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Opportunities for Collaboration Between the European Union (EU), Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) EU-LAC Fundation

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Opportunities for Collaboration Between the European Union (EU), Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) EU-LAC Fundation Bi-Regional Economic Prospects EU-LAC Fundation Jonatan Paton, Nestor Bercovich, Belén Barroeta Clusters and Cluster Policy: Opportunities for collaboration between the European Union (EU), Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) EU-LAC Fundation Jonatan Paton, Nestor Bercovich, Belén Barroeta Clusters and Cluster Policy: Opportunities for collaboration between the European Union (EU), Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) October 2018 EU-LAC FOUNDATION, 2018 Grosse Bleichen 35 20354 Hamburg, Germany www.eulacfoundation.org PUBLISHED BY: EU-LAC Foundation, SEGIB AUTHORS: Jonatan Paton (INFYDE S.L) Nestor Bercovich (INFYDE S.L) Belén Barroeta (INFYDE S.L) GRAPHIC DESIGN: Juan Barrera PRINTING: Scharlau GmbH DOI: 10.12858.1118EN This study was funded by the EU-LAC Foundation and SEGIB (with the support of the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation, AECID). The EU-LAC Foundation is financed by its Members and, in particular for this project, by the European Union, Germany and the Kingdom of Spain. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and cannot be considered as the point of view of the EU-LAC Foundation, its Member States or the European Union, nor of SEGIB and AECID. This publication is copyrighted, although it may be freely reproduced by any means for educational purposes or to carry out promotion, advocacy or research activities as long as the source is cited appropriately. The holders of the copyright request to be informed of the mentioned uses in order to evaluate their impact. For the reproduction of this text in any other circumstances, its use in other publications, or its translation or adaptation, must obtain the prior written permission of the publisher. In this case, please contact us by email:[email protected] This document has been drawn up by INFYDE for the European Union-Latin America and the Caribbean Foundation (EU-LAC Foundation) and the Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB), within the framework of the Competitiveness Poles Project 2017-2018. It is the result of the contents included in each of the 4 thematic reports of the Competitiveness Poles Project in its Phase 2 (2017-2018), together with the contributions received by the members of the Competitiveness Poles Project Working Group during the organised sessions. October 2018 version Authors: Jonatan Paton (INFYDE S.L.) Nestor Bercovich (INFYDE S.L.) Belén Barroeta (INFYDE S.L.) Acknowledgments: Jaime del Castillo (INFYDE SL), Jairo Llarena (INFYDE SL), Javier Benítez (INFYDE SL), Luis Fierro (EU-LAC Foundation) and Ignacio Suárez (SEGIB) for the revisions made to the various thematic documents, as well as the participants in the Working Group sessions of the Competitiveness Poles. https://www.linkedin. com/groups/8649039/ INDEX ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS LIST VI TABLE LIST VIII FIGURE LIST VIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1. INTRODUCTION 5 2. STARTING POINT IN LAC: SUMMARY OF PHASE 1 CONTRIBUTIONS (2014-2015) 8 3. ELEMENTS OF INTEREST FROM LAC: THEMES TO BE DEVELOPED IN THE PROJECT 10 3.1 Policies for Innovation, Competitiveness and Smart Specialisation Strategies (RIS3) 10 3.2 Clusters and Cluster Policies 11 3.3 Areas of Interest between Clusters and Regions 12 4. THEME 1: INTERNATIONAL TRENDS IN CLUSTER POLICIES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH SMART SPECIALISATION 13 4.1 Cluster policies at international level 14 4.1.1 European Union 14 4.1.2 United States 16 4.1.3 Asia 17 4.1.4 Latin America and the Caribbean 18 4.2 Clusters and smart specialisation 20 4.3 Clusters as tools for RIS3 Strategies 22 4.4 Some reflections about cluster and smart specialisation convergence in LAC 26 5. THEME 2: CLUSTER POLICY AND INNOVATION STRATEGIES IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY CASE 28 5.1 Context of the Basque Country case 28 5.2 Formation stage: 1990-2000 29 5.3 Strategic focus on the cooperation and diversification Stage: 2000-2012 30 5.4 Cluster management transformation and adaptation to RIS3: 2013-2018 32 5.5 Some reflections for LAC 35 IV 6. THEME 3: SUSTAINABILITY OF CLUSTER INITIATIVES 38 6.1 Importance of sustainability and viability of clusters 38 6.2 Some lessons from Europe 41 6.2.1 On funding mix 41 6.2.2 Cluster value added offer 43 6.2.3 On cluster management 46 6.3 Reflection on cluster sustainability in LAC 48 6.3.1 Some problems for sustainability of clusters in LAC 49 6.3.2 Some preliminary lessons 51 7. THEME 4: COOPERATION AGREEMENTS BETWEEN REGIONS AND CLUSTERS OF LAC AND THE EU 54 7.1 EU-LAC cooperation 54 7.1.1 Cooperation in EU-LAC regional policies: towards cluster-smart specialisation mix 57 7.1.2 Main collaborative programmes in the framework of c lusters and smart specialisation 58 7.2 Inter-cluster collaboration in Europe: examples 62 7.3 Inter-cluster experiences in LAC 64 7.3.1 Cluster agreements at the local or national level 64 7.3.2 Cluster agreements among different countries 66 7.4 Final Reflections on EU-LAC cooperation in clusters and territorial strategies 68 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 70 8.1 Conclusions 70 8.2 Recommendations 72 REFERENCES 73 V ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS LIST AECID Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation AEI State Research Agency of Spain BIE Ibero-American Bank of Evaluators CBRIS Cooperation on Cross-Border Regional Innovation Systems CECMA Agricultural Machinery Business Cluster from Argentina CELAC Community of Latin American and Caribbean States CI Cluster Initiatives COSME Programme for the Competitiveness of Enterprises and SMEs CTI Science, Technology and Innovation CYTED Ibero-American Programme for Science and Technology for Development DNI National Directorate of Industry of Uruguay ECCP European Cluster Collaboration Platform ECEI European Cluster Excellence Initiative ECO European Cluster Observatory EFQM European Foundation for Quality Management EOCIC European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change ERDF European Regional Development Fund ESCA European Secretariat for Cluster Analysis EU European Union FDI Foreign Direct Investment GDP Gross Domestic Product HEGAN Aeronautics and Space Cluster Association of the Basque Country IBEPI Ibero-American Industrial Property Programme ICCP Industrial Complex Cluster Programme of South Korea ICT Information and Communications Technology IDB Inter-American Development Bank IPTS Institute for Prospective Technological Studies IUC International Urban Cooperation Programme JIRI Joint Initiative on Research and Innovation JRC Joint Reseach Centre KETs Key Enabling Technologies LAC Latin America and the Caribbean LPA Arranjo Produtivo Locais of Brazil LTC Lombard Technological Clusters MC Mini Clusters VI MDIC Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade of Brazil METI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan MIUR Ministry of Education, University and Research of Italy ORU-FOGAR United Regions Organization / Forum of Regional Governments and Global Associations of Regions R&D Research and Development R&D&i Research and Development and Innovation RICI Regional Innovation Cluster Initiative RIS3 Regional Innovation and Smart Specialisation Strategies RIS3-PE Smart Specialisation Strategies in Selected Innovative Territories RVCTI Basque Science and Technology Network SBA Small Business Administration SEGIB Ibero-American General Secretariat SGs Steering Groups SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises SPRI Basque Business Development Agency VII TABLE LIST Table 1 How can you organise clusters into a regional/national development strategy? The RIS3 case 23 Table 2 Contribution of Cluster Initiatives (CI) in the DEFINITION of RIS3s 24 Table 3 Contribution of Cluster Initiatives in the IMPLEMENTATION of RIS3s 25 Table 4 Contribution of Cluster Initiatives in the MONITORING of RIS3s 26 Table 5 Overview of Cluster Association in the Basque Country Autonomous Region in 2017 33 Table 6 A review of the most common services offered by clusters and corresponding levels of contribution and assessment 45 FIGURE LIST Figure 1 Evolution of financing mix in European clusters 2010-2017 43 Figure 2 Factors linked to cluster services that reduce costs and increase sales of companies: the case of Spain 44 Figure 3 The most common services offered by clusters and corresponding levels of contribution and assessment: the case of Silicon Saxony 46 Figure 4 Interrelated dimensions of cluster structure sustainability: lessons from European experience 48 VIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document is the result of the “Competitiveness Poles” Project, promoted by the EU-LAC Foundation and the Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB), whose objective is focused on fostering collaboration between clusters and territories of the European Union (EU) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). This project had a first phase of implementation by the EU-LAC Foundation during the period 2014-2015, when a Working Group was organised that carried out various activities involving the exchange of experiences and a search for cooperation agreements between clusters on both sides of the Atlantic. The second phase of the project, initiated in 2017, has facilitated the launching of spaces for reflection and debate on the strengthening of cooperation and competitive development in the EU and LAC regions, using the clusters and their policies and associated initiatives as the central reference for the project. The first rounds of discussion within the Working Group, initially with a greater number of representatives of LAC, enabled progress to be made in knowledge of the current status of Clusters and Cluster Policies in
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