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LIVERANI, Mario, (Ed.) — Neo-Assyrian Geography

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LIVERANI, Mario, (Ed.) — Neo-Assyrian Geography 251 BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LV N° 1/2, Januari-April 1998 252 ARCHEOLOGIE LIVERANI, Mario, (ed.) — Neo-Assyrian Geography. (Quaderni di Geografia Storica). Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma, (30 cm, X, 282). Datum boek ont- vangen: 30/05/96 This beautiful and very informative overview of current research on the Geography of the Neo-Assyrian empire is the fruit of a conference organized by the editor in Rome in 1993. The book, which comprises papers by the best scholars in the field, aims at offering an up-to-date and comprehensive guide to Assyrian Geography lato sensu, i.e. at creating a research tool which is not limited to the simplistic location of ancient sites but rather focused on the reconstruction of the diachronic evolution of the Assyrian socio-political system in its terri- torial projection by means of old and new research methods. The contributors are Assyriologists, Historians of the Ancient Near East, and Archaeologists with much experience in prac- tical fieldwork in the vast territory once occupied by the Assyrian empire. In the light of the great variety and wealth of information presented it is impossible to give a pertinent account of every article; therefore, I shall limit my commen- tary to few short remarks. The volume contains 17 essays grouped in two parts. The first one is devoted to a regional analysis of the territorial extension of the NA empire from Iran to Palestine and to a discussion of its historical and political geography. The arti- cle by N. Postgate on the “home provinces” provides a view from the core area of the Assyrian Empire and is intended as a critical review of the relevant section of Forrer’s Provinz- einteilung des assyrischen Reiches. After a brief discussion of the terminology of the provincial system, the author focuses on the theory of the reform of the provincial system by Tiglath-pileser III put forward by Forrer and taken for granted by all following scholars. Postgate’s invalidation of Forrer’s theory of the introduction of the bel pakhiti system under Tiglath-pileser and his attribution to the reign of Adad- nirari III of the reorganization of some of the provinces, which were broken up into smaller units in order to curb the power of the local “dynasties” of governors, are well- grounded. Selected aspects of the geography of Babylonia after the transition from the Middle to the Neo-Babylonian period are discussed by J.A. Brinkman. In his essay the author focuses on the physical appearance of the countryside, restricting himself mainly to the hydrology of the western part of Baby- lonia, i.e. to the wandering of the Euphrates and its branches and to the impact on agriculture and trade caused by the shift in water resources. Most of the available evidence is derived from the Assyrian annals and letters and the Babylonian eco- nomic, legal and topographical texts. This tremendous mass of information is unfortunately only partially counter-bal- anced by archaeological and environmental evidence from geo-archaeological surveys and excavations conducted by Adams, Gasche, Gibson, Cole and others. The effort made by Brinkman to interlink these data results in a very inter- esting and complex picture of water, land and urbanism relo- cation in Babylonia in the early first millennium, but many other aspects of the natural and cultural landscape of the region, such as the ancient fauna and flora and the human impact on the natural landscape, to mention only the most significative, remain still a task for the future. 253 BOEKBESPREKINGEN — ARCHEOLOGIE 254 J.E. Reade offers a synthetic overview on the historical therefore entirely in the hands of Ahuni of Bit-Adini, who geography of Iran revising a previous study published by him- held towns and villages at a few kilometre’s distance from self in Iran 16, 1978. The long debated problem of the loca- the city. tion of Hubushkia is now convincingly solved locating From an archaeological perspective S. Mazzoni singles out the kingdom in the upper valley of the Lower Zab, around two phases in the process of urbanization of Northern Syria the Khaneh plain (cf. also the article by Lanfranchi; on the during the Iron Age. A first phase (Iron Age I, 12th-mid contrary in the same volume Salvini, following Kessler, is 9th century) was marked by new foundations and the replan- inclined to support a different location of Hubushkia along ning of older centres, and was connected with the flourish- the upper reaches of the Upper Zab, in the area of Hakkari/ ing of the Luwian and Aramaic kingdoms. The second stage Yüksekova). A further aim of Reade’s article is to define the (IA II-III, mid 9th-7th century), which coincides with the limits of Assyrian penetration in Iran combining textual and Assyrian conquest, was characterized only by the further archaeological sources and the linguistic evidence related to improvement of the urbanization process and is witnessed modern toponyms. in the archaeological record by the construction of outer and Some problems concerning the historical geography of lower towns in many centres, such as Til-Barsip and Kha- the border zone between Assyria and Urartu are discussed by datu. In short, the Assyrian conquest resulted as being inef- M. Salvini and K. Kessler, while H. Kühne presents a fective on the urbanization process of Syria since urbanism diachronic picture of the Assyrian settlement pattern in the had already been achieved through internal transformation lower Khabur valley and in the adjacent steppe of the Wadi during the very beginning of the Iron Age. On the contrary, {Ajij between 1250 and 610 BC. Although the title of the during the 7th century the loss of autonomy by the local king- contribution (“The Assyrians on the Middle Euphrates and doms caused a general decline of the urbanization process in the Khabur”) seems to place the discussion within a broader the whole region. geographical framework, the archaeological evidence of the The regional section of this proceedings volume ends with Middle Euphrates is taken into account only in a very lim- an essay by N. Na}aman on the province system and the set- ited way (for the publication of these data see e.g. Simpson tlement patterns in Southern Syria and Palestine in the NA 1983, Geyer-Monchambert 1987, Abdul-Amir 1988). For the period. Particularly interesting is the attempt by the author to MA period Kühne has reconstructed a three tier settlement assess the impact of the Assyrian mass deportations “on pattern along the Khabur supported by a regional irrigation demography, settlement distribution and economic activity” canal flowing on the eastern river bank to Dur-katlimmu. in the area of modern Israel and Transjordan by means of The present reviewer has shown elsewhere that neither in archaeological and textual evidence. The general conclusions the archaeological record nor in the distribution pattern of drawn for each area by Na}aman seem acceptable, but in the the MA settlements does any evidence whatsoever exist end they are often based on little hard archaeological evi- which could support the presence of a regional canal system dence, most of it being only circumstantial. Furthermore, his (Morandi Bonacossi 1996, 100-01). This was built only in reliance upon the overall numbers of deportees mentioned in the Late Assyrian period. During the 7th century the lower the Assyrian sources seems excessive. Khabur and the adjacent steppe give evidence of a very inten- The second part of the book (“Special Subjects”) deals sive occupation with a five tiered settlement hierarchy linked with a variety of specific and perhaps more innovative top- by means of a net of traffic routes to the centre of the Assyr- ics. Many contributions of this section do indeed succeed in ian empire. presenting a fresh new perspective on old problems by using The very interesting articles by J.D. Hawkins and S. Maz- new approaches. After a critical review of the history of his- zoni, devoted respectively to the political geography, and to torical geography from the period of the first discoveries to the settlement patterns and the new urbanization process of the Répertoire Géographique of Nougayrol, Kupper and Lee- North Syria and South-East Anatolia in the Iron Age are mans and the TAVO project directed by himself, Röllig points strictly connected, although the latter was placed in the sec- out the future tasks for historical geography. These range ond part of the volume. Hawkins’ contribution is mainly from the obvious identification of ancient sites, which, how- aimed at reviewing the substantial new documentary discov- ever, today should be pursued with a higher consciousness of eries of the last twenty five years relating to the Neo-Hittite its complexity and with new analytical procedures, to the less and Aramean states and at assessing their importance in obvious analysis of natural and rural landscapes and of their expanding our knowledge of this subject. The author presents interaction, to the study of ancient and modern forms of too many striking new sources on Malatya, Karkamish and nomadism and pastoralism, to end with the exploration of Til-Barsip, Kummuh and Gurgum, Sam}al and Unqi, Hamath the conceptual and ideological awareness and representation and Arpad, Que and Tabal to be able to survey them. I shall of the world by ancient man (or, less optimistically, by the therefore limit myself to add a new piece of evidence to the ruling class). Although much has been done in these fields composite picture presented by Hawkins on the Karkamish- during recent years, we cannot yet consider these topics and Til-Barsip area. Recent excavations on the site of Tell Shiukh the related sets of research methods fully achieved by all Fawqani, located 6 km downstreams from Karkamish on scholars working on the Ancient Near East.
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