DOCSLIB.ORG

Plasmodium Berghei Bio‑Burden Correlates with Parasite Lactate Dehydrogenase: Application to Murine Plasmodium Diagnostics Sai Lata De1, Danielle I

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Plasmodium Berghei Bio‑Burden Correlates with Parasite Lactate Dehydrogenase: Application to Murine Plasmodium Diagnostics Sai Lata De1, Danielle I De et al. Malar J (2016) 15:3 DOI 10.1186/s12936-015-1027-2 Malaria Journal METHODOLOGY Open Access Plasmodium berghei bio‑burden correlates with parasite lactate dehydrogenase: application to murine Plasmodium diagnostics Sai Lata De1, Danielle I. Stanisic1, Fabian Rivera2, Michael R. Batzloff1, Christian Engwerda2 and Michael F. Good1* Abstract Background: The spectrum of techniques to detect malaria parasites in whole blood is limited to measuring parasites in circulation. One approach that is currently used to enumerate total parasite bio-burden involves the use of bio-luminescent parasites. As an alternative approach, this study describes the use of a commercial ELISA human parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) detection kit to estimate total parasite bio-burden in murine malaria models. Methods: The cross reactivity of pLDH in a commercial human malaria pLDH diagnostic kit was established in differ- ent components of blood for different murine malaria models. The use of pLDH as a measure of parasite bio-burden was evaluated by examining pLDH in relation to peripheral blood parasitaemia as determined by microscopy and calculating total parasite bio-burden using a bio-luminescent Plasmodium berghei ANKA luciferase parasite. Results: The pLDH antigen was detected in all four murine Plasmodium species and in all components of Plasmo- dium-infected blood. A significant correlation (r 0.6922, P value <0.0001) was observed between total parasite bio- burden, measured as log average radiance, and =concentration of pLDH units. Conclusions: This high throughput assay is a suitable measure of total parasite bio-burden in murine malaria infec- tions. Unlike existing methods, it permits the estimation of both circulating and sequestered parasites, allowing a more accurate assessment of parasite bio-burden. Keywords: Malaria, pLDH, Murine Plasmodium, Parasite bio-burden Background labelling [11] have been used to measure parasitaemia in Malaria continues to be a leading cause of mortality in in vivo preclinical efficacy studies for anti-malaria drugs endemic countries, despite control and eradication initia- and vaccine candidates. However, these approaches are tives, such as the use of insecticide-treated bed nets and limited to detecting circulating parasites and do not anti-malaria drug treatment [1]. Clinical disease typically account for sequestered parasites, which is important for presents as fever, chills, severe headache, and vomiting, determining total parasite bio-burden. Bio-luminescence and requires a prompt diagnosis followed by effective imaging, using transgenic parasite that express the fire- treatment to ensure resolution of the infection. Impor- fly luciferase reporter protein, has been used not only tantly, disease outcomes are directly correlated with total to measure parasite growth in vivo and in vitro [10], but parasite burden [2]. In rodent malaria models, Giemsa- also to visualize in vivo the parasite sequestration in deep stained blood films (the gold-standard microscopy tech- tissues [13–16]. nique) [3, 4], PCR [5], flow cytometry [6, 7], fluorescent Various assays using specific antibodies to parasite [8, 9] or DNA/RNA [10–12] markers and radioisotope antigens have been employed [17–24]. Immunochro- matographic assays, which utilize monoclonal antibod- ies against specific Plasmodium enzymes, are under *Correspondence: [email protected] development. The most promising antigens explored 1 Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia so far include: histidine rich protein-2 (HRP-2) [25], Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2015 De et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/ zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. De et al. Malar J (2016) 15:3 Page 2 of 11 parasite-specific lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) [18, 19, during murine malaria infections. This assay could be 26–28], and aldolase [29, 30]. These enzymes are involved established as an alternative approach to measure para- in metabolic pathways essential for the growth and sur- site bio-burden in efficacy studies. vival of Plasmodium parasites [29]. The enzyme pLDH is a soluble, energy-producing Methods enzyme that is involved in the last step of the glycolytic Mice and ethics statement pathway [29]. As the red blood cells do not have func- Female BALB/c mice aged 4–6 weeks were purchased tional mitochondria and the parasites have minimum from the Animal Resource Centre (ARC) (Canning Vale, oxygen uptake for the citric acid cycle [31], it is highly Perth, Australia) and maintained under appropriate ARC dependent on anaerobic glucose metabolism [32, 33]. and Griffith University conditions. This study was -car pLDH is produced by both asexual blood-stage para- ried out in strict accordance with the National Health sites as well as the sexual stages, with a larger quantity and Medical Research Council of Australia guidelines, as of pLDH being produced during the asexual stage [29]. detailed in the document, Australian Code of Practice for pLDH antigen is preferable as a diagnostic marker over the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes, 8th other antigens such as HRP-2, which is limited to Plas- ed [46]. The Griffith University Animal Ethics Commit- modium falciparum only [34]. Moreover, some P. falcipa- tee (GLY/05/12/AEC) and the QIMR Berghofer Medi- rum strains have a deletion in the HRP-2 gene, resulting cal Research Institute Ethics Committee (A02633M) in false negative tests [35]. Unlike HRP-2, pLDH does not approved the relevant animal procedures and protocols. persist in the blood [36, 37] and is cleared immediately post-active infection [18–20, 22, 38, 39], thus making Parasites and infections pLDH an ideal marker to estimate parasite bio-burden at Cloned lines of P. chabaudi AS, P. yoelii 17XNL, P. yoe- the time of the assay. lii YM, P. berghei and P. vinckei were used (provided by Previously, monoclonal antibodies specific for pLDH Richard Carter, University of Edinburgh, UK). Stabilates have been used to determine the sensitivity of Plas- were maintained by intra-venous (IV) and intra-peri- modium berghei to anti-malarial drugs in vitro [40]. A toneal (IP) passaging of 106 parasitized red blood cells chromogenic pLDH assay has also been employed to (pRBC) into naïve BALB/c mice. Plasmodium berghei enumerate the parasites in the blood of mice challenged ANKA luc lines (provided by Chris Janse, Leiden Univer- with Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL post vaccination with sity Medical Centre, The Netherlands) were used in the MSP1-19 [41]. However, none of these approaches was bio-luminescent experiments for in vivo imaging after compared to an established assay to quantify and validate one in vivo passage in mice. total parasite bio-burden. The pLDH amino acid sequence has a 90 % sequence Evaluation of parasitaemia by microscopy identity amongst all human Plasmodium species [33, 42]. Thin blood smears were prepared, air dried, fixed in For human parasites, monoclonal antibodies against the methanol and stained with Giemsa. Slides were exam- shared common epitopes can be used to detect all species ined using bright field microscopy and counts were per- [43, 44]. Genetic conservation and variation of pLDH formed with 100× magnification. For negative or low across different human and rodent species and strains of parasitaemia films (<1 %), at least 20 fields on the slide Plasmodium was reported by Talman et al. [45]. Nucle- were counted. For high parasitaemia, at least 500 RBCs otide BLAST analysis using 951 nucleotides of the P. were counted. Percent parasitaemia was calculated as the falciparum 3D7 (Pf LDH) gene coding sequence [Acces- number of pRBCs multiplied by 100 divided by the num- sion ID XM_001349953.1] as the reference revealed ber of total RBCs. the following per cent identity in different species of murine Plasmodium: 86 % identity with P. yoelii 17XNL Assessment of pLDH antigen production in murine malaria [Accession ID XM_719008.1]; 85 % with Plasmodium models chabaudi chabaudi [Accession ID XM_740087.1]; 85 % Qualitative and quantitative levels of pLDH antigens with P. berghei ANKA [Accession ID XM_674309.1]; in BALB/c mice infected with P. chabaudi AS, P. yoelii and 83 % with Plasmodium vinckei [Accession ID 17XNL, P. yoelii YM, P. berghei ANKA, and P. vinckei XM_008624100.1]. The high degree of sequence similar- were determined using the pLDH SD Malaria Antigen ity could potentially be exploited for use in diagnostics ELISA kit (Standard Diagnostics), a sandwich ELISA for for rodent malaria parasites (Table 1). the qualitative detection of human Plasmodium pLDH. This study investigated the use of a commercial human For quantitative assessment, blood was collected on the Plasmodium pLDH ELISA diagnostic kit for detect- following days for each of the rodent malaria parasites: ing pLDH antigen as a measure of parasite bio-burden P. chabaudi AS: Day 7 (29 %), P. berghei ANKA: Day 4 De et al. Malar J (2016) 15:3 Page 3 of 11 Table 1 pLDH protein sequence alignment analysis
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Molecular Data and the Evolutionary History of Dinoflagellates by Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria Diplom, Ruprecht-Karls-Un
    Molecular data and the evolutionary history of dinoflagellates by Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria Diplom, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg, 1993 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Botany We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA November 2003 © Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria, 2003 ABSTRACT New sequences of ribosomal and protein genes were combined with available morphological and paleontological data to produce a phylogenetic framework for dinoflagellates. The evolutionary history of some of the major morphological features of the group was then investigated in the light of that framework. Phylogenetic trees of dinoflagellates based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU) are generally poorly resolved but include many well- supported clades, and while combined analyses of SSU and LSU (large subunit ribosomal RNA) improve the support for several nodes, they are still generally unsatisfactory. Protein-gene based trees lack the degree of species representation necessary for meaningful in-group phylogenetic analyses, but do provide important insights to the phylogenetic position of dinoflagellates as a whole and on the identity of their close relatives. Molecular data agree with paleontology in suggesting an early evolutionary radiation of the group, but whereas paleontological data include only taxa with fossilizable cysts, the new data examined here establish that this radiation event included all dinokaryotic lineages, including athecate forms. Plastids were lost and replaced many times in dinoflagellates, a situation entirely unique for this group. Histones could well have been lost earlier in the lineage than previously assumed.
    [Show full text]
  • Malaria Plasmodium Chabaudi Against Blood-Stage Long-Term Strain
    IFN- −γ Induced Priming Maintains Long-Term Strain-Transcending Immunity against Blood-Stage Plasmodium chabaudi Malaria This information is current as of September 25, 2021. Henrique Borges da Silva, Érika Machado de Salles, Raquel Hoffmann Panatieri, Silvia Beatriz Boscardin, Sérgio Marcelo Rodríguez-Málaga, José Maria Álvarez and Maria Regina D'Império Lima J Immunol 2013; 191:5160-5169; Prepublished online 16 Downloaded from October 2013; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300462 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/191/10/5160 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2013/10/16/jimmunol.130046 Material 2.DC1 References This article cites 46 articles, 12 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/191/10/5160.full#ref-list-1 by guest on September 25, 2021 Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2013 by The
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Abstract Book
    1 Exploring the male-induced female reproduction of Schistosoma mansoni in a novel medium Jipeng Wang1, Rui Chen1, James Collins1 1) UT Southwestern Medical Center. Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by schistosome parasites that infect over 200 million people. The prodigious egg output of these parasites is the sole driver of pathology due to infection. Female schistosomes rely on continuous pairing with male worms to fuel the maturation of their reproductive organs, yet our understanding of their sexual reproduction is limited because egg production is not sustained for more than a few days in vitro. Here, we explore the process of male-stimulated female maturation in our newly developed ABC169 medium and demonstrate that physical contact with a male worm, and not insemination, is sufficient to induce female development and the production of viable parthenogenetic haploid embryos. By performing an RNAi screen for genes whose expression was enriched in the female reproductive organs, we identify a single nuclear hormone receptor that is required for differentiation and maturation of germ line stem cells in female gonad. Furthermore, we screen genes in non-reproductive tissues that maybe involved in mediating cell signaling during the male-female interplay and identify a transcription factor gli1 whose knockdown prevents male worms from inducing the female sexual maturation while having no effect on male:female pairing. Using RNA-seq, we characterize the gene expression changes of male worms after gli1 knockdown as well as the female transcriptomic changes after pairing with gli1-knockdown males. We are currently exploring the downstream genes of this transcription factor that may mediate the male stimulus associated with pairing.
    [Show full text]
  • Real-Time Dynamics of Plasmodium NDC80 Reveals Unusual Modes of Chromosome Segregation During Parasite Proliferation Mohammad Zeeshan1,*, Rajan Pandey1,*, David J
    © 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Cell Science (2021) 134, jcs245753. doi:10.1242/jcs.245753 RESEARCH ARTICLE SPECIAL ISSUE: CELL BIOLOGY OF HOST–PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS Real-time dynamics of Plasmodium NDC80 reveals unusual modes of chromosome segregation during parasite proliferation Mohammad Zeeshan1,*, Rajan Pandey1,*, David J. P. Ferguson2,3, Eelco C. Tromer4, Robert Markus1, Steven Abel5, Declan Brady1, Emilie Daniel1, Rebecca Limenitakis6, Andrew R. Bottrill7, Karine G. Le Roch5, Anthony A. Holder8, Ross F. Waller4, David S. Guttery9 and Rita Tewari1,‡ ABSTRACT eukaryotic organisms to proliferate, propagate and survive. During Eukaryotic cell proliferation requires chromosome replication and these processes, microtubular spindles form to facilitate an equal precise segregation to ensure daughter cells have identical genomic segregation of duplicated chromosomes to the spindle poles. copies. Species of the genus Plasmodium, the causative agents of Chromosome attachment to spindle microtubules (MTs) is malaria, display remarkable aspects of nuclear division throughout their mediated by kinetochores, which are large multiprotein complexes life cycle to meet some peculiar and unique challenges to DNA assembled on centromeres located at the constriction point of sister replication and chromosome segregation. The parasite undergoes chromatids (Cheeseman, 2014; McKinley and Cheeseman, 2016; atypical endomitosis and endoreduplication with an intact nuclear Musacchio and Desai, 2017; Vader and Musacchio, 2017). Each membrane and intranuclear mitotic spindle. To understand these diverse sister chromatid has its own kinetochore, oriented to facilitate modes of Plasmodium cell division, we have studied the behaviour movement to opposite poles of the spindle apparatus. During and composition of the outer kinetochore NDC80 complex, a key part of anaphase, the spindle elongates and the sister chromatids separate, the mitotic apparatus that attaches the centromere of chromosomes to resulting in segregation of the two genomes during telophase.
    [Show full text]
  • Looking Under the Skin: the First Steps in Malarial Infection and Immunity
    REVIEWS Looking under the skin: the first steps in malarial infection and immunity Robert Ménard1, Joana Tavares1, Ian Cockburn2, Miles Markus3, Fidel Zavala4 and Rogerio Amino1 Abstract | Malaria, which is caused by Plasmodium spp., starts with an asymptomatic phase, during which sporozoites, the parasite form that is injected into the skin by a mosquito, develop into merozoites, the form that infects erythrocytes. This pre-erythrocytic phase is still the most enigmatic in the parasite life cycle, but has long been recognized as an attractive vaccination target. In this Review, we present what has been learned in recent years about the natural history of the pre-erythrocytic stages, mainly using intravital imaging in rodents. We also consider how this new knowledge is in turn changing our understanding of the immune response mounted by the host against the pre-erythrocytic forms. Sterilizing immunity Malaria is the most deadly parasitic infection of humans. subject of intensive immunological research ever since Immunity resulting in parasite Although economic development and the implementa- the first demonstrations, in animal models and humans, clearance from the host. tion of control measures during the twentieth century that injection of attenuated parasites which do not cause have eliminated malaria from many areas of the world1, blood infection confers protection against sporo­zoite the disease is still rampant in the tropics and in the poor- challenge4–6. Today, this vaccination method is still 1Institut Pasteur, Unité de est regions of the globe, affecting 3 billion people and the most efficient at offering sterilizing immunity against Biologie et Génétique du 2 Paludisme, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, killing up to 1 million annually .
    [Show full text]
  • Chromerid Genomes Reveal the Evolutionary Path From
    RESEARCH ARTICLE elifesciences.org Chromerid genomes reveal the evolutionary path from photosynthetic algae to obligate intracellular parasites Yong H Woo1*, Hifzur Ansari1,ThomasDOtto2, Christen M Klinger3†, Martin Kolisko4†, Jan Michalek´ 5,6†, Alka Saxena1†‡, Dhanasekaran Shanmugam7†, Annageldi Tayyrov1†, Alaguraj Veluchamy8†§, Shahjahan Ali9¶,AxelBernal10,JavierdelCampo4, Jaromır´ Cihla´ rˇ5,6, Pavel Flegontov5,11, Sebastian G Gornik12,EvaHajduskovˇ a´ 5, AlesHorˇ ak´ 5,6,JanJanouskovecˇ 4, Nicholas J Katris12,FredDMast13,DiegoMiranda- Saavedra14,15, Tobias Mourier16, Raeece Naeem1,MridulNair1, Aswini K Panigrahi9, Neil D Rawlings17, Eriko Padron-Regalado1, Abhinay Ramaprasad1, Nadira Samad12, AlesTomˇ calaˇ 5,6, Jon Wilkes18,DanielENeafsey19, Christian Doerig20, Chris Bowler8, 4 10 3 21,22 *For correspondence: yong. Patrick J Keeling , David S Roos ,JoelBDacks, Thomas J Templeton , 12,23 5,6,24 5,6,25 1 [email protected] (YHW); arnab. Ross F Waller , Julius Lukesˇ , Miroslav Obornık´ ,ArnabPain* [email protected] (AP) 1Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering † These authors contributed Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; equally to this work 2Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Present address: ‡Vaccine and Cambridge, United Kingdom; 3Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Infectious Disease Division, Fred Edmonton, Canada; 4Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Botany,
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Ratios in the Rodent Malaria Parasite, Plasmodium Chabaudi
    419 Sex ratios in the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium chabaudi S. E. REECE*, A. B. DUNCAN, S. A. WEST and A. F. READ Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Road, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK (Received 30 January 2003; revised 3 June 2003; accepted 10 June 2003) SUMMARY The sex ratios of malaria and related Apicomplexan parasites play a major role in transmission success. Here, we address 2 fundamental issues in the sex ratios of the rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium chabaudi. First we test the accuracy of empirical methods for estimating sex ratios in malaria parasites, and show that sex ratios made with standard thin smears may overestimate the proportion of female gametocytes. Secondly, we test whether the mortality rate differs between male and female gametocytes, as assumed by sex ratio theory. Conventional application of sex ratio theory to malaria parasites assumes that the primary sex ratio can be accurately determined from mature gametocytes circulating in the peripheral circulation. We stopped gametocyte production with chloroquine in order to study a cohort of gametocytes in vitro. The mortality rate was significantly higher for female gametocytes, with an average half-life of 8 h for female gametocytes and 16 h for male gametocytes. Key words: sex allocation theory, gametocyte, mortality, blood smears. INTRODUCTION ratio (r*), should be related to the inbreeding rate by the equation r* (1–F)/2, where F is Wrights co- In order for malaria parasites to transmit to new ver- = efficient of inbreeding (the probability that 2 hom- tebrate hosts, a round of sexual reproduction must ologous genes in 2 mating gametes are identical by be undertaken in the mosquito vector.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Babesia Microti Infection on the Initiation and Course Of
    Tołkacz et al. Parasites Vectors (2021) 14:132 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04638-0 Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access Impact of Babesia microti infection on the initiation and course of pregnancy in BALB/c mice Katarzyna Tołkacz1,2*, Anna Rodo3, Agnieszka Wdowiarska4, Anna Bajer1† and Małgorzata Bednarska5† Abstract Background: Protozoa in the genus Babesia are transmitted to humans through tick bites and cause babesiosis, a malaria-like illness. Vertical transmission of Babesia spp. has been reported in mammals; however, the exact timing and mechanisms involved are not currently known. The aims of this study were to evaluate the success of vertical transmission of B. microti in female mice infected before pregnancy (mated during the acute or chronic phases of Babesia infection) and that of pregnant mice infected during early and advanced pregnancy; to evaluate the pos- sible infuence of pregnancy on the course of parasite infections (parasitaemia); and to assess pathological changes induced by parasitic infection. Methods: The frst set of experiments involved two groups of female mice infected with B. microti before mating, and inseminated on the 7th day and after the 40th day post infection. A second set of experiments involved female mice infected with B. microti during pregnancy, on the 4th and 12th days of pregnancy. Blood smears and PCR targeting the 559 bp 18S rRNA gene fragment were used for the detection of B. microti. Pathology was assessed histologically. Results: Successful development of pregnancy was recorded only in females mated during the chronic phase of infection. The success of vertical transmission of B.
    [Show full text]
  • Malaria in Pregnancy: the Relevance of Animal Models for Vaccine Development Justin Doritchamou, Andrew Teo, Michal Fried & Patrick E Duffy
    REVIEW Malaria in pregnancy: the relevance of animal models for vaccine development Justin Doritchamou, Andrew Teo, Michal Fried & Patrick E Duffy Malaria during pregnancy due to Plasmodium falciparum or P. vivax is a major public health problem in endemic areas, with P. falciparum causing the greatest burden of disease. Increasing resistance of parasites and mosquitoes to existing tools, such as preventive antimalarial treatments and insecticide- treated bed nets respectively, is eroding the partial protection that they offer to pregnant women. Thus, development of effective vaccines against malaria during pregnancy is an urgent priority. Relevant animal models that recapitulate key features of the pathophysiology and immunology of malaria in pregnant women could be used to accelerate vaccine development. This review summarizes available rodent and nonhuman primate models of malaria in pregnancy, and discusses their suitability for studies of biologics intended to prevent or treat malaria in this vulnerable population. Among Plasmodium species that infect humans, P. falciparum is bind to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA), a glycosaminoglycan expressed the most deadly. Despite long-term exposure to P. falciparum infec- by syncytiotrophoblast, which localizes to the surface of placental tion, women are again susceptible to P. falciparum infection during villi as well as to fibrinoid in the intervillous spaces15–21. Placental pregnancy, particularly primigravidae1,2. Similarly, susceptibility to sequestration of parasites can elicit an inflammatory infiltrate in P. vivax increases during pregnancy, and while the susceptibility the intervillous spaces, a typical feature in primigravidae that is spe- to P. vivax infection is greatest in primigravidae, the risk of dis- cifically associated with poor outcomes including severe maternal ease is greatest in multigravidae3,4.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kinetics of Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses of Common Carp to Presporogonic Development of the Myxozoan Sphaerospora Molnari Tomáš Korytář1,2, Geert F
    Korytář et al. Parasites Vectors (2019) 12:208 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3462-3 Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access The kinetics of cellular and humoral immune responses of common carp to presporogonic development of the myxozoan Sphaerospora molnari Tomáš Korytář1,2, Geert F. Wiegertjes3, Eliška Zusková2, Anna Tomanová4, Martina Lisnerová1,4, Sneha Patra1, Viktor Sieranski4,5, Radek Šíma1, Ana Born‑Torrijos1, Annelieke S. Wentzel6, Sandra Blasco‑Monleon1, Carlos Yanes‑Roca2, Tomáš Policar2 and Astrid S. Holzer1* Abstract Background: Sphaerospora molnari is a myxozoan parasite causing skin and gill sphaerosporosis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in central Europe. For most myxozoans, little is known about the early development and the expan‑ sion of the infection in the fsh host, prior to spore formation. A major reason for this lack of information is the absence of laboratory model organisms, whose life‑cycle stages are available throughout the year. Results: We have established a laboratory infection model for early proliferative stages of myxozoans, based on separation and intraperitoneal injection of motile and dividing S. molnari stages isolated from the blood of carp. In the present study we characterize the kinetics of the presporogonic development of S. molnari, while analyzing cellular host responses, cytokine and systemic immunoglobulin expression, over a 63‑day period. Our study shows activation of innate immune responses followed by B cell‑mediated immune responses. We observed rapid parasite efux from the peritoneal cavity (< 40 hours), an initial covert infection period with a moderate proinfammatory response for about 1–2 weeks, followed by a period of parasite multiplication in the blood which peaked at 28 days post‑infection (dpi) and was associated with a massive lymphocyte response.
    [Show full text]
  • New Phylogenomic Analysis of the Enigmatic Phylum Telonemia Further Resolves the Eukaryote Tree of Life
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/403329; this version posted August 30, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. New phylogenomic analysis of the enigmatic phylum Telonemia further resolves the eukaryote tree of life Jürgen F. H. Strassert1, Mahwash Jamy1, Alexander P. Mylnikov2, Denis V. Tikhonenkov2, Fabien Burki1,* 1Department of Organismal Biology, Program in Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 2Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Yaroslavl Region, Russia *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: TSAR, Telonemia, phylogenomics, eukaryotes, tree of life, protists bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/403329; this version posted August 30, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract The broad-scale tree of eukaryotes is constantly improving, but the evolutionary origin of several major groups remains unknown. Resolving the phylogenetic position of these ‘orphan’ groups is important, especially those that originated early in evolution, because they represent missing evolutionary links between established groups. Telonemia is one such orphan taxon for which little is known. The group is composed of molecularly diverse biflagellated protists, often prevalent although not abundant in aquatic environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Parasite, Plasmodium Berghei
    Wild Anopheles funestus Mosquito Genotypes Are Permissive for Infection with the Rodent Malaria Parasite, Plasmodium berghei Jiannong Xu1,2,3., Julia´n F. Hillyer2,4., Boubacar Coulibaly5, Madjou Sacko5, Adama Dao5, Oumou Niare´ 5, Michelle M. Riehle2, Sekou F. Traore´ 5, Kenneth D. Vernick1,2* 1 Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, 2 Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America, 3 Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America, 4 Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America, 5 Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali Abstract Background: Malaria parasites undergo complex developmental transitions within the mosquito vector. A commonly used laboratory model for studies of mosquito-malaria interaction is the rodent parasite, P. berghei. Anopheles funestus is a major malaria vector in sub-Saharan Africa but has received less attention than the sympatric species, Anopheles gambiae. The imminent completion of the A. funestus genome sequence will provide currently lacking molecular tools to describe malaria parasite interactions in this mosquito, but previous reports suggested that A. funestus is not permissive for P. berghei development. Methods: An A. funestus population was generated in the laboratory by capturing female wild mosquitoes in Mali, allowing them to oviposit, and rearing the eggs to adults. These F1 progeny of wild mosquitoes were allowed to feed on mice infected with a fluorescent P. berghei strain.
    [Show full text]