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Aswa8-27-Becker-2008 TRAVAUX DE LA MAISON DE L’ORIENT ET DE LA MÉDITERRANÉE N° 49 ARCHAEOZOOLOGY OF THE NEAR EAST VIII Actes des huitièmes Rencontres internationales d’Archéozoologie de l’Asie du Sud-Ouest et des régions adjacentes Proceedings of the eighth international Symposium on the Archaeozoology of southwestern Asia and adjacent areas TOME II edited by Emmanuelle VILA, Lionel GOURICHON, Alice M. CHOYKE, Hijlke BUITENHUIS Aswa VIII Lyon 28 juin-1er juillet 2006 Lyon, June 28th-July 1st, 2006 Ouvrage publié avec la participation de la Région Rhône-Alpes et de l’UMR 5133, Archéorient, Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée Tome II Benjamin S. ARBUCKLE Caprine exploitation at Erbaba Höyük: A Pottery Neolithic village in Central Anatolia . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 345 Bea DE CUPERE, Refi k DURU, Gülsün UMURTAK Animal husbandry at the Early Neolithic to Early Bronze Age site of Bademaªacı (Antalya province, SW Turkey): evidence from the faunal remains . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 367 Polydora BAKER Economy, environment and society at Kilise Tepe, Southern Central Turkey – Faunal remains from the 1994-1998 excavations . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 407 Mohammed AL-ZAWAHRA The faunal remains from Tell el-Mafjer, a Chalcolithic site in the Lower Jordan Valley, Palestine . .. .. .. .. 431 Jennifer PIRO Pastoral economies in Early Transcaucasian communities from the mid-4th to 3rd millennium BC .. .. .. .. 451 Margarethe UERPMANN, Hans-Peter UERPMANN Animal economy during the Early Bronze Age in South-East Arabia . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 465 Angela VON DEN DRIESCH, Helmut BRÜCKNER, Henriette OBERMAIER, Anja ZANDER The hunt for wild dromedaries at the United Arab Emirates coast during the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. Camel bones from the excavations at Al Sufouh 2, Dubai, UAE . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 487 Jill A. WEBER Elite equids: redefi ning equid burials of the mid- to late 3rd millennium BC from Umm el-Marra, Syria . .. .. 499 Lilit MIRZOYAN, Nina MANASERYAN Archaeozoological investigation of the site of Shirakavan, 3rd-1st millennia BC, Armenia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 521 Nina MANASERYAN Réduction de la variété spécifi que des vertébrés au cours de l’Holocène en Arménie . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 533 Chiori KITAGAWA The status of fallow deer in Ancient Egypt: autochthonous or introduced? .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 541 Marco MASSETI A zoomorphic gold fi gurine from the Late Bronze Age on the island of Thera (Santorini), Greece . .. .. .. .. 553 Cornelia BECKER The faunal remains from Dur-Katlimmu—Insights into the diet of the Assyrians ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 561 344 E. VILA, L. GOURICHON, A.M. CHOYKE, H. BUITENHUIS Jacqueline STUDER, Annegret SCHNEIDER Camel use in the Petra region, Jordan: 1st century BC to 4th century AD .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 581 Yves LIGNEREUX, Henriette OBERMAIER, Simon SCHNEIDER Les restes animaux du Palais d’Amathonte à Chypre, à l’époque classique (Ve et IVe siècles av. J.-C.) . .. .. .. 597 Tarek OUESLATI Spatial fl uctuation of food habits in Byzantine Beirut (Bey 002, Bey 028, Bey 115) . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 629 Archaeozoology of the Near East VIII TMO 49, Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon, 2008 THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM DUR-KATLIMMU— INSIGHTS INTO THE DIET OF THE ASSYRIANS 1 Cornelia BECKER ABSTRACT Despite all that Near Eastern archaeologists and experts on cuneiform tablets can tell us about the Assyrians and their many achievements, we still have only a limited understanding of particular aspects of their everyday life, for example their meat diet. This is due to the silence of the texts with reference to such mundane matters and an overall scarcity of representative faunal materials from Assyrian sites. However, archaeological research at Tell Sheikh Hamad, whose Assyrian name was Dur-Katlimmu, has not only provided a considerable quantity of tablets but also a large number of animal bones. It is the aim of WKLVSDSHUWRFRPSDUHERWKVRXUFHVLQRUGHUWR¿QGZKDWWKH\PD\WHOOXVDERXWFRQVXPSWLRQDQGHFRQRP\ In addition, the results of analyses further our understanding of the exploitation of natural resources and the extent to which human activities had already shaped the environment during the 2nd and 1st millennium BC in north-eastern Syria. .H\ZRUGV:Assyria, Dur-Katlimmu, 1st and 2nd millennium BC, cuneiform tablets, meat consumption, intra-site comparison. RÉSUMÉ (QGpSLWGHWRXWFHTXHOHVVSpFLDOLVWHVGHO¶DUFKpRORJLHSURFKHRULHQWDOHHWOHVH[SHUWVGHVWDEOHWWHV FXQpLIRUPHVSHXYHQWUpYpOHUVXUOHV$VV\ULHQVHWOHXUVDFWLYLWpVQRXVQHGLVSRVRQVTXHG¶XQHFRQQDLVVDQFH OLPLWpHGHQRPEUHX[DVSHFWVGHOHXUYLHTXRWLGLHQQHHQSDUWLFXOLHUHQFHTXLFRQFHUQHO¶DOLPHQWDWLRQFDUQpH &HODUpVXOWHGXVLOHQFHGHVWH[WHVFRQFHUQDQWFHVVXMHWVWULYLDX[HWVXUWRXWGHODUDUHWpGHVDVVHPEODJHV UHSUpVHQWDWLIVGHUHVWHVDQLPDX[LVVXVGHVLWHVDVV\ULHQV&HSHQGDQWOHVUHFKHUFKHVDUFKpRORJLTXHVj7HOO 6KHLNK+DPDGGRQWOHQRPDVV\ULHQpWDLW'XU.DWOLPPXRQWOLYUpQRQVHXOHPHQWG¶LPSRUWDQWHVTXDQWLWpV GHWDEOHWWHVPDLVDXVVLXQJUDQGQRPEUHG¶RVVHPHQWVDQLPDX[&HWDUWLFOHFKHUFKHjFRPSDUHUFHVGHX[ W\SHV GH VRXUFHV HQ WHQDQW FRPSWH GH OHXU ¿DELOLWp UHVSHFWLYH TXDQW DX[ TXHVWLRQV G¶DOLPHQWDWLRQ HW G¶pFRQRPLH'HSOXVOHVUpVXOWDWVGHFHVDQDO\VHVDSSRUWHQWGHVpOpPHQWVGHFRPSUpKHQVLRQFRQFHUQDQW O¶H[SORLWDWLRQGHVUHVVRXUFHVQDWXUHOOHVHWODSDUWTX¶DYDLHQWGpMjOHVDFWLYLWpVKXPDLQHVGDQVOHPRGHODJH GHO¶HQYLURQQHPHQWDX[,,e et Ier PLOOpQDLUHDY-&GDQVOHQRUGHVWGHOD6\ULH Mots-clés :$VV\ULH'XU.DWOLPPX,er et IIePLOOpQDLUHVDY-&WDEOHWWHVFXQpLIRUPHVDOLPHQWDWLRQ FDUQpHFRPSDUDLVRQLQWUDVLWH 1. Institutefor Prehistoric Archaeology, Free University Berlin, Altensteinstr. 15, D-14195 Berlin, Germany, e-mail: [email protected] 562 C. BECKER INTRODUCTION Tell Sheikh Hamad (hereafter “TSH”) is a huge artifi cial mound located on the left bank of the river Khabur in north-eastern Syria (fi g. 1). This site is unusual in a number of respects. In 1977, the tell achieved fame when by accident thirty cuneiform tablets were washed out of the soil. This discovery enhanced the results of extensive archaeological research carried out since that time under the guidance of Hartmut Kühne (Institute for Near Eastern Archaeology, Free University Berlin, Germany). Campaigns of excavation were begun in 1978 and continue today. Further tablets both from the Middle and the Neo-Assyrian period were discovered, now amounting to several hundred specimens. They contain a wealth of information, mostly administrative and bureaucratic in nature, but also touch on socio-political and even private issues (Röllig 1983, 1999, in press; Cancik-Kirschbaum 1996; Röllig, Tsukimoto 1999; Radner 2003). Also the Assyrian name of the site, Dur-Katlimmu, has been recognised from these texts. The Middle Assyrian tablets, an example of which is presented in fi gure 2, mainly refer to agricultural products and livestock management. Among many other things, they list names of shepherds and cowherds employed by the government as well as the numbers and kinds of animals in their care. This contrasts with the Neo-Assyrian texts, which generally constitute private law documents from high dignitaries: only a few texts of this period concern administrative matters, such as the sale of estates and slaves. Meanwhile the history of Dur-Katlimmu has been revealed (Kühne 1991, 1993/1994, 1997, 2006). It was inhabited from the 4th millennium BC until the 3rd century AD. More than 30,000 square metres have been excavated and hundreds of thousands of archaeological fi nds registered. The number of papers published on the site exceeds 160. They discuss a variety of themes (see bibliography in Kreppner 2006). The number of animal remains recovered to date amounts to more than 100,000. This refuse, leftovers from slaughtering and consumption, is indicative for the meat diet of the inhabitants, for the use of specifi c raw materials, and for the exploitation of natural resources. Fig. 1—Map of the study area with location of Syrian sites mentioned in the text (modifi ed map from Akkermans, Schwartz 2003, p. 328, 362). The discovery of administrative texts and bone refuse from the same period and from the same location opens the possibility of bringing face-to-face two different archaeological sources with approximately the same focus: economy and supply. Such an idea was already translated into action by Chiara Cavallo (2002) during the 5th ASWA conference at the Yarmouk University in Irbid/Jordan: for the Late Bronze Age THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM DUR-KATLIMMU 563 occupation at Tell Sabi Abyad (cf. ¿J), she presented one of the rare attempts to relate osteological data (5,600 animal bones) with information from cuneiform texts (ca 300) in order to detect more clearly economic patterns in the Balikh valley. Melinda Zeder (1991) made another, no less ambitious attempt. She analysed large amounts of animal bones from Iranian sites and placed them into context with the aid of administrative texts found at Drehem (LELG 31f.). In these records, transactions involving different kinds of animals in the Sumerian Kingdom of Ur III were noticed. Other more recently excavated Near Eastern sites such as Tell Chuera and Qatna (cf. ¿J) would present comparably favourable situations for such analysis. a b )LJ²76+'XU.DWOLPPX&XQHLIRUPWDEOHWRI0LGGOH$VV\ULDQGDWH 6+,EUHDGWKFP DIURQWYLHZEEDFNYLHZ IURP.KQH7DI THE HISTORY OF DUR-KATLIMMU DURING THE 2nd AND 1st MILLENNIUM BC 7KH¿UVWLPSRUWDQWSKDVHRIEORVVRPLQJDW'XU.DWOLPPXFDQEHDVFHUWDLQHGIRUWKH0LGGOH$VV\ULDQ period. During the reigns of Shalmaneser I (1273-1244 BC)
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