DOCSLIB.ORG

Reviews Demystifying Hypnosis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reviews Demystifying Hypnosis Reviews Demystifying Hypnosis Hypnosis: The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective. Edited by Nicholas P. Spanos and John F. Chaves. Prometheus Books, 1989. 511 pp. Cloth $34.95. Lewis Jones f I tell you what I'm thinking or in all, and the text is backed up by feeling, how do you know I'm speak- about 1,500 references. I ing the truth? For centuries philo- What is hypnosis? Spanos and sophers have chewed over the Chaves point out that for most Problem of Private Events, and it has laypeople and many research workers been tackled from the isolation of the and health-care providers, it involves philosopher's study, by sittin' and a trance, or at least an altered state thinkin'. of conciousness that is brought on by And then the experimental psy- repetitive verba! rituais, known as the chologist came along, took the prob- induction procedure. The person lem away from the philosopher, and hypnotized allegedly becomes a pas- shook it by the scruff of the neck. sive automaton and comes under the Take statements like these: "I don't control of the hypnotist. remember where I heard that"; "I've The vogue began with the German forgotten the word"; "I don't know physician Anton Mesmer in the late why I did that"; "It doesn't hurt"; "I've eighteenth century. At that time, his gone deaf"; "I can't see it"; "It's red." "animal magnetism' was investigated There are two ways of finding out by the Royal Commission in France. whether these statements are true. Their experiments led them to the One is to simply ask the speaker and conclusion that the patient's "imagi- believe whatever he says. The other nation and expectant desire" were is to sit down and figure out independ- sufficient to account for Mesmer's ent ways of getting at the truth. On results. the face of things, many of these Not that this stopped the march of statements may seem to be beyond mesmerism. It became entwined with investigation, but tackling them has a range of other occult beliefs and got produced some of the most ingenious a new lease on life. And now here we testing procedures devised by exper- are toward the end of the twentieth imental psychologists. (Yes, I'm afraid century with the American Psycho- the word experimental is necessary.) logical Association sheltering a full- Hypnosis is a case in point, and fledged Division of Psychological Hypnosis, a collection of essays and Hypnosis (are there other kinds?). studies edited by Nicholas Spanos and It is about 40 years now since John Chaves, is well stocked with the T. R. Sarbin (one of this book's results of tests. There are 19 papers contributors) threw out the long-held 302 SKEPTICAL INQUIRER, Vol. 14 belief in an "altered state of conscious- ness." And in the 1960s, T. X. Barber finally unsheathed the simple weapon that had been the death of so many groundless belief systems—the con- trol group. One group was given a hypnotic induction procedure, a second group was asked to just imagine whatever was suggested to them, and a third group was simply urged to do their best to respond to suggestions. "Hypnotized subjects responded to suggestions for age regression, hallu- cination, amnesia, pain reduction, and so forth—but so did the controls. And those who were simply told, "Do your best," did just as well as those who were "hypnotized." (I'm afraid the word hypnotized often has to go about with quotes acting as bodyguards.) Other researchers soon found that nonhypnotic subjects also did as well in producing "so-called immoral, self- goal is "to behave like a hypnotized destructive, or criminal behavior." It person as this is continuously defined turned out that all subjects knew by the operator and understood by the perfectly well that they would be safe subject" (R. W. White). For many from harm since they were aware they subjects, merely defining the situation were taking part in experiments in an as hypnosis results in their classifying academic setting. everyday behaviors like arm-raising as The subjects who did best in tests "involuntary." And T. X. Barber and of hypnotic susceptibility were those D. S. Calverley made the amusing who had been asked to pretend to be discovery that when a group of hypnotized. And hypnotic perfor- subjects were told that hypnosis was mance could be noticeably improved a test of gullibility, "hypnotic respond- with some training. In other words, ing was virtually nullified." what had been thought of as a genet- When a subject is told that he will ically endowed susceptibility was in perform a certain action on cue after fact a skill that could be learned. "waking up," is that action really Some fairly recent work has sug- beyond his control? Thirteen subjects gested that hypnotic susceptibility were told to scratch their ear when might be related to the trait of they heard the word psychology, and "absorption." ("Do you become com- they all did so. The hypnotist gave the pletely absorbed and 'lose yourself in impression that the experiment was watching a film, reading a book, over and had an informal conversation listening to music?") But this too has with a colleague in which the cue word now fallen by the wayside. was used: Nine of the subjects failed The fact is that hypnotic subjects to respond. When the hypnotist then know how hypnotic subjects are intimated that the experiment was still supposed to behave, and their general in progress, seven of those nine began Spring 1990 303 responding again. Another experi- Furthermore, most amnesics will menter found that all post-hypnotic confess to remembering more and responding stopped when he left the more of the "forgotten" material room, apparently to attend an under adequate pressure, "to the emergency. extent that they have nothing left to In a similar experiment, Spanos and remember when amnesia is lifted." his associates found that subjects all Coe's conclusion on the result of dutifully coughed when they heard post-hypnotic amnesia studies: the word psychology in the experimen- "Responsive hypnotic subjects can be tal situation. But Spanos had arranged viewed as engaged in strategic enact- for a confederate to pose as a lost ment to fulfill the role of a good student asking for the psychology hypnotic subject as they perceived it." department. None of the subjects Hypnotic deafness? If you get responded to the cue word. someone to read or speak into a I. F. Hoyt and J. F. Kihlstrom have microphone and feed back the sound concluded that "post-hypnotic of his voice into headphones after a information-processing is no different momentary time lag, his speech will from nonhypnotic information- become seriously disrupted, with processing." slurring, hesitations, and stammering. Subjects are sometimes given a Hypnotic subjects claiming to be deaf post-hypnotic suggestion that they show the same disruptions. will not remember certain key words. "High-susceptible" subjects and Do they really forget these words? "low-susceptible" subjects have been According to their verbal reports, they told that they are deaf in one ear. Then do. But according to their galvanic skin pairs of words have been presented resistance, they don't. simultaneously, one member of the In another example, subjects are pair to each ear. Subjects should only given a list of words to learn. They be able to hear words presented to are then "hypnotized" and given their "good" ear. In fact, both groups another list to learn. This second list show the same number of intrusions has been constructed so as to interfere from the "deaf" ear. with the recall of the first list. Some Color-blindness? When hypnoti- subjects are then given a post- cally color-blind subjects are shown hypnotic amnesia suggestion to forget the Isihara "malingering" card, they the second list. Other subjects are report that they can't see the number given no suggestion. When recall is that in fact can be seen by all genuinely tested later, subjects in both groups red/green-blind individuals. recall the first list at the same level. Post-hypnotic negative hallucina- William C. Coe asks simply: "Is their tions? Hypnotically blind subjects amnesia credible?" continue to process the visual infor- Spanos and others found that mation they claim not to see. between 40 and 63 percent of their There are a number of standard "amnesic" subjects later admitted that ways of reducing the effects of pain they had suppressed their reports. (e.g., self-distraction, placebos, relax- Coe writes: "Perhaps we should ation, cognitive re-interpretation, wonder how many did not confess?" positive imagery). Does hypnosis do And he comments: "The 'skill' they a better job? employ is not reporting." Not surpris- Perhaps the best-known (and most ingly, simulators are just as successful often quoted) person to use mesmer- in employing this "skill." ism for surgical pain was the 304 SKEPTICAL INQUIRER, Vol. 14 nineteenth-century physician John Esdaile. He reported thousands of minor surgical procedures. Medical 'Hypnotized' subjects workers in Austria, in France, and in responded to suggestions for the United States tried to replicate his successes. They all failed. age regression, Like the acupuncture miracle- hallucinations, amnesia, pain workers of China, Esdaile plied his reduction, and so forth—but trade in a distant clime (in his case, India)—"far from the din of skeptical so did the controls. And those colleagues" in the polite phrase of John who were simply told 'Do Chaves. your best' did just as well. When the time came to investigate Esdaile's achievements, the Bengal government appointed a commission.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download Download
    The Journal of article Does Clinical Hypnosis Have Anything to Do with Experimental Hypnosis? Michael Heap, PhD* Hypnosis originated as a healing practice and its historical roots can be traced back to the ideas and methods of the physician Franz Anton Mesmer in 18th century Europe. As we now understand it hypnosis is a normal psychological phenomenon that can be in- vestigated in the laboratory and understood in terms of mainstream psychology and the neurosciences. Normally one would expect there to be continuity between experimental research and theory on the one hand and the practical application of hypnosis on the other. In this paper it is suggested that there is reason to question how much the clini- cal application of hypnosis is informed by the non-clinical scientific evidence and even whether clinicians can be said to be using hypnosis as it is now defined and understood in the academic literature. These matters are also briefly addressed by reference to certain other contexts in which hypnosis is applied. The historical antecedents of Introduction modern hypnosis Implicit or explicit in most descriptions of hyp- A good starting point for this enquiry is to remind nosis are two key components, namely the ‘hyp- ourselves of the historical development of modern notic trance’ (or ‘altered state of consciousness’) hypnosis, the true origins of which can be traced and the use of suggestion. The two are presumed directly back to 18th century Europe and the ideas to be linked in that the subject is more responsive and practices of the Austrian physician Franz mbr.synergiesprairies.ca to suggestions when he or she is ‘in a hypnotic Anton Mesmer (1734–1815).
    [Show full text]
  • Magnétisme Animal
    Magnétisme animal Le magnétisme animal, aussi appelé mesmérisme, est un ensemble d'anciennes théories et pratiques thérapeutiques qui se e e développèrent de la fin du XVIII siècle à la fin du XIX siècle en Occident et qui eurent un impact important sur le 1 développement de la médecine, de la psychologie et de la parapsychologie . Le médecin allemand Franz-Anton Mesmer, qui postulait l'existence d'un fluide magnétique universel dont on pouvait faire une utilisation thérapeutique, introduisit l'expression magnétisme animal en 1773. Il avait l'ambition de donner une interprétation rationnelle à des phénomènes que l'on peut décrire sous le terme général de « transe » et qui, tels quels, 2 semblent désigner l'irrationnel ou la magie . Alors qu'il se voulait fondateur de science, ramenant ce qui relevait jusque-là du 3 surnaturel à l'étude des propriétés d'un fluide naturel, il est devenu l'archétype du charlatan et le magnétisme animal 4 l'archétype d'une pseudo-science . Véritable phénomène de société, le magnétisme animal a fait l'objet de nombreuses polémiques, notamment en France, avec la Faculté de Médecine qui a condamné cette pratique pour les médecins dès 1784. Cela n'a pas empêché le magnétisme animal de continuer à se répandre sous diverses formes, certains magnétiseurs continuant à attribuer ses effets au fluide de Mesmer, d'autres les attribuant à la volonté ou à l'imagination du magnétiseur et du magnétisé. Ces derniers sont à l'origine de 5 théories sur l'hypnose développées par des médecins comme James Braid ou Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    Nash vita, pg. 1 CURRICULUM VITAE Michael R. Nash, Ph.D., ABPP Home: 865-212-9898 Psychology Department Office: 865-974-3326 The University of Tennessee FAX: 865-974-3330 Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0900 [email protected] EDUCATION 7/82 - 6/83 Clinical Internship. Yale University School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry. 9/79 - 6/83 Ph.D., Clinical Psychology, Ohio University, Department of Psychology. 9/76 - 6/78 M.A., Clinical Psychology, University of North Dakota Department of Psychology. 9/69 - 6/73 B.A., Biology, Gettysburg College. EXPERIENCE 9/86- Present Assistant, Associate, and Full Professor, Department of Psychology, The University of Tennessee: Teaching, Clinical Supervision, and Research in APA approved Clinical Psychology Program. 8/83 - 8/86 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of North Texas: Teaching, Clinical Supervision, and Research in APA approved Ph.D. program in Clinical Psychology. 1982 - 1983 Predoctoral Internship, Yale University School of Medicine. Primary Placement: Substance Abuse Treatment Unit Assessment and treatment of substance addicted adolescents and adults in hospital, residential, and outpatient settings. Secondary Placement: Outpatient Psychotherapy Unit Therapy and assessment service provided to a diagnostically diverse outpatient population. BOOKS Fromm, Erika & Nash, M. R. (Eds.). (1992). Contemporary hypnosis research. New York: Guilford Press. Fromm, Erika. & Nash, M. R. (1997). Psychoanalysis and Hypnosis. Madison, CT: International Universities Press. Nash, M. R., & Barnier, A. (Eds.) (2008) The Oxford handbook of hypnosis: Theory, Research, and Practice Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. PUBLICATIONS Nash, M. R., Johnson, L. S., & Tipton, R. (1979). Hypnotic age regression and the occurrence of transitional object relationships. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 547-555.
    [Show full text]
  • Goal-Directed Fantasy, Imaginative Involvement, and the Development of Suggestibility
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Master's Theses 1975 Goal-Directed Fantasy, Imaginative Involvement, and the Development of Suggestibility Martin W. Ham University of Rhode Island Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses Recommended Citation Ham, Martin W., "Goal-Directed Fantasy, Imaginative Involvement, and the Development of Suggestibility" (1975). Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 1598. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/1598 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GOAL-DIRECTEDFANTASY , IMAGINATIVEINVOLVEJl1ENT , ANDTHE DEVELOPMENT OF SOOCESTIBILITY BY MARl'INW . HAM A THESIS SUBMITTEDIN PARl'liL FULFILLMENTOF THE ~lJIRB)IFl{TS FOR THE DmREE OF MASTEROF ARTS IN PSYCHOLOGY UNIVERSITYOF RHODEISLAND 1975 ABSTRACT studies have repeatedly demonstrated a developmental trend in suggestibility -- responsiveness to suggestions traditionally asso­ ciated with the tezm hypnotin is low for those under six years of age, r.lses to a peak near the ages of nine through eleven , and pro­ gressively declines the:reatter . It has also been consistently shown that with adult populations , involvement in task-relevant 1111agin­ ings , functions as a cognitive strategy enhancing response to sug­ gestion. On the basis of evidence such as this , at least one in­ vestigator, J. HUgam, has suggested that changes 1n responsiveness with age are due to variations 1n 1:mag1native 1nvolvaent . Speci­ fically , it has 'been proposed that the decline in suggestibility aay be the result of an increased developmental trend tolf&1'da :ra­ tional-logical mode of thinking , which is inconsistent with the in­ volvement in 1aag1.na.tive processes so important in responsiveness to suggestion .
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Psychology
    Biological Psychology Unit Two AH Mr. Cline Marshall High School Psychology * Altered States • Meditation • As you just experienced, Guided meditation is one way that you can learn to focus your attention. • Another way that you can tune out the noise and concentrate your thoughts is by repeating a mantra or phrase. • For example, in the Hindu religion, meditation is considered an important facet of their religion, and they chant the sacred “Ohm” to reach these alternate states. • So, you can reach an altered state of consciousness through meditation and relaxation techniques. • When you focus your attention and increase awareness of your own physical and mental processes, it's possible to ignore the distractions of the outside world. • Meditation has been shown to have positive effects on its practitioners, including reduced stress levels and improved physical and mental health. * Altered States • Meditation • Meditation leads to increased alpha and theta brainwaves, which are linked to relaxed states of mind. • Hypnosis • Close your eyes. Slowly open them. Close your eyes again. Notice how good it feels to rest. Slowly open them. Close them again. Your eyelids feel heavy. Slowly open them. Close them again. Each time you open them, your eyelids feel heavier and heavier. You're getting very sleepy. • If you're open to the power of suggestion, you may be more easily put in an altered state through hypnosis than someone who's less susceptible to conformity, obedience and suggestion. • Under hypnosis, your perception and actions are influenced by the hypnotist's suggestions. • Freud hypnotized his patients in an attempt to bring their unconscious desires to the surface.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of a Problem-Solving and Imagery-Based Suggestion on Analgesic Responding in Low, Medium, and High Hypnotizable Females
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 12-1994 The Effects of a Problem-Solving and Imagery-Based Suggestion on Analgesic Responding in Low, Medium, and High Hypnotizable Females Gloria Haddad Taggett Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior Commons Recommended Citation Taggett, Gloria Haddad, "The Effects of a Problem-Solving and Imagery-Based Suggestion on Analgesic Responding in Low, Medium, and High Hypnotizable Females" (1994). Dissertations. 1854. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/1854 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECTS OF A PROBLEM-SOLVING AND IMAGERY-BASED SUGGESTION ON ANALGESIC RESPONDING IN LOW, MEDIUM, AND HIGH HYPNOTIZABLE FEMALES by Gloria Haddad Taggett A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Psychology Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 1994 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE EFFECTS OF A PROBLEM-SOLVING AND IMAGERY-BASED SUGGESTION ON ANALGESIC RESPONDING IN LOW, MEDIUM, AND HIGH HYPNOTIZABLE FEMALES Gloria Haddad Taggett, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 1994 This study assessed the effects of a problem-solving suggestion as compared with an imagery-based suggestion on analgesic responding in subjects scoring in the low, medium, and high ranges on scales of hypnotizability.
    [Show full text]
  • Hynotic Trance
    RealMagick Article: What is hypnotic trance? Does it provide unusual physical or mental capacities? by Todd I. Stark Services What is hypnotic trance? Does it Article Featured in The RealMagick Home provide unusual physical or mental Newsletter Newsletters [credits] Discussions capacities? June, 2001 (Litha) Treasure Chest Contribute Articles by Todd I. Stark Volume II, Number 4 Send To a Friend June 15, 2001 Popular Articles Affiliate Sites Guest Book Site Map 2.1 'Trance;' descriptive or Awards misleading? RealMagick Most of the classical notions of hypnosis have long held that hypnosis was Keyword Search special in some way from other types of interpersonal communication and that an induction (preparatory process considered by some to be neccessary in the production of hypnotic phenomena) would lead to a state in which the subject's awareness and behavioral responding was some how altered from Advanced the usual. Similar Articles The name historically most commonly associated with this altered state of functioning is 'trance,' a term shared by the description of the activities of Current Topic certain spiritualist mediums and other phenomena that some psychologists Home might refer to as 'dissociative,' because something about the individual's personality appears split off from the usual response patterns to the Parapsychology environment. Hypnosis Trance, for reasons we shall examine here, can be a very misleading term for what is going on in hypnosis, since it is not neccessarily a sleep or stupor as some of traditional connotations of the term trance imply. Comments or Suggestions? But 'trance' is so ubiquitous in literature that it might serve us to be familiar Email Gwydion with its uses and the issues underlying it, and to use it as a starting point.
    [Show full text]
  • Hypnosis & Consciousness
    Master Thesis 2019 Philosophical Anthropology and Philosophy of Culture Leiden University Timon Krause Hypnosis & Consciousness An Examination of the Relationship Between Hypnosis and the Concept of Consciousness Thesis Supervisor: Dr. J. J. M. Sleutels Contact Author: Timon Krause www.timonkrause.com 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Scope of Research 1 1.2 Importance of Research 1 1.3 Structure of Research 1 1.4 Reasons for this Particular Approach 2 2. Introducing Hypnosis 4 2.1 The Suspect Origins of Hypnosis 4 2.2 The Appearance of Hypnotic Behaviour 5 2.3 The Phenomenology of Hypnosis 5 2.4 Explananda of Hypnosis 6 2.4.1 Explanandum One: Physical Phenomena 7 2.4.2 Explanandum Two: Mental Phenomena 8 2.4.3 Explanandum Three: Suggestibility 9 2.4.4 Explanandum Four: Time Distortion 9 3. Hypnosis and Consciousness 11 3.1 Consciousness as “What it is Like” 11 3.2 Consciousness as Self-Consciousness 12 3.3 Ned Block’s A-Consciousness and P-Consciousness 12 3.4 Hypnosis and A-Consciousness 15 4. Explaining Hypnosis 17 4.1 Dissociation Theories of Hypnosis 17 4.1.1 Hilgard’s Hidden Observer 18 4.1.2 Dissociation Theories and Physical Phenomena 18 4.1.3 Dissociation Theories and Mental Phenomena 19 4.1.4 Dissociation Theories, Suggestibility and Time Distortion 19 4.1.3 Dissociation Theory’s Mystery Process 20 4.2 Social Role-Taking Theory of Hypnosis 20 4.2.1 Social Role-Taking Theory and Physical Phenomena 21 4.2.2 Social Role-Taking Theory and Mental Phenomena 21 4.2.3 Social Role-Taking Theory and Suggestibility 22 4.2.4 Social Role-Taking Theory and Time Distortion 23 4.2.5 The Hypnotic Subject’s Unawareness of Their Role 23 4.3 Cognitive-Behavioural Theory of Hypnosis 24 4.3.1 Cognitive-Behavioural Theory and Isolated Hypnotic Phenomena 24 4.3.2 Criticism of Cognitive-Behavioural Theories 25 4.4 The Problem of Consciousness in Modern Hypnosis Models 26 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Mesmer on Animal Magnetism
    History of Psychology: Mesmer on Animal Magnetism http://web.archive.org/web/20040710162753/http://www.unbf.ca/psycho... Propositions Concerning Animal Magnetism, by Anton Mesmer, 1779 [ 1] [Sir Thomas Browne complained in the middle of the 17th century that "Quacksalvers and charlatans deceive the people." [ 2] Quacks are still among us, but sometime in the 18th century they changed their sales pitch. Anton Mesmer was among the most famous to offer a cure that sounded like new physical science but which leading scientists investigated and rejected. When Mesmer finally closed his elegant clinic in Paris, he was able to afford a small but comfortable estate in the country, to which he quietly retired. Potential buyers, and sellers, too, of any sort of new therapy might wish to know how he recruited so many paying clients. - dgl ] 1. A responsive influence exists between the heavenly bodies, the earth, and animated bodies. 2. A fluid universally diffused, so continuous as not to admit of a vacuum, incomparably subtle, and naturally susceptible of receiving, propagating, and communicating all motor disturbances, is the means of this influence. 3. This reciprocal action is subject to mechanical laws, with which we are not as yet acquainted. 4. Alternative effects result from this action, which may be considered to be a flux and reflux. 5. This reflux is more or less general, more or less special, more or less compound, according to the nature of the causes which determine it. 6. It is by this action, the most universal which occurs in nature, that the exercise of active relations takes place between the heavenly bodies, the earth, and its constituent parts.
    [Show full text]
  • JSE 262Online.Indd
    JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION A Publication of the Society for Scientifi c Exploration (ISSN 0892-3310) Editorial Offi ce: Journal of Scientifi c Exploration, Society for Scientifi c Exploration, Kathleen E. Erickson, JSE Managing Editor, 151 Petaluma Blvd. So., #227, Petaluma, CA 94952 USA [email protected], 1-415-435-1604, (fax 1-707-559-5030) Manuscript Submission: Submit manuscripts online at http://journalofscientifi cexploration.org/ index.php/jse/login Editor-in-Chief: Stephen E. Braude, University of Maryland Baltimore County Managing Editor: Kathleen E. Erickson, Petaluma, CA Associate Editors Carlos S. Alvarado, Atlantic University, Virginia Beach, VA Daryl Bem, Ph.D., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Robert Bobrow, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY Courtney Brown, Emory University, Alanta, GA Etzel Cardeña, Lund University, Sweden Jeremy Drake, Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA Bernard Haisch, Digital Universe Foundation, USA Michael Ibison, Institute for Advanced Studies, Austin, TX Roger D. Nelson, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ Mark Rodeghier, Center for UFO Studies, Chicago, IL Michael Sudduth, San Francisco State University, CA Book Review Editor: P. D. Moncrief ([email protected]) Assistant Managing Editor: Elissa Hoeger, Princeton, NJ Society for Scientifi c Exploration Website — http://www.scientifi cexploration.org Chair, Publications Committee: Robert G. Jahn, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ Editorial Board Dr. Mikel Aickin, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ Prof. Olivier Costa de Beauregard, University of Paris, France Dr. Steven J. Dick, U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington, DC Dr. Peter Fenwick, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK Dr. Alan Gauld, University of Nottingham, UK Prof. Richard C. Henry (Chairman), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Concept
    CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction 2 What is "Self"? 2.1 Definitions of self constructs 2.1.1 Self-esteem 2.1.2 Self-efficacy 2.1.3 Self-confidence 2.1.4 Self-concept 3 Historical conceptions of "Self" 3.1 "Self" in the 20th century 4 Self-concept 4.1 Definitions and meaning of self-concept 5 Self-esteem 5.1 Definitions and meaning of self-esteem 5.2 Key Difference between self-concept and self-esteem. 5.3 Similarities between self-concept and self-esteem 6 Hypnosis and clinical hypnosis 6.1 Definitions and meaning of hypnosis 6.2 The steps of hypnotic Induction/ Session 6.3 Trance levels 6.4 Changes during hypnosis 6.5 How does hypnosis work? 6.5.1 Acts at subconscious 6.5.2 What is the subconscious mind? 6.5.3 Consciousness vs. unconscious mind 1 6.5.4 Access subconscious through conscious mind 6.5.5 Levels of consciousness 7 Historical backgrounds of hypnosis 7.1 History of hypnosis 8 Definition of “Clinical hypnosis” 8.1 Clinical hypnosis is employed for treating various problems 9 What is hypnotherapy? 9.1 How is a hypnotic trance induced? 9.2 What hypnosis can do for children? 9.3 Hypnosis on children has been shown effective for their various problems 9.4 Can children respond to hypnosis? 10 Rational of the study 11 Operational definitions of the terms 11.1 Self-concept 11.2 Self-esteem 11.3 Hypnosis 11.4 Clinical hypnosis 11.5 Affirmation group 11.6 Visualization group 11.7 Affirmation and visualization group 11.8 Primary school 11.9 Public school 11.10 Private school 11.11 Urban area 12 Delimitations of the study 2 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION There are powers of the mind and the life-force which have not been included in nature's present systemization of mind and life in matter, but are potential and can be brought to bear upon material things and happenings or even brought in and added to the present systematization so as to enlarge the control of mind over our own life and body or to act on the minds, lives, bodies of other or on the movements of cosmic Forces.
    [Show full text]
  • “Multiple Systems” Versus Dissociative Identity Disorder: Life-Style Or Mental Illness?
    Running head: MULTIPLE SYSTEMS AND DID 1 “Multiple Systems” versus Dissociative Identity Disorder: Life-Style or Mental Illness? Megan Sullivan Lycoming College MULTIPLE SYSTEMS AND DID 2 With the popularization of the Internet within the last twenty years, and its increasing use as a forum for nameless individuals to voice thoughts they would otherwise keep private, many groups have risen out of anonymity. Utilizing various blogging platforms and social media, these fringe groups are attempting to normalize their behavior by commiserating with similar individuals. One such group calls themselves “multiple systems” or “plural people.”1 According to Astraea’s Web (2007), an online collection of information regarding this mental state, multiplicity is defined as “Two or more independent people who use the same body; the experience of sharing the body with others.” Essentially, in a similar way that the majority of people experience a single consciousness in their single body, a multiple system experiences at least one other additional, complete, and independent consciousness who may or may not share control of the physical body. It differs from the traditional definition of Dissociative Identity Disorder in that the individual insists they are consciously aware of the world while their other identities are present, or “fronting” (DSM-IV, 2006; Astraea’s, 2007). The number of individuals a person might claim to have sharing their body varies, but the number is typically greater than two (Astraea’s, 2007). This research paper will operate under the following assumptions. While Dissociative Identity Disorder and Multiplicity have existed as psychological concepts for many years, the present research paper intends to focus on the modern adolescents who choose to share their lives via internet blogging platforms such as Tumblr and Blogspot.
    [Show full text]