8. Quitting Smoking and Beating Nicotine Addiction

Quitting Gender, Women, and the Tobacco Epidemic 8. Quitting Smoking Th e importance of cessation is recognized in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO and Beating Nicotine FCTC).7 Article 14 of the WHO FCTC encourages Addiction Parties to implement demand-reduction measures concerning tobacco dependence and cessation, including Introduction implementing eff ective cessation programmes and providing counselling services. Cessation of tobacco use by women worldwide must become an urgent priority to reduce the devastating Nearly 9 out of 10 smokers in four eff ects of tobacco on the health of women and their children. Despite the warnings and known dangers countries—Canada, the United of cigarette smoking and use of other tobacco products, over 5 million deaths annually are attributable to Kingdom, Australia, and the United tobacco, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).1 When tobacco use was predominantly a male States—say they regret smoking. behaviour, most of the burden of death and disability attributable to smoking fell on male smokers, as large numbers of men died of lung cancer, pulmonary and car- Tobacco use worldwide diff ers by gender in important diovascular disease, and other tobacco-related diseases. ways. Prevalence rates of smoking among men have However, the increase in women smokers over the past remained steady or have declined, while rates among 30 years has made the long-term health consequences women and girls have increased.4,8–10 Th us, smoking of smoking for women increasingly evident. As noted cessation among women is a major target of tobacco already in this monograph, lung cancer has become a control and needs to be an essential component of a signifi cant cause of death for women worldwide and has comprehensive tobacco control programme in every become the leading cause of cancer death for women in country. Programmes addressed to women should the United States.2 determine whether gender-specifi c considerations and programming are needed.11 WHO has reported that In many countries, the majority of smokers want tobacco control eff orts increase cessation rates. In to quit. In a representative survey of 1750 smokers in countries of all income levels, the most cost-eff ective ways Germany, Greece, Poland, Sweden, and the United to decrease tobacco use are increasing tobacco taxes and Kingdom, 73.5% of the participants reported wanting creating smoke-free environments.11 Other methods that to stop smoking.3 In the United States, the demand for have proven eff ective globally include bans on tobacco eff ective ways to reduce smoking is high: more than 70% 4 company advertising and sponsorship, requiring tobacco of smokers have expressed a desire to quit, and nearly containers to have warning labels, and publicizing policy 40% report an attempt to quit each year.5 Most smokers interventions. Although gender diff erences regarding are addicted tobacco consumers, not satisfi ed customers. policy eff orts have not been extensively studied, WHO Nearly 9 out of 10 smokers in four countries—Canada, recommends a gendered perspective in tobacco control the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States— measures. Th is would mean banning tobacco companies say they regret smoking. Women are more likely to from sponsoring events such as female-dominated fashion express regret about smoking than men, and they fi nd shows, concerts, sporting events, and social events. quitting more diffi cult.6 Th e psychological, behavioural, Because in some countries women are more likely than and physical aspects of nicotine addiction make cessation men to be illiterate, the use of illustrated warning labels diffi cult, leading to low rates of successful attempts to on tobacco containers is also recommended.11 Th is chapter quit, despite the desire to do so and the discomfort of off ers a view of tobacco cessation with a special focus on smoking. Policy changes and eff ective implementation women and their needs. Factors aff ecting the process of of prevention and intervention programmes that quitting for women, such as depression and weight gain, address the needs of women smokers will be needed to are addressed, and recommendations are provided for increase successful and sustained cessation by women. achieving cessation of tobacco use by women. 153 Gender, Women, and the Tobacco Epidemic: 8. Quitting Smoking and Beating Nicotine Addiction Trends The inequality in cessation rates among women of different SES demonstrates a need to create specific approaches for reaching women who lack the resources The majority of smokers initiate tobacco use in to obtain traditional treatments. Federico et al. suggest their youth.12 Cessation usually occurs later in life, that the failure to disseminate information regarding the after extensive exposure to nicotine and the injurious harms of smoking in a timely and effective manner for carcinogens and chemicals in tobacco smoke. Sustained all socioeconomic groups was one significant reason for smoking, genetic susceptibilities, exposure to other that inequality.14 In addition, tobacco companies target harmful substances, multiple life stresses and struggles, low-SES women with messages of achieving independence, and social support for smoking contribute to creating weight loss, and stress relief through smoking.18 These and sustaining nicotine dependence. The addiction to marketing messages are particularly effective because nicotine is rooted in both physiological and psychological low-SES women often lack strong support systems and factors and is maintained by an environment that must cope with stressful or difficult living circumstances makes cessation difficult for both men and women. on a daily basis. Nevertheless, quitting smoking as early as possible remains the single most effective method for decreasing Although smoking is on the decline in many risk from tobacco exposure and nicotine addiction. industrialized countries as a result of aggressive and Surveys in many countries show that smokers can comprehensive tobacco control efforts, smoking rates quit. In the United States, the 2006 National Health among women and girls are on the rise in developing Interview Survey (NHIS) indicated that approximately countries,19,20 and females in these countries have lower 20.8% of adults (45.3 million) were classified as current cessation rates.21 Despite the efforts of organizations cigarette smokers,13 a significant decrease from the such as the Fogarty International Center (www.fic.nih. 42% rate in 1964. The majority of smokers in 1964 gov), the Institute for Global Tobacco Control (www. were males, whereas today the percentages of male jhsph.edu/IGTC), the Pan American Health Association and female smokers are almost equal. Most (80.1%) (www.paho.org), and Research for International Tobacco are daily smokers. However, the NHIS highlights the Control (www.idrc.ca/ritc), little research has addressed finding that more than half (50.2%, or 45.7 million women’s quitting patterns in many of these countries, individuals) of the 91 million individuals who have partly because of limited and uncertain funding.22 smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetimes are Therefore, most of our information is from studies in now classified as former smokers. While the decline in industrialized countries, although we recognize that prevalence for both men and women is encouraging, information on women smokers in developing countries almost half of the ever-smokers in the United States could be significantly different. continue to smoke, and approximately half of those smokers are women. Perspectives on Change Many of the women who continue to smoke are disadvantaged from the standpoint of socioeconomic Determining the best way to help smokers quit is a status (SES). International research has found that the difficult task. Recently, researchers have begun to view SES of women smokers is relevant to quit rates. In three smokers as consumers of cessation services and are actively birth cohorts that included nearly 30 000 Italian women, investigating what smokers most want when they seek those who had less than a high-school education were help to quit. The needs and wants appear to differ among significantly less likely to quit smoking than those with different subgroups of smokers. Weber et al.23 categorized a high-school education or more,14 despite the fact that 431 smokers in a medical-care setting into three subgroups, in the two older cohorts—those born between 1940 and according to demand for smoking cessation services. Those 1959—rates of initiation were higher for women with more who had the highest demand for smoking cessation were education. Similar inequalities have been found among more likely to report being heavy smokers, but they also women in other European countries, although shifts in had some confidence in their ability to quit and considered the trend towards increased smoking among lower-SES quitting a high priority. Interest in cessation counselling groups have occurred during different decades.15–17 seemed to be most related to age, cigarettes smoked per 154 Gender, Women, and the Tobacco Epidemic: 8. Quitting Smoking and Beating Nicotine Addiction month, whether smokers were currently trying to quit, and whether they were ever told to quit smoking by a health- While the decline in prevalence for care provider. Successful marketing of cessation products and services requires knowledge of what would be most both men and women is encouraging, useful to

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