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ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1 R 4EJ, ENGLAND 8022270 E v a s c u, T h o m a s L y n n SEGAGEA: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN A TRANSYLVANIAN MOUNTAIN VILLAGE OF ROMANIA The Ohio State University Ph.D. 1980 University Microfiims International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 18 Bedford Row, London WC1R 4EI, England SEGAGEA: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN A TRANSYLVANIAN MOUNTAIN VILLAGE OF ROMANIA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Thomas L. Evascu, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1980 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. Erika Bourguignon Dr. John C. Messenger Dr. Chung-Min Chen idviser Department of Anthro'^blogy PREFACE The fieldwork material and most of the biblio­ graphic information which is presented in this disserta­ tion were obtained while I was a Fulbright-Hays_predoc- toral research grantee in the Socialist Republic of Romania from September, 1975 to August, 1977* I would like to thank those people at the American Embassy in Bucharest who were so helpful in resolving many of the administrative problems which arose during my two-year residence in the country. I would also like to thank my Romanian hosts who did everything that they could to assist me in my research project as well as to make my visit to Romania the enjoy­ able one that it was. I am especially grateful to Dr. Professor Dumitriu Pop who was my in-country adviser throughout the period of my research. I am also indebted to Mrs. Yiorica Pascu, the director, and the staff members of the Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania in Cluj-Napoca who aided me in my preparation for the field. In this regard, no one was more helpful to me than Mr. Tiberiu Graur. Without his professional assistance and personal friendship very few of my fieldwork goals would have been realized. ii I would also like to give a special recognition to Dr. Valer Butura, a former director of the Ethnographic Museum, for his kind support during my stay in the field. As "both a native of the Western Mountain region (from Salciua-de-Jos) and an authority on the ethnographic research which has been conducted there, Dr. Butura was gracious enough to share with me many of his personal experiences and firsthand knowledge of the area where the village of Segagea is located. A brief look at the dis­ sertation references will reveal to the reader the disproportionate extent to which I drew upon Dr. Butura's expertise. In the Department of Anthropology at The Ohio State University I would like to acknowledge the help which was given to me by those on my dissertation committee: Dr. Erika Bourguignon, Dr. John C. Messenger and Dr. Chung-Min Chen. I deeply appreciate the time that they were willing to devote to reading and commenting upon earlier disserta­ tion drafts. I am also grateful to Dr. Garrison Walters of the College of Humanities, The Ohio State University, for his suggestions regarding my interpretation of Romanian history. Although all four of these people re­ viewed all or parts of the dissertation at various stages of its development, I alone am responsible for its final contents. More than anyone else, of course, I want to thank the villagers of Segagea who took me so warmly into their homes. If it were not for their tolerance toward me and my presence in their lives, this study would have never been completed. Throughout the body of the dissertation, but especi­ ally in Chapters IV and V, I have included Romanian words to highlight certain terms or phrases. I have also used Romanian orthography for all geographic and other Romanian nouns that do not have a specific English spelling. For those readers who do not speak Romanian but would like to pronounce these words correctly, a few short rules may be helpful. First, Romanian is basically a phonetic language in that, as a general rule, each letter of a word is pro­ nounced and the letter's pronounciation is rarely influ­ enced by its position within a word. There are, however, a few exceptions to the rule. One of these is when the letter "h" is positioned between the consonants of "c" or "g" and the vowels of "i" or "e." In these cases, the "h" is silent but transforms the pronunciations of "c" and "g" from their "soft" to their "hard" forms. For example, in Romanian, "ce" is pronounced as in the English word "check" and "ge" is pronounced as in the English word "gem." However, "che" is pronounced as in the English word "kept" while "ghe" is pronounced as in the English word "get." In all, Romanian has 26 letters in its alphabet: 7 vowels and 19 consonants. Although none of the phones in Romanian have truly identical sounds in English (Nandris 195352), only a few are so different that they would re­ quire a great deal of practice to reproduce correctly. One that would, however, is the phone "1 ," sometimes written as "a"— a closed, unrounded middle vowel— which is pronounced by putting the tip of the tongue against the back of the lower teeth (Nandris 1953*^)• The rest of the vowels are pronounced as follows: a as in now a as in father e as in inen i as in see o as in sport u as in food Romanian also has five major dipthongs: "oa," "ia," "ea," "ie" and "ua." The Romanian consonants are pronounced very similar to their English counterparts except that the "r" is trilled and the "j" is pronounced as in the English word "pleasure." And, finally, Romanian has two consonants which are not found in the English alphabet. The first is "t," which is pronounced in English as "ts" as in "what's." And the second is "s," which is pronounced in English as "sh" as in the word "sheep." v VITA October 19, 19^6 .... Born, Alliance, Ohio 1971 ................ B.A., Psychology, Waynesburg College, Waynesburg, Pennsylvania 1971-1973.............Teaching Associate, Department of Anthropology, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 197^ ................ M.A., University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 1973-1975; 1978-1979 ....... Teaching Associate, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1975-1977............. Fulbright-Hays Grantee, Romania 1977-1978............. NDFL Fellowship Recipient, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1979-1980 ............. Teaching Associate, The Romanian Language Program, Department of Romance Languages and Literatures and Department of Slavic and East European Languages, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Adjunct Faculty, Sociology, Franklin University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS 197^ A holocultural study of societal organization and mode of marriage: a general evolutionary model. New Haven: HRAF Press (HRAFlex Book W6-003» 2 Volumes). 1976a Data quality and inodes of marriage: some holo- cultural evidence of systematic errors. (With Dr. James M. Schaefer, University of Montana.) Behavior Science Research 11:25-37* 1976b Review: Kippel: A Changing Village in the Alps. By John Friedl. IN Anuarul Muzeului Etnografic al Transilvaniei, 1976. Cluj-Napoca, pp. 3^-3^8. 1977 Altered states of consciousness within a general evolutionary perspective: a holocultural analysis. (With Dr. Erika Bourguignon, The Ohio State University.) Behavior Science Research 12:197-216. 1978 Segagea: social and economic change in a mountain village. IN Anuarul Muzeului Etnografic al Transilvaniei, 1978. Cluj-Napoca, pp. 67-8^. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Social Anthropology Studies in Holocultural Methodology Professor Bourguignon Studies in Evolutionary Theory Professor Chen Studies in Peasants Professor Messenger TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE. ........................... VITA ..................................... LIST OF TABLES ............................ LIST OF FIGURES........................... Chapter I . INTRODUCTION ...................... Research Objectives . The Socialist Revolutions A Historical and Contemporary Perspective. Chapter Contents: An Overview ...

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