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THE ASSOCIATION OF LIBRARIANS IN COLLEGES OF ADVANCED EDUCATION AND THE COMMITTEE OF AUSTRALIAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIANS: THE EVOLUTION OF TWO HIGHER EDUCATION LIBRARY GROUPS, 1958-1997 by Stephen Craig Oakshott A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Information, Library and Archive Studies University of New South Wales September, 1997 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .......................................................ix CERTIFICATE .....................................................xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................ xii INTRODUCTION ................................................. xiv Purpose of the Study .......................................... xiv Scope of the Study ............................................ xv Methodology ................................................ xv Structure of the Study ........................................ xviii Significance of the Study ....................................... xx PART ONE THE ASSOCIATION OF LIBRARIANS IN COLLEGES OF ADVANCED EDUCATION 1969-1973 Chapter 1. POST-WAR DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN AUSTRALIA .. 2 Socio-economic Expansion and Growing Commonwealth Government Interest in Higher Education .................................. 2 The Murray and Martin Reforms ................................... 8 ii Chapter 2. COLLEGES OF ADVANCED EDUCATION AND THEIR LIBRARIES ...... 10 The Role of the CAEs .......................................... 11 The Centrality of Libraries in CAEs ................................ 14 Special Attention Afforded CAE Libraries ........................... 16 3. THE CREATION OF ALCAE (1969 - 1973) ............................ 19 The CACAE Library Sub-Committee ............................... 19 The Victorian Model for a National Association of College Librarians ...... 21 The Founding Meeting of ALCAE (1969) ........................... 24 ALCAE and the CACAE Library Sub-Committee ..................... 27 4. ALCAE'S MAJOR ACTIVITIES ..................................... 34 CACAE Sponsorship of Library Research and Development ............. 36 5. THE TEST OF POWER AND INFLUENCE: THE THIRD UNMATCHED GRANT FOR COLLEGE LIBRARIES (1971-1972) .................... 44 CACAE Library Sub-Committee Recommendations .................... 45 Renewed Lobbying Campaign .................................... 51 6. THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF A FORMATIVE PERIOD .................... 56 Group Cohesion and Cooperation ................................. 57 Jack Ward and Group Leadership .................................. 58 A Summary Assessment ......................................... 62 iii Chapter PART TWO THE COMMITTEE OF AUSTRALIAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIANS 1965-1973 7. THE GROUP OF AUSTRALIAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIANS ............. 67 Introduction .................................................. 67 Early Meetings of University Librarians (1928-1958) ................... 68 Troubled Beginnings: The University Librarians' Committee (1959-1964) ... 70 The Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee ......................... 74 8. CAUL FINDS A ROLE AND A NAME ................................ 82 The Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee position on the Meetings of Inter-University Groups ..................................... 82 Revivification of the Group of University Librarians as CAUL (1965) ...... 84 CAUL's Informal Modus Operandi ................................. 87 9. THE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT OF CAUL .......................... 93 Institutional Loyalty Versus Collective Action ........................ 93 CAUL and the Higher Education Policy-Making Process ................ 95 10. PARTICIPATION BY UNIVERSITY LIBRARIANS IN OTHER PROFESSIONAL GROUPS ..................................... 102 Library Association of Australian ................................. 102 Australian Advisory Council on Bibliographical Services ............... 104 iv Chapter 11. THE PROFESSIONAL WORLD OF CAUL: STATUS AND RECOGNITION ................................................................. 108 Lodewycks' Attempt to have CAUL Serve a Broader Purpose (1967-1969) .......................................................... 113 12. CONCLUSION: CAUL AND ALCAE (1965-1973) ..................... 128 PART THREE THE ASSOCIATION OF LIBRARIANS IN COLLEGES OF ADVANCED EDUCATION 1974-1988 13. COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT HIGHER EDUCATION POLICY (1972-1987) .................................................. 131 The Whitlam Labor Government (1972-1975) ....................... 131 The Fraser Liberal-National Government (1975-1983) ................. 134 The Hawke Labor Government (1983-1987) ........................ 140 14. ALCAE AND THE TEACHERS COLLEGES ......................... 144 Professional Status ............................................ 148 Funding Imbalances ........................................... 149 ALCAE State Branches and Newsletter ............................ 150 v Chapter 15. THE COLLEGE COMMISSION REVIEWS SUPPORT FOR LIBRARIES (1975) ................................................... 153 Cessation of Unmatched Grants for College Libraries .................. 154 Sector-wide Standards for Libraries Abandoned ...................... 155 Termination of the Library Sub-Committee ......................... 157 The Impact on ALCAE of Policy Shifts ............................ 158 16. A SLOW DECLINE: THE IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT ................ 165 Failed Lobbying Campaigns ..................................... 166 The Impact of College Amalgamations ............................. 182 17. A SLOW DECLINE: THE DISPLACEMENT OF ALCAE BY OTHER GROUPS .................................................... 186 CAVAL (Co-operative Action by Victorian Academic Libraries) and CLANN (College Libraries Activities Network, New South Wales) ....... 188 SIGNAL (Special Interest Group of the New South Wales Advanced Education Conference - Administrators of Libraries and Information Resources Centres) ........................................... 196 Australian Committee of Directors and Principals Working Party on College Libraries ............................................. 201 18. AN ASSOCIATION SEARCHING FOR A ROLE: ALCAE'S FINAL YEARS (1986-1988) ........................................... 208 Review of ALCAE (1986) ...................................... 209 ALCAE Victoria ............................................. 214 vi Chapter PART FOUR THE COMMITTEE OF AUSTRALIAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIANS 1974-1988 19. A FIRST ATTEMPT AT REFORM ................................. 227 The Victorian Initiative ........................................ 228 A Crisis on the National Front ................................... 230 Resistance to Reform .......................................... 236 20. NEW MEMBERS AND THE PROCESS OF INTERNAL REFORM ........ 265 Lobbying in the National Capital ................................. 267 Moves Towards Greater Formalisation ............................. 278 21. CAUL CONSTITUTION (1986) .................................... 283 Election of Chair and Increase in Number of Meetings ................. 286 Outcomes of Constitutional Reform .............................. 288 22. OUT OF THE DARKNESS: CAUL 1988-1997 ........................ 300 The Dawkins Reforms to Higher Education (1987-1988) ............... 301 The Impact of External Events on CAUL (1990-1997) ................. 307 vii Appendix 1. ABBREVIATIONS ............................................... 323 2. INTERVIEWEES ................................................ 326 3. ALCAE (NATIONAL) CHAIRS ..................................... 330 4. CAUL CHAIRS ................................................. 331 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................. 333 viii ABSTRACT This thesis examines the history of Commonwealth Government higher education policy in Australia between 1958 and 1997 and its impact on the development of two groups of academic librarians: the Association of Librarians in Colleges in Advanced Education (ALCAE) and the Committee of Australian University Librarians (CAUL). Although university librarians had met occasionally since the late 1920s, it was only in 1965 that a more formal organisation, known as CAUL, was established to facilitate the exchange of ideas and information. ALCAE was set up in 1969 and played an important role helping develop a special concept of library service peculiar to the newly formed College of Advanced Education (CAE) sector. As well as examining the impact of Commonwealth Government higher education policy on ALCAE and CAUL, the thesis also explores the influence of other factors on these two groups, including the range of personalities that comprised them, and their relationship with their parent institutions and with other professional groups and organisations. The study focuses on how higher education policy and these other external and internal factors shaped the functions, aspirations, and internal dynamics of these two groups and how this resulted in each group evolving differently. The author argues that, because of the greater attention given to the special educational role of libraries in the CAE curriculum, the group of college librarians had the opportunity to participate in, and have some influence on, Commonwealth Government statutory bodies responsible for the coordination of policy and the distribution of funding for the CAE sector. The link between ALCAE and formal policy-making processes resulted in a more dynamic group than CAUL, with the university librarians being discouraged by their Vice-Chancellors
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