food crop losses and exacerbate rural poverty through crop failure, higher labour inputs, rising costs of production and reduced availability of suitable land. Different actors reacted differently to the weed problem, in terms of the construction of knowledge, labour practices and technology development. Farmers have actively engaged in technology development and new labour practices have emerged. Researchers have not translated the new weed problem into a research priority until recently. As a consequence, inappropriate weed management technologies were proposed, and these showed low adoption. As part of the Convergence of Sciences (CoS) programme, this study attempted through a multiple stakeholder approach, using discovery learning and joint experimentation, to enable farmers to co-develop and use low-cost technologies that are effective and acceptable. The joint learning enabled farmers to better understand the biology of these weeds as a basis for choosing appropriate measures. An integrated strategy, which included deep ridging, deep hoe-weeding and shading by legumes, was more effective in suppressing speargrass than farmers' practices. While this new strategy also improved soil organic matter and nitrogen to a subsequent maize crop, farmers' need to bridge the hungry gap forced them to trade off legume grain production against speargrass suppression and subsequent maize yield. Farmers are also constrained by labour shortage and the lack of credit. Given their small windows of opportunity, farmers can only gradually reclaim land that is infested by speargrass. Early planting, sorghum transplanting, crop rotation and intercropping, and trap cropping were partly effective in increasing cereal and cowpea yield and in reducing Striga hermonthica and S. gesnerioides. However, these improved practices made also clear that the Striga problem can only be addressed within an integrated crop and soil fertility management strategy. Improved weed management can be best achieved through a Farmer Field School to empower small-scale farmers to be self-reliant in finding their own solutions. Farmer self-assessment indicated that the CoS approach contributed to their increased human and social capital assets, which are a prerequisite for raising their livelihoods. The CoS approach, as applied in this study, is critically reflected upon and recommendations are made for the next phase. Keywords; permanent land use, weeds, indigenous knowledge, integrated crop and soil management, participatory learning, co-research Preface My dream to build on farmers' knowledge dated back from when as a fresh Ingénieur Agronome, I joined a R&D team at the headquarters of the CARDER Atlantique in 1989. I realised that most research recommendations were only partially or not at all used by the small-scale farmers. The members of the research team thought that in order to increase the rate of adoption of the recommended technologies, it would be necessary to build on farmers' own practices. I had become strongly convinced of this idea by the time that I completed my Masters programme, after carrying out my fieldwork in 1993 in the three former southern departments (Atlantique, Mono and Ouémé) of Benin. Subsequently, from my experiences of working with the Sasakawa Global 2000 project, I drew the conclusion that technologies developed by scientists should take into consideration both biological and socio-economic aspects in order to increase their chance of acceptability at farm level. At this time I submitted a PhD research proposal to the University of Reading (UK), which was accepted, but because of a lack of funding, I could not benefit from this opportunity. My dream none the less has become a reality through the Convergence of Sciences (CoS) programme, funded through the International Research and Education Fund (INREF), Wageningen University, The Netherlands, and by the Directorate General of International Cooperation (DGIS), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Netherlands, for which I would like to express my deepest gratitude. My sincere thanks go to the brains trust who conceived this programme, especially to the general coordinator Prof. Dr. Ir. Arnold van Huis for this initiative and his intellectual rigour. I am appreciative also of the scientific coordination committee, composed of Prof. Dr. Ir. Niels Röling, Dr. Dominique Hounkonnou and Prof. Dr. Ir. Arnold van Huis, for their commitment throughout the completion of the first phase of this programme. I here acknowledge in addition the contributions of the national coordinators in Benin and Ghana, respectively Prof. Dr. Ir. Dansou K. Kossou and Dr. O. Sakyi-Dawson. Interdisciplinary work is never the sole effort of the author and this study is no exception. I wish to thank especially the promotors, the CoS working group, farmer colleagues, friends, and my nuclear family, all of whom have contributed in one way or the other to the completion of this thesis. 1 acknowledge above all the invaluable support and contribution of my supervisors, without whom this study would not have been completed. I am indebted to Prof. Dr. Ir. Niels Röling, who at first doubted if working on weeds was opportune and worthwhile but who became convinced by my early results and thereafter showed enthusiasm, faith, trust, support, and scientific rigour, and who contributed substantially to the development of this thesis. I also owe Prof. Dr. Thorn W. Kuyper for his close supervision, his scientific criticism, his perfectionism and his constructive input, without which this work would not have been approved. I am heartily sensible of his extensive comments, recommendations, contribution and the considerable time he has devoted to shaping this thesis. Special thanks go to Prof. Dr. Paul Richards who in fact was the one who triggered the idea of addressing the current pressing weed problems when I presented to him my initial proposal in Wageningen. My thanks go also to Prof. Dr. Janice Jiggins, who contributed to the self assessment of the learning process (Chapter 7), and who suggested involving farmers' groups in a sustainable livelihoods study. I am grateful to Prof. Dr. Ir. Cees Leeuwis for his contribution at the early stage of proposal writing and for providing me with relevant literature, and to Prof. Dr. Ir. Paul Struik and Prof. Dr. Ken Giller for their critical comments during the implementation phase and field visits. Ce travail est le fruit d'une collaboration interuniversitaire. L'équipe de supervision au Bénin a eu une grande part de responsabilité dont elle s'est acquittée avec succes. Je saisis cette occasion pour témoigner ma profonde gratitude au Prof. Dr. Ir. Dansou K. Kossou, coordonnateur national pour toutes ses sollicitudes malgré ses multiples occupations. Au Dr. Ir. Gualbert Gbèhounou, je ne sais exactement comment le remercier pour sa constante sollicitude, sa rigueur, sa probité scientifique et sa contribution combien inestimable pour sortir cette these des sentiers battus. Je reste sensible pour sa supervision rigoureuse malgré notre amitié. Je veux de tout mon coeur le remercier sincèrement et lui demander s'il a souvenance de la nuit partagée ensemble a la station de recherche d'Ina alors que nous rentrions de différentes missions pour nos institutions respectives. J'ai encore vivant a Fesprit les sujets d'ordre scientifique que nous avions échangés et qui ont abouti a 1'obtention d'un exemplaire de votre these sur le Striga. C'est dire que I'engouement que j'ai eu a travailler sur ce parasite et les premières notions sont a votre actif Vous n'avez jamais douté un seul instant de mes capacités a faire cette étude. Je vous en remercie infiniment. Au Prof. Dr. Ir. Adam Ahanchédé, je loue votre rigueur pour le travail bien fait, vos conseils, recommandations ainsi que votre contribution dans 1'aboutissement heureux de ce travail. Au Prof. Valentin Agbo, vos conseils ne m'ont pas fait défaut malgré vos multiples sollicitudes. Soyez-en remercier. Je témoigne aussi ma profonde gratitude Au Dr. Roch Mongbo, pour ses idees fécondes d'anthropologue et de sociologue qui ont enrichi ce travail. Je ne saurais passer sous silence les contributions non négligeables des Dr. Ir. Rigobert Tossou et Simplice Vodouhè. J'apprécie les facilités dont j'ai bénéficiées au niveau du laboratoire de sol du Dr. Guillaume Amadji et les contribitions des Professeurs Nago Maturin et Ambaliou Sanni. A vous Dr. Dominique Hounkonnou, vous êtes pour moi un modèle et une source d'inspiration. Vos conseils, suggestions et recommandations et votre ardent désir de me voir réaliser ce parchemin ont été pour moi la principale
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Agriculture and the Future of Food: the Role of Botanic Gardens Introduction by Ari Novy, Executive Director, U.S
    Agriculture and the Future of Food: The Role of Botanic Gardens Introduction by Ari Novy, Executive Director, U.S. Botanic Garden Ellen Bergfeld, CEO, American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America The more than 320 million Americans alive today depend on plants for our food, clothing, shelter, medicine, and other critical resources. Plants are vital in today’s world just as they were in the lives of the founders of this great nation. Modern agriculture is the cornerstone of human survival and has played extremely important roles in economics, power dynamics, land use, and cultures worldwide. Interpreting the story of agriculture and showcasing its techniques and the crops upon which human life is sustained are critical aspects of teaching people about the usefulness of plants to the wellbeing of humankind. Botanical gardens are ideally situated to bring the fascinating story of American agriculture to the public — a critical need given the lack of exposure to agricultural environments for most Americans today and the great challenges that lie ahead in successfully feeding our growing populations. Based on a meeting of the nation’s leading agricultural and botanical educators organized by the U.S. Botanic Garden, American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, this document lays out a series of educational narratives that could be utilized by the U.S. Botanic Garden, and other institutions, to connect plants and people through presentation
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Agriculture: Long-Term Strategy Or Impossible Dream? Lessons from Prospect Farm in Brooklyn, New York
    public health 129 (2015) 336e341 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Public Health journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/puhe Original Research Urban agriculture: long-term strategy or impossible dream? Lessons from Prospect Farm in Brooklyn, New York * T. Angotti a,b, a Urban Affairs & Planning at Hunter College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA b Prospect Farm in Brooklyn, New York, USA article info abstract Article history: Proponents of urban agriculture have identified its potential to improve health and the Available online 25 February 2015 environment but in New York City and other densely developed and populated urban areas, it faces huge challenges because of the shortage of space, cost of land, and the lack Keywords: of contemporary local food production. However, large portions of the city and metro- Urban agriculture politan region do have open land and a history of agricultural production in the not-too- Land use policy distant past. Local food movements and concerns about food security have sparked a Community development growing interest in urban farming. Policies in other sectors to address diet-related ill- Food safety nesses, environmental quality and climate change may also provide opportunities to Climate change expand urban farming. Nevertheless, for any major advances in urban agriculture, sig- nificant changes in local and regional land use policies are needed. These do not appear to be forthcoming any time soon unless food movements amplify their voices in local and national food policy. Based on his experiences as founder of a small farm in Brooklyn, New York and his engagement with local food movements, the author analyzes obstacles and opportunities for expanding urban agriculture in New York.
    [Show full text]
  • Sharecropping in the US South.∗
    Turnover or Cash? Sharecropping in the US South.∗ Guilherme de Oliveira University of Amsterdam February 4, 2017 Abstract Between 1880 and 1940, US post offices alleviated the isolation of the Southern countryside by posting information about jobs in the growing industrial sector. Hence, post offices enhanced the outside options of employees in a time employers in the farm- ing sector used sharecropping - a contract where employers paid employees with a share of the harvested crop - to avoid labor turnover costs. This paper finds that a new post office in a county decreased sharecropping, which is evidence that sharecropping mostly resulted from the lack of outside options for employees. This is an innovative result in the share contract literature, usually more concerned about sector-level reasons such as labor turnover than about outside options. Furthermore, new light is shed on the current use of sharecropping and other share contracts such as franchising. Since share- cropping and franchising are a form of entrepreneurship, this paper suggests a reason for the negative relation between GDP per capita and entrepreneurship. Keywords: Share Contracts; Turnover; Outside Option. JEL classification: J41; J43; N30; N50. ∗I would like to thank Giuseppe Dari-Mattiacci and Carmine Guerriero for their invaluable contribution as my supervisors. I am especially grateful for the thorough comments by Torsten Jochem and Mehmet Kutluay, and to the input given by the participants at 2016 Conference of the European Law & Economics Association, 2016 Congress of the European Economic Association, 2016 Conference of the Spanish Law & Economics Association, 2016 Conference on Empirical Legal Studies in Europe, the 2015 Ronald Coase Institute Workshop - Tel Aviv, the brownbag seminar of the Finance Group at the University of Amsterdam, and at the Tinbergen Institute PhD seminar.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Tenure Insecurity Constrains Cropping System Investment in the Jordan Valley of the West Bank
    sustainability Article Land Tenure Insecurity Constrains Cropping System Investment in the Jordan Valley of the West Bank Mark E. Caulfield 1,2,* , James Hammond 2 , Steven J. Fonte 1 and Mark van Wijk 2 1 Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1170, USA; [email protected] 2 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Livestock Systems and the Environment, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; [email protected] (J.H.); [email protected] (M.v.W.) * Correspondence: markcaulfi[email protected]; Tel.: +212-(0)-6-39-59-89-18 Received: 17 July 2020; Accepted: 8 August 2020; Published: 13 August 2020 Abstract: The annual income of small-scale farmers in the Jordan Valley, West Bank, Palestine remains persistently low compared to other sectors. The objective of this study was therefore to explore some of the main barriers to reducing poverty and increasing farm income in the region. A “Rural Household Multi-Indicator Survey” (RHoMIS) was conducted with 248 farmers in the three governorates of the Jordan Valley. The results of the survey were verified in a series of stakeholder interviews and participatory workshops where farmers and stakeholders provided detailed insight with regard to the relationships between land tenure status, farm management, and poverty. The analyses of the data revealed that differences in cropping system were significantly associated with land tenure status, such that rented land displayed a greater proportion of open field cropping, while owned land and sharecropping tenure status displayed greater proportions of production systems that require greater initial investment (i.e., perennial and greenhouse).
    [Show full text]
  • Slavery, Sharecropping, and Sexual Inequality
    University of New Orleans ScholarWorks@UNO Sociology Faculty Publications Department of Anthropology and Sociology Summer 1989 Slavery, Sharecropping, and Sexual Inequality Susan A. Mann University of New Orleans, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/soc_facpubs Part of the Gender and Sexuality Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, and the Race and Ethnicity Commons Recommended Citation Mann, Susan A. 1989. "Slavery, Sharecropping, and Sexual Inequality." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture & Society 14, no. 4: 774-798. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Anthropology and Sociology at ScholarWorks@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Slavery, Sharecropping, and Sexual Inequality Author(s): Susan A. Mann Source: Signs, Vol. 14, No. 4, Common Grounds and Crossroads: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in Women's Lives (Summer, 1989), pp. 774-798 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3174684 . Accessed: 12/04/2011 15:32 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Sharecropping in Alabama During Reconstruction: an Answer to a Problem and a Problem in the Making? (Suggested Grade Level: 10Th Grade Advanced U.S
    Title of Lesson: Sharecropping in Alabama during Reconstruction: An Answer to a Problem and a Problem in the Making? (Suggested grade level: 10th Grade Advanced U.S. History to 1877) This lesson was created as a part of the Alabama History Education Initiative, funded by a generous grant from the Malone Family Foundation in 2009. Author Information: Mary Hubbard, Advanced Placement History Teacher, Retired Alabama History Education Initiative Consultant Background Information: The following links offer background information on Alabama sharecroppers during Reconstruction: • Encyclopedia of Alabama offers an extensive selection of articles and multimedia resources dealing with almost all aspects of Alabama history, geography, culture, and natural environment. Typing the word “sharecropping” into the search window yields 18 results, a mix of articles and some very powerful photographs of Alabama sharecroppers that were taken in the 1930s. The first article gives a solid overview of the history of sharecropping/tenant farming and contains links to the other resources. It includes this relevant statement: “It has been estimated that as late as early 1940s, the average sharecropper family’s income was less than 65 cents a day.” • PBS: The American Experience offers a wealth of resources for teachers. The material related to sharecropping was developed in conjunction with the American Experience series entitled “Reconstruction: The Second Civil War.” Overview of lesson: This lesson is designed to introduce the Reconstruction Period and generate greater student interest in learning about how it both succeeded and failed as a response to conditions in the South at the end of the Civil War. It focuses on the sharecropping/tenant system which developed right after the war ended, and persisted in Alabama well into the 1940s.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultivating Farmworker Injustice: the Resurgence of Sharecropping
    Cultivating Farmworker Injustice: The Resurgence of Sharecropping JENNIFER T. MANION* Certain industries in the United States have always relied upon inexpensive, undemanding, and plentiful immigrant workforces. This reliance on outside labor is most notable in the agricultural industry. Indeed, from the southern plantationsfueled by slave labor to the strawberry fields on the West Coast tended by Japanesefarmers, much of the agriculturalwork in this country has been performed by newly--and involuntarily-arrivedpopulations who lack the freedom or ability to seek other means ofsupport. With immigrationfrom other countries, Mexico in particular,on the rise, it is no surprise that many Hispanic immigrants arefinding work in the agriculturalindustry. What is surprisingis that despite the enactment of laws gearedtoward protectingthese workers, they arefinding themselves little better off than their predecessors. The dijffculties that immigrant farmworkers continue to face are due in part to employers' efforts to evade the requirements of protective legislation by labeling their farmworkers as independentcontractors in sharecroppingcontracts. I. INTRODUCTION Lured by the possibility of achieving the independence that they had sought, the Ramirez family of Salinas, California, entered a contract with a local vegetable broker, Veg-a-Mix, that seemed to offer the family a chance to finally "own[ ] [their] own farm and earn[ ] a living from it."' Under the contract, the Ramirez family received a loan from Veg-a-Mix to grow zucchini and in return promised to sell their crops exclusively through the broker.2 After working under these contracts for several years, however, the Ramirez family has nothing to3 show for their hard work except a debt to Veg-a-Mix for approximately $65,000.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Land Tenure Systems Affect Sustainable Agricultural
    sustainability Article Does Land Tenure Systems Affect Sustainable Agricultural Development? Nida Akram 1 , Muhammad Waqar Akram 1, Hongshu Wang 1,* and Ayesha Mehmood 2 1 College of Economics and Management, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China 2 Institute of knowledge and leadership, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-159-4600-2021 Received: 5 July 2019; Accepted: 17 July 2019; Published: 18 July 2019 Abstract: The current study aims to investigate the agricultural investment differences among three kinds of land lease agreements and their effect on farmers’ decisions regarding sustainable growth in terms of soil conservation and wheat productivity, using cross-sectional data from rural households in Punjab, Pakistan. The “multivariate Tobit model” was used for the empirical analysis because it considers the possible substitution of investment choices and the tenancy status’ endogeneity. Compared to agricultural lands on lease contracts, landowners involved in agribusiness are more likely to invest in measures to improve soil and increase productivity. Moreover, the present study has also identified that the yield per hectare is much higher for landowners than sharecroppers, and thus, the Marshall’s assumption of low efficiency of tenants under sharecroppers is supported. Keywords: land tenure; soil conservation; Investment decision; farm productivity; land use sustainability; agricultural development 1. Introduction The reformation of agricultural land has garnered broad support in many countries. Such reformation depends to a certain extent on the assumption that agrarian land under secured land tenancy status is preferable to other types of land right arrangements [1,2]. Secured land rights ensure permanent retention of farmland, which incentivizes and encourages farmers to invest in sustainable development for long-term benefits.
    [Show full text]
  • Caractéristiques Générales De La Population
    République du Bénin ~~~~~ Ministère Chargé du Plan, de La Prospective et du développement ~~~~~~ Institut National de la Statistique et de l’Analyse Economique Résultats définitifs Caractéristiques Générales de la Population DDC COOPERATION SUISSE AU BENIN Direction des Etudes démographiques Cotonou, Octobre 2003 1 LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1: Population recensée au Bénin selon le sexe, les départements, les communes et les arrondissements............................................................................................................ 3 Tableau G02A&B : Population Résidente recensée dans la commune de KANDI selon le sexe et par année d’âge ......................................................................... 25 Tableau G02A&B : Population Résidente recensée dans la commune de NATITINGOU selon le sexe et par année d’âge......................................................................................... 28 Tableau G02A&B : Population Résidente recensée dans la commune de OUIDAH selon le sexe et par année d’âge............................................................................................................ 31 Tableau G02A&B :Population Résidente recensée dans la commune de PARAKOU selon le sexe et par année d’âge (Commune à statut particulier).................................................... 35 Tableau G02A&B : Population Résidente recensée dans la commune de DJOUGOU selon le sexe et par année d’âge .................................................................................................... 40 Tableau
    [Show full text]
  • Will Allen Press
    GROWING POWER is a national nonprofit organization and land trust supporting people from diverse backgrounds, and the environments in which they live, by helping to provide equal access to healthy, high-quality, safe and affordable food for people in all communities. TOGETHER WE ARE GROWING POWERpress kit FEATURED IN NYTimes Magazine FEATURED IN Oprah Magazine FEATURED IN Time Magazine SEE Page 12 SEE Page 17 SEE Page 7 GROWING POWER press kit CONTACT 5500 W. Silver Spring Dr. Phone: (414) 527-1546 Milwaukee WI 53218 Fax: (414) 527-1908 VISIT www.growingpower.org contents 3 about WILL ALLEN 4 about GROWING POWER FAST FACTS about GROWING POWER 5 good food MANIFESTO 8 areas of EXPERTISE Founded: 1993 Former pro basketball player Will Allen 9 2008 MacARTHUR FELLOWS Founder: Location: Milwaukee, WI, with satellite offices in 10 press CLIPS Chicago, IL, and Madison, WI 10 …. TIME Magazine, May 2010 What is Growing Power? 11 … New York Times Magazine, July 1, 2009 Growing Power is the last working farm inside the Milwaukee city limits, with six historic greenhouses, 15 … O (Oprah) Magazine, August 2009 year-round hoop-houses, and farm animal pens 16 … Bon Appetit, June 2010 supporting several agricultural functions - all orga- nized within 3 acres. Growing Power is the leader in 17 … Milwaukee Magazine, April 2010 integrated, diversified urban sustainable agriculture 24 … United Hemispheres, October 2010 and a center of innovation, learning, and inspiration. 25 … Urban Farm Magazine, Spring 2010 Growing Power and the community 29 … Milwaukee Courier, May 29, 2010 In 2010, over 15,000 visitors explored the Growing Power Community Food Center and three thousand 30 … Outpost Exchange Magazine, July 2009 volunteers contributed countless volunteer hours of 35 Awards and Recognition farm labor to Growing Power.
    [Show full text]
  • Monographie Des Départements Du Zou Et Des Collines
    Spatialisation des cibles prioritaires des ODD au Bénin : Monographie des départements du Zou et des Collines Note synthèse sur l’actualisation du diagnostic et la priorisation des cibles des communes du département de Zou Collines Une initiative de : Direction Générale de la Coordination et du Suivi des Objectifs de Développement Durable (DGCS-ODD) Avec l’appui financier de : Programme d’appui à la Décentralisation et Projet d’Appui aux Stratégies de Développement au Développement Communal (PDDC / GIZ) (PASD / PNUD) Fonds des Nations unies pour l'enfance Fonds des Nations unies pour la population (UNICEF) (UNFPA) Et l’appui technique du Cabinet Cosinus Conseils Tables des matières 1.1. BREF APERÇU SUR LE DEPARTEMENT ....................................................................................................... 6 1.1.1. INFORMATIONS SUR LES DEPARTEMENTS ZOU-COLLINES ...................................................................................... 6 1.1.1.1. Aperçu du département du Zou .......................................................................................................... 6 3.1.1. GRAPHIQUE 1: CARTE DU DEPARTEMENT DU ZOU ............................................................................................... 7 1.1.1.2. Aperçu du département des Collines .................................................................................................. 8 3.1.2. GRAPHIQUE 2: CARTE DU DEPARTEMENT DES COLLINES .................................................................................... 10 1.1.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Native Forest Tree Conservation in Tropical Agroforests: Case Study of Cacao Farms in the Atlantic Forest of Southern Bahia, Brazil
    ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! #$%&'(!)*+(,%!%+((!-*.,(+'$%&*.!&.!%+*/&-$0!$1+*)*+(,%,2!3$,(!,%456!*)! -$-$*!)$+7,!&.!%8(!9%0$.%&-!:*+(,%!*)!,*4%8(+.!;$8&$<!;+$=&0! ! >(18$.!>?!>-@&.%6! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 ! ! ! Copyright 2011 Meghan M. McGinty All rights reserved ! ! ! ABSTRACT Native forest tree conservation in tropical agroforests: Case study of cacao farms in the Atlantic Forest of southern Bahia, Brazil Meghan M. McGinty Agroforests are model systems for ecological conservation in tropical agricultural landscapes because they integrate biodiversity conservation and rural livelihoods. Whether agroforests are long-term solutions for conserving biodiversity in agricultural landscapes may depend sapling regeneration of native forest trees in agroforests. In this dissertation, I ask two main questions: are native forest trees regenerating in agroforests and if so, what are the ecological and social drivers? I tested the influence of potential seed sources from both the landscape and parent trees found in the agroforest. I also examined how a set of social factors affected native forest tree regeneration. The social drivers I tested include tree management and use, land tenure and state-restricted rights to harvest native timber. I found that a number of native pioneer species are regenerating at relatively high frequencies and abundances. I also found that many secondary native forest tree species are also regenerating although their sapling are found less frequently and at lower abundances. Most primary forest tree species present as adults are not regenerating and lacked sapling in the agroforests. The influence of the ecological factors was limited. The main drivers of native forest tree regeneration on farms are the understorey management and the rural extension services that assisted farms obtain state-restricted rights.
    [Show full text]