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Arabic–English Code-Mixing by Jordanian University Students

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Arabic–English Code-Mixing by Jordanian University Students Arabic–English Code-Mixing by Jordanian University Students Reema Salah Al Hayek Dissertation presented to the School of Humanities and Communication Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Western Sydney University Australia 2016 © Reema Al Hayek 2016 Right of Access to Thesis Arabic–English Code-Mixing by Jordanian University Students PhD Thesis I give permission for my thesis to be copied by the Library for purposes of preservation and I agree that the thesis may be freely available both for inspection and for copying. Reema Salah ii Declaration Statement I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is my own work and that to the best of my knowledge it contains no material that has been previously written and/or published by another person except as acknowledged. iii Dedication This work is dedicated to My parents, for all of the sacrifices you have made for my sake… My brothers and sisters, your prayers are what have sustained me thus far… And my husband, Thamer, for your support and presence when no one was there… With love iv Acknowledgement My Lord! Grant me the power and ability that I may be grateful for Your Favors which You have bestowed on me and on my parents, and that I may do righteous good deeds that will please You, and admit me by Your Mercy among Your righteous slaves. The Holy Quran (Chapter 27, Verse 19). (Yusuf, 1998) I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my principal supervisor, Assoc. Professor Mustapha Taibi, who has been an invaluable mentor. I appreciate your patience, encouragement and guidance throughout the process of writing. I would also like to thank Assoc. Professor Bruno Di Biase for his suggestions and continuous help. In addition, I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Alex Yeung for his profound comments and suggestions. My gratitude is extended to Dr Marie Fellbaum Korpi, from The Graduate Research School at Western Sydney University, whose workshops aided my PhD research immensely. I would also like to express my appreciation to my lovely parents, sisters and brothers for their profound support and encouragement. I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my husband, Thamer, who taught me so much about commitment, compromise and sacrifice. The endeavour I undertook as a PhD candidate showed me the reality of thriving beyond the limits of myself in order to achieve my personal best. This journey involved many hardships and in turn created a sense of resilience within me. In retrospect, I can say with confidence and self-satisfaction that I completed this dissertation and strove to the very end because of the continuous support from my principal supervisor, family and friends. v Table of Contents Right of Access to Thesis ........................................................................................... ii Declaration Statement .............................................................................................. iii Dedication .................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................ ix List of Tables .............................................................................................................. x Transliteration System ............................................................................................ xii Abstract .................................................................................................................... xiii Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter One – Sociolinguistic Profile of Jordan ..................................................... 8 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 8 1.2 Research Context ............................................................................................. 10 1.3 Higher Education in Jordan .............................................................................. 10 1.3.1 Undergraduate Level ................................................................................. 11 1.3.2 Postgraduate Level .................................................................................... 11 1.4 Jordan in Numbers ........................................................................................... 11 1.5 Arabic Language .............................................................................................. 13 1.6 Arabic Language Planning: Arabicization ....................................................... 15 1.6.1 Dimensions of Arabicization .................................................................... 17 1.6.1.1 Corpus Arabicization ......................................................................... 17 1.6.1.2 Status Arabicization ........................................................................... 19 1.6.1.3 Acquisition Arabicization .................................................................. 19 1.7 Academies of the Arabic Language ................................................................. 19 Chapter Two – Literature Review .......................................................................... 24 2.1 Definitions ........................................................................................................ 24 2.1.1 Code-switching ......................................................................................... 24 2.1.2 Borrowing ................................................................................................. 25 2.1.3 Interference ............................................................................................... 26 2.1.4 Code-mixing .............................................................................................. 26 2.2 General Studies on Code-Mixing ..................................................................... 30 2.3 Demographic Variables and Language Use ..................................................... 37 2.3.1 Gender ....................................................................................................... 38 2.3.2 Age ............................................................................................................ 40 2.3.3 Place of Residence .................................................................................... 41 2.3.4 Socio-economic Status .............................................................................. 41 2.4 Code-Mixing in Jordan .................................................................................... 41 Chapter Three – Methodology ................................................................................ 54 3.1 Research Paradigm ........................................................................................... 54 3.2 Research Sites .................................................................................................. 55 3.3 Participants ....................................................................................................... 55 3.4 Data Collection ................................................................................................. 61 3.4.1 Questionnaire ............................................................................................ 62 3.4.2 Focus Group Interviews ............................................................................ 63 3.4.3 Systematic Observation ............................................................................. 65 3.5 Data Analysis ................................................................................................... 66 3.5.1 Qualitative Data Analysis ......................................................................... 66 vi 3.5.2 Quantitative Data Analysis ....................................................................... 67 3.6 Mixed-Methods Approach ............................................................................... 68 3.7 Methodological Approaches ............................................................................ 69 3.8 Qualitative Data Collection Procedures ........................................................... 71 3.9 Quantitative Approach ..................................................................................... 73 3.10 Pilot Study ...................................................................................................... 74 3.10.1 Focus group meetings or interviews ....................................................... 75 3.10.2 Questionnaire .......................................................................................... 76 Chapter Four Qualitative Data – Results and Discussion ................................... 77 4.1 Results of Initial Interviews and Post-questionnaire Interviews ...................... 77 4.1.1 Interview 1 ................................................................................................ 77 4.1.2 Interview 2 ................................................................................................ 79 4.1.3 Interview 3 ...............................................................................................
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