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Kyberpunk a Digerati Filozofická fakulta Ústav české literatury a knihovnictví Kabinet knihovnictví Informační studia a knihovnictví Kateřina Stojaspalová „P RŮKOPNÍCI “ KYBERKULTURY : KYBERPUNK A DIGERATI magisterská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Michal Lorenz 2009 STOJASPALOVÁ,Kateřina.„Průkopníci“ kyberkultury: Kyberpunk aDigerati .Brno: Masarykova univerzita, Filozofická fakulta, Ústav české literatury a knihovnictví, Kabinetknihovnictví.2009.128s.Vedoucídiplomové práceMichalLorenz. ANOTACE Tato diplomová práce se zabývá sociálními fenomény kyberpunk a digerati vširším kontextukyberkultury.Staví se knim jakokhnutím,která svými rozpravami a diskursy pomáhala utvářet kulturní identitu pokročilých informačních a komunikačních technologií (ICT),stejně jakose zasloužila oformování kulturní povahyrané i současné kyberkultury.Obě hnutí jsoupostupně popsána jakosociální skupinyi jakodiskursivní komunity. Kyberpunk je představen jako literární žánr a sociální hnutí tvořící underground kyberkulturya spojující informační technologie se životním stylem.Toto hnutí (složené zrůzných subkultur) vytvořilo vlastní étos, filosofii a představy vztahující sekekultuře,politice imorálcevkyberkultuře.Digerati jsoupředstaveni jako hnutí navazující na kyberpunk,jenž se zasloužiloopropagaci ICT (obzvláště internetu) a o rozšíření kyberkulturních témat do společenského mainstreamu. Digeratům se věnujeme jakoliterátům i samostatné virtuálnítřídě elitníchpracovníků vICT.Vzávěru práce jsou srovnány nejdůležitější vize a prognózy obou hnutí sširším kontextem kyberkultury, jejím vývojem, problémy a aktuálním stavem. Přístup kyberpunku a digeratůkněkterým kyberkulturním tématům je konfrontovánsněkolika alternativními pohledy. KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA Kyberkultura –kyberpunk–cyberpunk–digerati –digitální avantgarda –virtuální třída –kyber-elity–kyber-utopie–digitálnírevoluce –diskurs–internet–kyberprostor. ANNOTATION This diploma thesis deals withsocial phenomenons cyberpunkanddigerati incontext of broader cyberculture.We conceptualize them as movements that have helpedtoshape cultural identity of information and communication technologies (ICT) via their narratives and discourses and that have contributed to formation of early as well as currentcyberculture‘sculturalcharacter.Bothmovementsaresubsequentlydescribedas social groups and also discourse communities. Cyberpunk is presented as a literary genre andas anundergroundsocial movement that have put lifestyle withICT together. This movement (compoundof diverse subcultures) createdspecific ethos,phylosophy andideas relatedtoculture,politics andmorals of cyberculture.Digerati are presented as a movement followingcyberpunk that have meritedinpropagationICT (especially the internet) andexpansionof cybercultural topics tocultural mainstream. We attendto digerati as writers or publicists as well as virtual class of elite ICT workers. In the conclusion of this thesis are compared the most important visions and predictions of both movements with broader context of cyberculture, its development, issues and current situation. The standpoint of cyberpunk and digerati is confronted wiht alternativeviews. KEYWORDS Cyberculture –cyberpunk–digerati –digital avantgarde –virtual class –cyber elites – cyberutopia–digitalrevolution–discourse–internet–cyberspace. Prohlašuji, že jsem předkládanoudiplomovouprácivypracovala samostatně svyužitímuvedenýchpramenůaliteratury. V Brně25.dubna2009 KateřinaStojaspalová VěnovánoOndřejovi NatomtomístěbychrádapoděkovalaPhDr.MichaluLorenzovi zavedenímojí diplomové práce,cennéradyatrpělivý přístup. OBSAH 1 ÚVOD ............................................................................................................................................... 8 2 METODOLOGIE ZPRACOVÁNÍ .............................................................................................. 12 2.1 DOMÉNOVÁ ANALÝZA ..................................................................................................... 14 2.2 DISKURSIVNÍ ANALÝZA ................................................................................................... 17 3 KYBERKULTURA ....................................................................................................................... 20 3.1 VÝVOJ KYBERKULTURY V ČASE ................................................................................... 25 4 KYBERPUNK ................................................................................................................................ 30 4.1 ZÁKLADNÍ VYMEZENÍ ...................................................................................................... 30 Kyberpunk jako doména .................................................................................. 32 4.2 KYBERPUNK JAKO LITERÁRNÍ ŽÁNR ............................................................................ 34 4.2.1 Vlivy na kyberpunk .................................................................................................... 34 4.2.2 Hnutí zrcadlovek ........................................................................................................ 36 4.2.3 Pozdější vývoj ............................................................................................................ 37 4.3 DISKURS LITERÁRNÍHO KYBERPUNKU ........................................................................ 39 4.3.1 Kyberpunkový přístup k technologiím ....................................................................... 40 4.3.2 Kyberpunková vize světa ........................................................................................... 41 Kyberprostor, virtuální realita a umělá inteligence ........................................ 44 4.4 KYBERPUNK JAKO SOCIÁLNÍ HNUTÍ ............................................................................ 47 4.4.1 Subkultury spojené s kyberpunkem............................................................................ 48 4.4.2 Kyberpunkový étos .................................................................................................... 51 4.5 SPLÝVÁNÍ KYBERPUNKU S VĚTŠINOVOU KULTUROU ............................................ 56 5 DIGERATI ..................................................................................................................................... 58 5.1 ZÁKLADNÍ VYMEZENÍ ...................................................................................................... 58 Digerati jako doména ...................................................................................... 60 5.2 DIGERATI – „LITERÁTI:“ MÉDIA ..................................................................................... 61 5.2.1 Digitální avantgarda a časopis Mondo 2000 .............................................................. 61 5.2.2 Digerati kolem časopisu Wired .................................................................................. 63 Internetová verze - HotWired .......................................................................... 66 5.2.3 Edge: „sdružení intelektuálů digitálního věku“ .......................................................... 68 První setkávání digeratů, vznik Edge Foundation Inc. a Reality Clubu ....... 69 Třetí kultura, Reality Club a World Question Centre ...................................... 70 Digerati sdružení Brockmanem ....................................................................... 72 6 5.3 DIGERATI – „LITERÁTI:“ DISKURS .................................................................................. 75 5.3.1 Normy, hodnoty a ideje stojící „za“ diskursem .......................................................... 76 5.3.2 Styl sebeprezentace digeratů ...................................................................................... 78 5.3.3 Stručná explanace průniku kyberkulturního diskursu do kulturního mainstreamu .... 80 5.4 SÍŤOVÁ IDEOLOGIE ........................................................................................................... 82 5.4.1 příklad: Virtuální komunita Howarda Rheingolda ..................................................... 84 5.4.2 příklad: Digitální svět Nicholase Negroponta ............................................................ 86 5.4.3 Kritické ohlasy síťové ideologie ................................................................................ 89 5.5 VIRTUÁLNÍ TŘÍDA .............................................................................................................. 91 5.5.1 Životní styl virtuální třídy .......................................................................................... 93 6 REFLEXE DISKURSU KYBERPUNKU A DIGERATŮ V ŠIRŠÍM KONTEXTU KYBERKULTURY .................................................................................................................................. 96 6.1 UTOPIE, ANTIUTOPIE A REALITA ................................................................................. 100 6.1.1 Web 2.0: diskursivní fenomén současnosti ............................................................ 104 6.1.2 Kyberprostor jako „území nikoho:“ k představě svobodného, neomezeného média 106 6.1.3 Kyberprostor „pro všechny:“ k vizi egalitářství v kyberkultuře ............................... 111 7 ZÁVĚR ......................................................................................................................................... 115 SEZNAM LITERATURY ..................................................................................................................... 119 Seznam kyberpunkové beletrie, která byla v textu zmíněna ...............................................................
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