Der Luzide Intervallscheibenwischer

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Der Luzide Intervallscheibenwischer Zu guter Letzt AJP/PJA 7/2014 Der luzide Intervallscheibenwischer 1019 herum. Frau Kearns hielt eigens beide gar den automatischen Intervallschei- Hände oben am Lenkrad, um der gan- benwischer, der sich anhand des Wi- zen Welt zu zeigen, dass niemand den derstands bei Trockenheit selber regu- intermittierenden Scheibenwischer lierte.3 Wenige Monate später teilten an- und abstellte.1 Dieses Motiv nahm die Ingenieure mit, an der Erfindung der Film sogar im Filmplakat auf: Die kein Interesse mehr zu haben, weil ganze Familie Kearns hält im Regen Ford ein eigenes System entwickelt aus Freude über die Erfindung die habe. Dennoch wiesen Fahrzeuge der Hände aus dem Ford. Ford-Marke Mercury von 1969 an Kearns meldete mehrere Patente den Intervallscheibenwischer auf, den an2 und zeigte den umgebauten Wagen Kearns entwickelt hatte. Nach anfäng- einer Vielzahl von Ford-Ingenieuren. lichen Marketingfehlern erwies sich Diese waren begeistert und teilten ihm der Intervallscheibenwischer schon auch die technischen Anforderungen bald als gefragte Option bei der Fahr- an einen Ford-Scheibenwischer mit, zeugbestellung. Kearns erlitt einen ARNOLD F. RUSCH die Kearns in seinem improvisierten Nervenzusammenbruch, rappelte sich PD Dr. iur., Rechtsanwalt, LL.M., Zürich Labor im eigenen Haus umsetzte. Das jedoch auf und klagte 1978 gegen Ford wichtigste Patent enthielt nicht nur wegen Patentverletzung.4 Der Prozess den Intervallscheibenwischer, sondern zog sich bis 1990 hin. Ford stützte sich Der Film «Flash of Genius» zeigt, wie Robert Kearns den Intervallscheiben- wischer erfand und dafür ein Patent erhielt, das die Fahrzeugindustrie später ignorierte. Kearns Leben be- stand fortan nur noch darin, gegen die Automobilhersteller zu klagen. Doch verdient ein Intervallscheibenwischer wirklich ein Patent? Die Hochzeitsnacht fing gut an und nahm ein jähes Ende: Der Zapfen des obligaten Champagners flog direkt ins Auge des Bräutigams Robert Kearns (1927–2005). Das Auge des Inge- nieurs und Hochschuldozenten blieb praktisch blind. Es sollte ihn später auch beim Autofahren stören. Der bei leichtem Regen konstant und nervtö- tend schmierende Scheibenwischer Das Plakat zum Film «Flash of Genius» zeigt die Familie Kearns im umgebauten Ford Galaxie trübte die Sicht noch mehr – da kam ( © Universal Studios Entertainment, 2008). ihm die Idee: Wieso kann ein Schei- benwischer nicht wie ein Lidschlag 3 US Patent 3,351,836, Kolonne 3, Zeilen durch einmalige Bewegung für klare 1 JOHN SEABROOK, The Flash of Genius, 21–27: «Accordingly, it is one object of the Sicht sorgen, ohne die Sicht durch per- The New Yorker, 11. Januar 1993, Inter- invention to provide a windshield wiper manentes Hin und Her einzuschrän- net: http://www.newyorker.com/archive control system for operating windshield (5.6.2014). wipers intermittently. It is another object of ken? 2 US Patent 3,351,836 vom 1. Dezem- the invention to provide a windshield wiper Kearns tüftelte und baute ein Mo- ber 1964; vgl. auch die Kearns-Patente control system for automatically opera- dell des Intervallscheibenwischers in 3,564,374, 3,602,790 und 3,581,178, alle ting windshield wipers intermittently or einen Ford Galaxie ein. Mit diesem vollständig unter den angegebenen Num- continuously in response to the degree-of- mern einsehbar auf Google Patents, Inter- dryness of the windshield.» fuhr die ganze Familie Kearns für be- net: https://www.google.com/?tbm=pts 4 Vgl. Kearns v. Ford Motor Company, 726 sonders realitätsnahe Tests bei Regen (5.6.2014). F.Supp. 159, 160, I. Arnold F. Rusch AJP/PJA 7/2014 1020 auf die Nichtigkeit des Patents wegen hung. Die Gerichte gingen damit und creative genius – ein früheres, durch obviousness, bei der 35 USC § 103 mit weiteren Ungereimtheiten bei der die non-obviousness ersetztes Patent- ein Patent ausschliesst: «A patent for Dokumentenbeschaffung recht gross- erfordernis des Supreme Court11 – hat a claimed invention may not be obtai- zügig um. Die Sanktion bestand einzig also nicht bei der Erfindung gewirkt, ned, (…), if the differences between darin, Kearns die Gerichts- und An- sondern vielmehr bei der jury, die sich the claimed invention and the prior waltskosten aufzuerlegen.8 Seine An- von einer gut erzählten Story einer art are such that the claimed invention wälte hatten mehr Mühe mit den un- verpatzten Hochzeitsnacht und einer as a whole would have been obvious orthodoxen Methoden und Ansichten. nervigen Fahrt im Regen inspirieren before the effective filing date of the Sie baten das Gericht deshalb schon liess! claimed invention to a person having im Verfahren gegen Ford, Kearns ordinary skill in the art to which the nicht mehr vertreten zu müssen, was claimed invention pertains.»5 Die Jury das Gericht bewilligte.9 Im Chrysler- sah dies anders, bejahte die Patent- Verfahren war Kearns bereits ohne verletzung und sprach für bestimm- Anwalt unterwegs – noch mit grossem te Zeitperioden millionenschweren Erfolg. Unklar ist, ob sich der Erfolg Schadenersatz zu. Kearns konnte sich trotz oder wegen des David-gegen- mit Ford über den ganzen Schadener- Goliath-Gefälles eingestellt hat, denn satz bei USD 10.2 Mio. vergleichen.6 das amerikanische Jury-System ist be- Diesem Vergleich folgte im Jahre 1994 kannt dafür, grossen Unternehmungen ein ebenso erfolgreiches Urteil gegen gerne den Marsch zu blasen. Gegen Chrysler und viele weitere Beklagte in General Motors und andere Hersteller der Höhe von USD 18.74 Mio.7 blieb der Erfolg wegen massiver pro- Klagen war sein neuer Beruf. Wie zessualer Versäumnisse aus.10 Einzu- schon beim Prozess der Erfindung und räumen ist, dass es General Motors auf der Realisierung des Patents war sei- einen möglichst komplizierten Pro- ne ganze Familie daran beteiligt – al- zess angelegt hat. lerdings ohne Ehefrau, denn am Zank Doch verdient der Intervallschei- und Eifer um den Scheibenwischer benwischer wirklich ein Patent? Neu zerbrach die Ehe. Kearns und insbe- und nützlich war die Erfindung ohne sondere sein Sohn Dennis als Privat- Zweifel. Intervallbasierte Geräte wie detektiv gingen prozessual nicht ge- Blinker und Thermostate gab es auch rade zimperlich vor. Dennis Kearns auf elektronischer Grundlage indes beschaffte sich auf allen möglichen schon damals. Die Frage ist deshalb Wegen vertrauliche Dokumente der berechtigt, ob der Schritt vom ge- beklagten Automobilhersteller. So traf wöhnlichen Scheibenwischer zum er eine Paralegal-Angestellte des Be- Intervallscheibenwischer nicht offen- klagtenvertreters an einem Kongress, sichtlich auf der Hand liegt. Massstab begann eine Liebesaffäre mit ihr und dafür ist ein Durchschnittsfachmann rief sie eines Tages im Büro an. Er im betreffenden Fachgebiet. Dabei verlangte von ihr, gestützt auf eine er- fällt der Intervallscheibenwischer fundene Erlaubnis ihres Chefs, diver- durch. Ein Patent für eine offensicht- se Dokumente heraus. Kaum hatte er lich auf der Hand liegende Erfindung 11 Cuno Engineering Corporation v. Automa- diese erhalten, beendete er die Bezie- blockiert den Fortschritt. Der flash of tic Devices Corporation, 314 US 84, 91: «That is to say, the new device, however useful it may be, must reveal the flash of creative genius, not merely the skill of the calling.»; den heutigen Stand der Recht- 5 In der Schweiz wäre Art. 1 Abs. 2 PatG ein- 8 Kearns v. Ford Motor Company, 114 sprechung geben Graham v. John Deere schlägig. F.R.D. 57, 60–67. Co., 383 US 1, 17 f. und KSR International 6 Vgl. die detaillierten Angaben in Kearns 9 Kearns v. Ford Motor Company, 114 Co. v. Teleflex Inc., 550 US 398, insbeson- v. Chrysler, 32 F.3d 1541 ff., 1543 f. und F.R.D. 57, 67 f. dere E. 2b gut wieder, ebenso ALAN DUR- S EABROOK (FN 1). 10 Vgl. Kearns v. General Motors Corpora- HAM, Patent Law Essentials, 4. A., Santa 7 Vgl. Kearns v. Chrysler, 32 F.3d 1541 ff. tion, 1998 U.S. App. LEXIS 5956. Barbara 2013, 143–157..
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