OGBIYE ADEBANJI SAMUEL B.Sc (Hons); M.Sc, MNSE, COREN REGD ENGR (CUO3GP0030)
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POLLUTION PROBLEMS AND AN ENGINEERING APPROACH TO THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS IN OTTA, NIGERIA BY OGBIYE ADEBANJI SAMUEL B.Sc (Hons); M.Sc, MNSE, COREN REGD ENGR (CUO3GP0030) A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Canaanland Otta, Ogun State, Nigeria JANUARY 2011 DECLARATION I, Ogbiye Adebanji Samuel, declare that this thesis was done entirely by me under the supervision of Dr. I.K.Adewumi (Major Supervisor) of The Department of Civil Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile – Ife, Osun State and Dr. E.O.Longe (Co – Supervisor) of The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Lagos, Akoka Yaba, Lagos State. The thesis has not been presented, either wholly or partly, for any degree elsewhere before. All sources of scholarly information used in this thesis were duly acknowledged. ................................................................... Ogbiye .a.s ii CERTIFICATION This thesis titled Pollution Problems and an Engineering Approach to the Management and Control of Industrial Effluents in Ota Nigeria written by OGBIYE Adebanji Samuel under our supervision meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in Civil Engineering of Covenant University, Otta, and Ogun State, Nigeria. We certify that it has not been submitted for the degree of PhD or any other degree in this or any other University, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge. …………………………. …………………………. Dr. I.K. Adewumi Dr. E.O. Longe (Major Supervisor) (Co-supervisor) …………………………….. ………………………………. Prof A.Y.Sangodoyin Prof A.S Adedimila (External Examiner) Head of Department Department of Civil Engineering iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bless the Lord O my soul and forget not all his benefits ….Bless the Lord all his works in all places of his dominion: bless the Lord O my soul –Psalm 103 I thank my father in the Lord, the Chancellor of Covenant University, Dr David O Oyedepo, whom the Lord gave the vision and the mandate that afforded me the privilege of this research work and for bringing me closer to God and to the eternal wisdom without which a research cannot be undertaken. I wish to appreciate the Board of Regent and the Management of Covenant University for the great privilege given to me to participate of this laudable scheme by making the Ph.D programme mandatory for all of us that enlisted as faculty and for sponsorship. I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to my main Supervisor, Dr. Ife Adewumi and my Co- supervisor, Dr E.O. Longe, for their invaluable advice, ideas, suggestions and indeed constructive assessment of all my submissions. They painstakingly mentored me through the whole process of this Ph.D work. They were deeply interested and involved in the successful completion of this Thesis. The motivation, encouragement and cooperation I enjoyed from them have seen this work through. May the Lord strengthen you to do more exploit for this generation. I put to remembrance and appreciate the gallant efforts of the following pioneer principal personality that painstakingly drove the acceptability and veracity of the Post graduate programme in Covenant University. These are; Professor Bola Ayeni, the Pioneer Vice Chancellor; Pastor Yemi Nathaniel, the Pioneer Registrar; Professor Adewoye T.O, the Pioneer Dean, School of Post graduate Studies; Professor T.S Ibiyemi, the pioneer Dean, College of Science and Technology; Dr S.A Daramola, the pioneer Head, Department of Environmental Sciences; Professor James Katende, the past Dean, College of Science and Technology and Professor Olusola Ojo, the past Dean, School of Post Graduate Studies. May the good Lord reward them with long life and prosperity. I cannot forget the prompt response to issues displayed by Professor Aize Obayan, the current Vice Chancellor, Dr Daniel Rotimi, the current Registrar, Professor C.O iv Awonuga, the current Dean, School of Post Graduate Studies, Professor K.O.Okonjo, the Post Graduate Representative of the College of Science & Technology .May the LORD continue to renew their strength and multiply their wisdom for good success. I wish to also like to thank my Head of Department Professor A. S Adedimila his meticulous handling of issues and Professor J.B.A Adeyeri, the past Head of Department of Civil Engineering, a father indeed who deals with me with the utmost patience and understanding. I wish to appreciate all my Mentors: Professor Olajide Solanke, Professor T.O Mosaku, Dr. G. A Alade, Dr. J.A .Oginni, Dr. K.T.Odusami for their instruction in knowledge and wisdom. I wish to acknowledge also the following associates: Dr. D.N .Ede, Surveyor A.S.Ojo, Engr. J.O. Ikotun, Engr. Mrs A.A. Akanmu, Engr Yisau David, Engr. David Olukanni and Mr. Isaac Akinwumi for their forbearance and especially Engr David Omole who is eminently an associate in arms, he is always ready to lend assistance in spite of daunting situations. I salute all the members of staff in the Department of Civil Engineering I am grateful to the Management and Staff of the Ogun State Environmental Protection Agency (OGEPA), the Manager, Mr Ewulo, Mr Adetimilehin, Mrs Showumi and Mr. Lawal for accepting me as one of them in the entire industrial monitoring visits. I would like to thank the Chairman of the Ado Odo/Otta Local Government and Alhaji A.T. Aderibigbe the Director of Water and Environmental Sanitation (WES) and his Staff, The Executive Secretary, Mr Osidipe and the Staff of the Manufacturers‘ Association of Nigeria (MAN) for their assistance and guide to the local environment. I would like to thank the staff of the following: Professor Adeniyi Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Mr Ajala of the Department of Microbiology, all of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife; Messrs Olarinde and Anjorin of Triple E Laboratory and Mr. Falomo of the Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Otta for setting up the experiment and analysis of the several samples collected in the course of this research work. I cannot forget the contribution of my field team Messrs v Toyin Abbas, Sule Bello and Wole Ajibade for providing the needed complement during all the sampling efforts. I am grateful to Surveyor C.O. Oluwadare for providing the database for GIS application for River Atuara Watershed. Mr. Gbenga Ata gave me access for data processing in his office during my visit to OAU, Ile - Ife. I thank him for the help. My thanks also go to my other colleagues namely: Engr. Okeniyi, Dr. Wande Oni, Dr. Benson Udikat, Engrs Monday Eyinagho, Ajao Olusola, Hassan Adedapo: they offered useful suggestions and gave advice which added to the quality of this work. I wish them all more success in life, Amen. My sisters and their husbands Mr. & Mrs B.B. Ebitaope, Mr. & Mrs Leo Bamidele, Ereola Iyiola- Mr and Mrs C.O . Komolafe, Mr. & Mrs Bimbo Ogundipe and Mummy Modupe Bolarinwa, for their support. May the Lord be with you all, Amen. I am grateful to Busayo Ogbiye for the patience in editing and formatting this project and for opening up a data file for me in his computer; their partial effort contributed to the completion of this Thesis I am highly indebted to my beloved wife Grace Oluwayomi Favour Ogbiye, for her spiritual and moral support. She has demonstrated total love, understanding, sacrifice, endurance and humility in times of need; she has always being kept awake during the long nights of preparing this Thesis. May the joy and peace of marriage be perfected in her life, Amen. My little angel, Precious Oreoluwa Oladunni, my daughter, is highly appreciated for all her perseverance. Finally, God‘s word says ―it is not of him that wills; nor of him that runs but of the Lord Almighty that shows mercy. I give all the glory, honour and majesty to God, my Creator without Him I cannot be; blessed be the name of Jesus Christ the Lord, Amen. vi DEDICATION This work is absolutely dedicated to the Worthy Lamb that was slain to receive power and riches, and wisdom and strength and honour and glory and blessing, JESUS CHRIST THE BEGOTTEN SON OF THE LIVING GOD vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATION ......................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................ iv DEDICATION ............................................................................................................. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... xvi LIST OF PLATES ................................................................................................... xviii LIST OF ACRONYMS .............................................................................................. xix ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... xxii CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................ 1 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background to the Study ...............................................................................