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100 Godina Od Osnutka Slobodne Države Rijeka 100 Years of Free State of Rijeka 100 Anni Dalla Nascita Dello Stato Libero Di Fiume

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100 Godina Od Osnutka Slobodne Države Rijeka 100 Years of Free State of Rijeka 100 Anni Dalla Nascita Dello Stato Libero Di Fiume Međunarodni znanstveni skup 100 GODINA OD OSNUTKA SLOBODNE DRŽAVE RIJEKA 100 YEARS OF FREE STATE OF RIJEKA 100 ANNI DALLA NASCITA DELLO STATO LIBERO DI FIUME Rijeka, Gradska vijećnica Četvrtak, 12. studenog 2020. od 9:30 do 17:30 sati Organizatori / Udruga Slobodna Država Rijeka i Muzej grada Rijeke U suradnji sa / Società di Studi Fiumani, Comunità degli Italiani di Fiume Pod pokroviteljstvom / Grada Rijeke, Primorsko-goranske županije i Coppieters foundation SDR-SLF This event is financially supported by the European Parliament. The European Parliament is not liable for the content of the event nor the opinions expressed by the speakers. Naslov Organizatori Međunarodni znanstveni skup - 100 godina od Udruga Slobodna Država Rijeka – osnutka Slobodne Države Rijeka / International Associazione Stato Libero di Fiume, u suradnji s scientific conference - 100 Years of Free State of Muzejom Grada Rijeke. Rijeka / Convegno scientifico internazionale - 100 anni dalla nascita dello Stato Libero di Fiume Pod pokroviteljstvom GRADA RIJEKE, PRIMORSKO-GORANSKE ŽUPANIJE I Urednica COPPIETERS. Laura Marchig “This conference is financially supported by the European Parliament. The European Parliament is Lektorica not liable for the content of the conference nor the Laura Marchig opinions of the speakers.” Izdavač Udruga Slobodna država Rijeka Free State of Rijeka association Associazione Stato Libero di Fiume SDR-SLF Mjesto i godina izdanja Rijeka, 2020. Dizajn Ana Somek Prijelom Libra Organizacijiski odbor Laura Marchig, Ervin Dubrović, Ljubinka Toševa Karpowicz SADRŽAJ TABLE OF CONTENTS SOMMARIO 04 / Kristjan Knez 10 / Ervin Dubrović 16 / Ágnes Ordasi 22 / Ljubinka Toševa Karpowicz 28 / Ivan Jeličić 34 / Giovanni Stelli 37 / Izv. prof. dr. sc. Marko Medved 40 / Gábor Egry 46 / Tvrtko Jakovina 52 / Dr. Marino Micich 58 / Raoul Pupo 64 / Vanni D’Alessio 70 / Prof.dr. Damir Grubiša 4 Kristjan Knez „CORRIERE DELLA SERA“, DEFINICIJA JADRANSKIH GRANICA I USTAV SLOBODNE DRŽAVE RIJEKE Autor Kristjan Knez „Corriere della Sera“, glavni list Kraljevine Italije i jedan D’Annunzijom, iako je 24. listopada 1918. godine obja- od najvećih u Europi, posebnu je pozornost posvetio vio Molitvu iz Sernaglie koja sadrži čuvenu “Vittoria jadranskom problemu, a na kraju Prvog svjetskog rata i nostra, nonsaraimutilata” („Pobjedo naša, nećeš biti pitanju Rijeke. Za razliku od ostalih novina koje su jasno unakažena“). Albertini je smatrao arogantnim te jednim usklađene i stoga nositelji određenih pozicija, milan- od najvećih nasilja koje se moglo počiniti stav kojim ski je list zahvaljujući svom autoritetu stvorio područje se tvrdilo da je čitav Jadran sve do Vlore držan pod značajne neovisnosti te na njega političke stranke nisu Italijom. Potez lista „Corriere della Sera“ smatran je utjecale. Slijedio je autonomnu liniju usmjerenu na za- odbačenim, ali glavni urednik nije bio voljan promije- štitu nacionalnih vrijednosti. Vodeća uloga ostvarena je niti stav, pritomse suprotstavljajući vanjskoj politici Or- zahvaljujući glavnom uredniku Luigiju Albertiniju, koji je landa i Sonnina bio je izoliran čak i unutar liberalnog i od početka dvadesetog stoljeća (i do fašističkih pritisa- konzervativnog tiska. Albertini se usprotivio onima koji ka koji su ga primorali da se povuče krajem studenoga su zahtijevali „Londonski ugovor i Rijeku“ te su se po 1925. godine) doprinio prekretnici novina iz Ulice So- njegovom mišljenju dogovori iz 1915. godine morali lferino, eksponencijalnom razvoju, uključujući nakladu, poštivati, ali bez uključivanja Dalmacije (osim Zadra) i u koja se deseterostruko povećala od 1900. do početka zamjenu za grad Rijeku. 1920-ih godina. U travnju 1918. godine glavni je urednik Nakon tradicionalnog sudjelovanja posebnih izaslanika lista sudjelovao na kongresu potlačenih nacionalnosti i dopisnika, list je pratio D’Annunzijev ulazak u grad na Austro-Ugarske, koji je rezultirao Rimskim ugovorom. Kvarneru i nastavio pažljivo promatrati zamršenu pri- Što se tiče novih granica Italije, Albertini je podržavao ču povezanu s definicijom granice između Kraljevine tezu da treba uključiti Trst i Istru, ali napuštajući težnje Italije i Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca. Giolittijeva za Dalmacijom. politika djelomično je zadovoljila zahtjeve novina koje Razilaženje stavova o talijanskom širenju na istočnom su pozdravile potpisivanje Rapalskog sporazuma, iz Jadranu dovelo je do sloma suradnje s Gabrieleom razloga što je spriječen svaki pokušaj „rekonstrukcije Kristjan Knez 5 Životopis Kristjan Knez (1981.), diplomirao je modernu povijest pri Sveučilištu u Trstu. Posvećuje se proučavanju povi- jesti istočnog Jadrana između modernog i suvremenog doba. Ravnatelj je Talijanskog centra „Carlo Combi“ u Kopru i predsjednik Društva za povijesne i geografske studije Piran (osnovano 2004. godine), koje promiče konferencije i uređuje dvije, tri uredničke publikacije. Surađuje s Centrom za povijesna istraživanja Rovinj i riječkim listom „La Voce del Popolo“. Od 2014. godine potpredsjednik je Talijanske zajednice „Giuseppe Tartini“ Dunavske monarhije i ponovnog otvaranja ger- Piran. Od 2012. godine glavni je urednik lista Talijanske manskog pohoda prema Jadranu i Istoku“. Na- zajednice Piran „il Trillo“. Među njegovim djelima ističu kon ‘Krvavog Božića’ novine su posvetile dovolj- se opsežni esej Privremena općina Venecija i istočni no prostora za Opatijski pakt između generala Jadran (u zbirnom svesku Posljednji dani Serenissime u Carla Ferrarija, riječkog gradonačelnika Riccarda Istri). Uvriježena pobuna Izole 1797. godine (Izola, 2010. Gigantea i kapetana Nina Host - Venturija te na- godine), znanstveni skup Diego de Castro od 1907. do puštanju legionara grada Svetog Vida, otoka Krka 2007. godine (zajedno s Ondinom Lusom, Piran 2011. i Raba. Na isti su način novine slijedile unutarnju godine), Povijest i antologija talijanske književnosti Ko- stvarnost, poput imenovanja Antonija Grossicha, pra, Izole i Pirana (koautor s Nives Zudič Antonič, Kopar od strane Gradskog vijeća, za predsjednika nove 2014. godine), Iz sna učitelja do Gimnazije „Antonija vlade i na položaju uz Ustavotvornu skupštinu Sema“. Povijest, muke, upornost i misija jedne talijanske Slobodne države. Daljnji događaji uslijedili su i na institucije od 1945. do 2015. godine (u svesku Gimnazija burnom izbornom danu 24. travnja 1921. prote- „Antonio Sema“, 70. obljetnica, Portorož 2015. godine), stima protiv Autonomističke stranke i njezinog uređeno u svesku Seminar talijanskog jezika i kulture. vođe Riccarda Zanelle - koji je dobio većinu, Nastanak, razvoj, vijesti i svjedočanstva (od 1962. do predvođenih bivšim gradonačelnikom Gigante- 2016. godine) (Zajedno s Robertom Vincoletto, Ko- om. Dana 5. listopada 1921. godine, pod pokrovi- par 2018. godine), Zbornik radova sa studijskog skupa teljstvom talijanske vlade, sazvana je Ustavotvor- Istarska pokrajinska izložba Kopra. Trst i Istra na zalasku na skupština. Rim je podržao Zanellu, a ovaj je Austro-Ugarske (zajedno s Rinom Ciguijem, Piran 2019. osnovao neovisnu državu na čijem je čelu ostao godine) kao i zajednički svezak Vjerska i građanska Istra nekoliko mjeseci (do 3. ožujka 1922.). između modernog i suvremenog doba. Raznovrsna učenja u spomen Antonija Miculiana (zajedno s Chiarom Vigini i Rinom Ciguijem, Piran 2020. godine). 6 Kristjan Knez “CORRIERE DELLA SERA”, THE DEFINITION OF THE ADRIATIC BORDERS AND THE CONSTITUTION OF THE FREE STATE OF RIJEKA Author Kristjan Knez “Corriere della Sera”, the main newspaper of the Kingdom ation with Gabrieled’Annunzio, although on October 24, of Italy and one of the largest in Europe, paid special at- 1918 he published the Prayer of Sernaglia containing the tention to the Adriatic problem and at the end of the First famous “Vittoria nostra, nonsaraimutilata” (“Our victory, World War to the issue of Rijeka. Unlike other newspapers you will not be mutilated”). Albertini considered it arro- that are clearly in tune and therefore holders of certain gant and one of the greatest acts of violence that could positions, the Milan paper, thanks to its authority, created be committed by the attitude that claimed that the entire an area of significant independence and was not influ- Adriatic up to Vlora was held under Italy. The Corriere enced by political parties. It followed an autonomous line della Sera’s move was considered derelict, but the edi- aimed at protecting national values. The leading role was tor-in-chief was reluctant to change his mind, opposing achieved thanks to the editor-in-chief Luigi Albertini, who Orlando and Sonnin’s foreign policy and isolating himself from the beginning of the twentieth century (and until even within the liberal and conservative press. Albertini the fascist pressures that forced him to withdraw in late opposed those who demanded the “Treaty of London November 1925) contributed to the Solferino Street mile- and Rijeka” and in his opinion the agreements of 1915 stone, an exponential development, including a tenfold had to be respected, but without the inclusion of Dalma- increase from 1900 to the early 1920s. In April 1918, the tia (except Zadar) and in exchange for the city of Rijeka. editor-in-chief of the paper participated in the Congress After the traditional participation of special envoys and of the Oppressed Nationalities of Austro-Hungary, which correspondents, the paper followed D’Annunzio’s entry resulted in the Treaty of Rome. As for the new borders of into the Kvarner town and continued to observe carefully Italy, Albertini stimulated the thesis that Trieste and Istria the
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