2021 Hydropower Status Report Sector trends and insights
| 1 Contents REGISTER FOR THE VIRTUAL
Foreword 4 Executive summary 5 Hydropower installed capacity in 2020 7 Hydropower growth in context 8 Where was capacity added in 2020? 9 Regional developments 10 Sector developments 12 Feature: A defining year for pumped storage 12 Clean energy systems 14 Finance and modernisation 16 Water and climate change 18 Sustainability assessments 19 The planet’s premier hydropower event Feature: The new global sustainability standard 20 is now online and open to all Regions in focus 22 Registration has opened for the 2021 World North and Central America 22 Hydropower Congress, the globe’s premier 7-24 SEPTEMBER 2021 South America 26 gathering of influencers and innovators REGISTER NOW FOR FREE dedicated to advancing sustainable Europe 30 HYDROPOWER.ORG/CONGRESS hydropower. Africa 34 For the first time ever, access to the World South and Central Asia 38 Hydropower Congress is free of charge and East Asia and Pacific 42 open to all. Virtual events will be broadcast Data tables: capacity and generation 2020 46 online across multiple timezones, with video on-demand services available for all registrants. Hosted by With support from Hosting partner Organised by Over 150 speakers will address more than 30 virtual events over three weeks between 7-24 September 2021. Strategic partners
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2 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | |1 1 We are the voice of sustainable hydropower
Secure hydropower’s place in the energy transition by joining the International Hydropower Association today
The International Hydropower Association When delivered responsibly, hydropower offers (IHA) represents organisations and individuals clean, affordable and reliable electricity, while committed to sustainable hydropower. meeting our basic needs for water, irrigation, Since IHA was founded in 1995, the hydropower flood and drought control. sector has more than doubled in size from 625 As the world’s largest producer of renewable GW to over 1,300 GW. IHA’s members operate energy, hydropower ensures global around a third of current capacity at 450 GW. decarbonisation goals remain within reach, Our mission is to advance sustainable while complementing variable renewables hydropower by building and sharing knowledge through its flexibility and storage. on its role in renewable energy systems, responsible freshwater management and climate change solutions.
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2 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 3 Foreword Executive summary
The message of this 2021 Hydropower Status Report is clear together with China and other significant carbon emitters, is Now in its eighth edition, the 2021 Hydropower Status cost, baseload electricity in many markets, hydropower will – at the present rate of hydropower development, the global on the road to setting ambitious targets to reach net zero. Report is published as the world continues to grapple with increasingly be valued for its flexibility and provide essential energy pathway to net zero emissions will not be realised. This the Covid-19 pandemic. Signs of recovery are emerging but support to the huge growth in wind and solar that is needed Sustainable hydropower must be part of this journey. It is is a wake-up call for policy-makers, hydropower developers considerable disruption is expected to continue throughout to limit global warming. green, clean, modern, affordable and reliable. The forthcoming and project financiers and provides clarity for the public. 2021. Hydropower Sustainability Standard, the new certification and Indeed, as recognised by the IEA, hydropower will become the Investment in sustainably developed and responsibly operated rating system, will give hydropower developers and operators Beyond Covid, the challenge of climate change remains the dominant source of flexible electricity by 2050, so it is essential hydropower is essential to support the massive expansion a means to demonstrate this. In addition, the newly formed dominant issue for the energy sector. The International Energy that investment steps up to ensure low carbon energy security of variable renewables like wind and solar. However annual International Forum on Pumped Storage Hydropower will soon Agency (IEA)’s flagship Net Zero by 2050 report, published over the coming decades. growth rates of 1.5 to 2 per cent cannot meet the doubling set out policies to guide how clean, green water batteries with in May 2021, suggests the world will need 2,600 GW of Events over the past year have demonstrated that electricity of installed capacity proposed by the International Energy long duration storage can back up variable renewables. hydropower capacity by mid-century to have a chance of systems need flexibility now. In Europe, in January 2021 a Agency to achieve net zero by 2050. keeping global temperature rises below 1.5 degrees Celsius. As we prepare for the landmark 2021 World Hydropower blackout event was avoided through the support of highly That means that we need to build the same amount of Despite the challenge ahead, there is reason for optimism. Congress, to be followed by the historic United Nations flexible sources of generation like hydropower, conversely in capacity in the next 30 years as in the previous 100. Companies, investors and citizens increasingly recognise Climate Conference (COP26), we must harness the energy Texas in February supply failed in extreme weather and there the need for fundamental change. We are witnessing a generated to put sustainable hydropower where it should be: It is now becoming increasingly clear that the role of was not enough flexible generation available to compensate. momentum and a unity of voice not seen before. In recent at the heart of the transition. renewable hydropower will undergo a qualitative shift over months, the US has rejoined the Paris Agreement and, the coming decades. While it will continue to provide low
Roger Gill Eddie Rich 4,370 TWh 1,330 GW 21GW 159.5 GW 1.5 GW IHA President IHA CEO Electricity generated from Hydropower installed Capacity added in 2020, Pumped storage installed Pumped storage capacity hydropower in 2020 capacity reached in 2020 including pumped storage capacity reached in 2020 added in 2020
up on up on +1 .1% +1.6% 15.6 GW +0.9% 0.3 GW on 2019 on 2019 added in 2019 on 2019 added in 2019
4 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 5 Hydropower installed capacity in 2020
New hydropower capacity by region in 2020 (MW) China 370.2 Brazil 109.3 United States 102.0 Canada 82.0 India 50.5 Japan 49.9 14,466
Russia 49.9 3,032 1,609 938 531 476 Norway 33.0
North and East Asia and Paci c Europe South and Central Asia Africa Central America South America Turkey 31.0
This report shows the hydropower sector generated a record Pumped storage hydropower totalled 1.5 GW of the new France 25.5 4,370 terawatt hours (TWh) of clean electricity in 2020 - up additions in capacity, up on the 304 MW added in 2019. Most 1,330 GW from the previous record of 4,306 TWh in 2019. To put this into of this was in China (1.2 GW), with Israel also commissioning total hydropower context, this is approximately the same as the entire annual the 300 MW Mount Gilboa project under an innovative installed capacity Italy 22.6 in 2020 electricity consumption of the United States. financing model. Spain 20.4
Overall hydropower installed capacity reached 1,330 gigawatts Major projects completed in 2020 included the 2.1 GW Lauca Vietnam 17.1 (GW) in 2020. This represents year-on-year growth of 1.6 per facility in Angola, the 1.8 GW Jixi pumped storage facility Switzerland 16.9 cent - higher than 2019 but still well down on the more than 2 in China and the Ilisu (1.2 GW) and Lower Kaleköy (0.5 GW) per cent needed to enable hydropower’s essential contribution projects in Turkey. The single biggest increase in capacity was Sweden 16.5 to tackling climate change. in China, where the Wudongde project put eight of its 12 units Venezuela 15.4 online, adding 6.8 GW to the Chinese grid. The remainder is During 2020, hydropower projects totalling 21 GW in capacity Austria 14.6 expected to be commissioned in 2021. were put into operation, up on 2019’s 15.6 GW. Nearly two- Mexico 12.6 thirds of this growth came from China, which saw 13.8 GW of China remains the world leader in respect of total hydropower Iran 12.2 new capacity. Among other countries that added new capacity installed capacity with over 370 GW. Brazil (109 GW), the USA Rest of world 266.6 Colombia 11.9 in 2020, only Turkey (2.5 GW) added more than 1 GW. (102 GW), Canada (82 GW) and India (50 GW) make up the rest of the top five. Japan and Russia are just behind India, followed by Norway (33 GW) and Turkey (31 GW). Hydropower installed capacity (GW) of top 20 hydropower producers and the rest of the world, including pumped storage (2020)
Methodology Hydropower capacity by region in 2020 (GW) The data presented in this report were continuously tracked When generation data from primary sources are not available, and updated to account for new information in our global estimates are prepared based on the previous year’s figure, hydropower database which tracks more than 13,000 stations averaged capacity factors and regional meteorological events East Asia Europe North and South South and Africa in over 150 countries. and data. and Paci c 254 Central America Central Asia 38 Data were compiled by a team of analysts using information For a small number of countries capacity data from previous 501 America 177 155 sourced from (1) official statistics from governments, years has been updated with new information. This means that 205 regulation agencies, transmission network operators and asset those countries will see a year on year increase compared to owners; (2) scientific articles and reports; (3) daily news reports previous years’ reports, but these increased capacity numbers involving hydropower plant development, official declarations are not treated as capacity added in 2020. of contracts, and equipment deals; and (4) direct consultation with operators and industry sources.
6 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 7 | | 7 Thirty-five countries added hydropower capacity in 2020, Hydropower growth in context Where was capacity down on the 50 countries that added capacity in 2019. The total amount of new capacity added however increased from added in 2020? 15.6 GW to 21 GW. The countries with the highest individual Hydropower installed capacity growth, 2016-2020 (GW) increases in installed capacity were China (13.8 GW) and Turkey (2.5 GW). 1,500 1308 GW 1330 GW 1245 GW 1267 GW 1291 GW 1,200
9,000
600
300
0 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
The rise of 21 GW in total hydropower installed capacity in global warming below 2 degrees Celsius. To reach this target 2020 represented an increase of 1.6 per cent on the previous would require yearly growth of around 2 per cent a year on year. By comparison, the average year-on-year growth in average. installed capacity in the five years between 2016 and 2020 But if we want to limit temperature rises to 1.5 degrees the was 1.8 per cent. It is important to note however that annual challenge is greater. The IEA’s Net Zero by 2050 report now growth can vary considerably depending on when major estimates some 1,300 GW of new hydropower capacity is projects, which are years in development, are commissioned. needed by 2050. To achieve this more stretching target the Notwithstanding, the world needs significantly more yearly growth required increases to at least 2.3 per cent if the hydropower, to be built at a much faster rate, if it is to tackle world starts building at this rate now. climate change. Multilateral bodies such as the International In addition, the global hydropower fleet is ageing, and Energy Agency (IEA) and International Renewable Energy although much can be modernised it is inevitable that there Agency (IRENA) have previously stated that the world needs will be some retirements, affecting future capacity. around an additional 850 GW of new hydropower to keep Key
Projects completed No new additions 199 MW and below 200 MW to 1,999 MW 2,000 MW to 9,999 MW in 2020 (MW) Capacity added Capacity added Capacity added China 13,760 6,800 Ranking Country (MW) Ranking Country (MW) Ranking Country (MW)
Top 10 countries by new 2,071 1,800 1 China 13,760 13 Chile 205 25 Cameroon 30 installed capacity in 2020 (MW) 2 Turkey 2,480 14 Albania 197 26 Argentina 30 3 India 478 15 Georgia 178 27 Madagascar 28 Wudongde Lauca Jixi (PSH) China Angola China 4 Angola 401 16 Laos 176 28 Kazakhstan 26 5 Russia 380 17 Dominican Republic 123 29 Serbia 25 6 Norway 324 18 Japan 111 30 United States 24 1,224 500 450 7 Israel 300 19 Honduras 108 31 Colombia 24 8 Canada 275 20 Pakistan 102 32 Finland 6 Ilisu Lower Kaleköy Jiangpinghe Turkey Turkey China 9 Ethiopia 254 21 Malaysia 101 33 Thailand 3
Turkey 2,480 Turkey 10 Indonesia 236 22 Viet Nam 80 34 Peru 2 429 346 337 300 11 Guinea 225 23 Nepal 74 35 Guyana 2 Russia 380 India 478 Angola 401 Norway 324 Norway Israel 300 Canada 275 Ethiopia 254 Indonesia 236 Cetin Zaramagskaya Souapiti Mount Gilboa (PSH) 12 Brazil 213 24 Uzbekistan 71 Turkey Russia Guinea Israel
8 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 9 Hydropower generation by region (TWh)
East Asia North and South Europe South and Africa and Paci c Central America 674 Central Asia 140 1643 America 690 498 724
Regional developments
North and South America Europe Africa South and Central Asia East Asia and Pacific Central America Itaipu, on the border between Brazil In 2020, all renewable sources Despite the disruptions and changes In February 2021 a glacier burst in the The momentum of divesting from and Paraguay, continued setting combined generated more electricity Indian state of Uttarakhand tragically fossil fuels continued to grow across In the United States, hydropower caused by Covid-19, hydropower has records in production and production than fossil fuels for the first time in led to multiple fatalities and severely the region, as China, Japan, South industry and civil society stakeholders shown resilience in the region with its efficiency. In 2020, the plant celebrated the EU, representing a key milestone damaged two hydropower projects Korea and ASEAN countries announced came to an historic agreement. The share increasing in the electricity mix the milestone of 2.7 TWh of electricity towards decarbonisation. that were under construction. pledges to accelerate the transition to ‘Uncommon Dialogue’ will address in several countries, such as Ethiopia, produced since it started operations Angola and Guinea. renewable energy. climate change by advancing While demand reduced during the In 2020, despite delays to a number of in 1984. renewable energy while protecting Covid-19 pandemic, total hydropower In 2020, 938 MW of hydropower projects as a result of the pandemic, In 2020, China added a total of 13.76 rivers. In Brazil, Companhia Hidrelétrica do generation was 4 per cent higher capacity was put into operation across just over 1.6 GW of new capacity was GW of new hydropower capacity, São Francisco (CHESF) commissioned compared to 2019, largely due to commissioned, mainly in India, Russia, including 1.2 GW of pumped storage In Canada, the Québec government the African continent. Hydropower Andritz to carry out the modernisation increased output in the Nordics and Israel, Georgia and Pakistan. from the last four units of Jixi project. approved the Appalaches-Maine accounts for 16 per cent of the total of the 1,050 MW Sobradinho plant. Iberia. Interconnection Line project that will electricity share and is expected to In India, a nine-minute mass dimming China’s 10.2 GW Wudongde project increase to more than 23 per cent by supply the United States with about 10 The Inter-American Development Turkey added 2,480 MW new of lights to show solidarity during the is scheduled to be fully operational 2040. TWh annually of clean hydroelectricity. Bank approved an extra US$900 hydropower capacity, with major pandemic resulted in a huge drop in by July 2021 and will be the country’s million to finish the 2,400 MW Ituango plants commissioned such as 1,224 demand of 31 GW and a subsequent fourth-largest and the world’s seventh- Costa Rica nearly reached 100 per With Lauca (2,071 MW) fully project in Colombia which suffered a MW Ilisu, 429 MW Cetin, 120 MW swift ramping up. India’s power system largest hydropower project upon cent renewable electricity production operational, Angola (3,836 MW) has major construction incident in 2018 Alpaslan II and 500 MW Lower Kaleköy. planners relied on hydropower to completion. in 2020. It was the sixth consecutive become the second highest producer that may lead to one of the largest of hydropower on the continent, manage the extreme fluctuation in year producing over 98 per cent Major policy updates include the Malaysia formally recognised ‘large insurance claims in the history of civil surpassing South Africa (3,596 MW) demand. from renewable sources including EU Green Deal, the EU Taxonomy hydropower’ as part of its renewable engineering. and behind only Ethiopia (4,074MW). hydropower. Regulation for environmentally In Israel, the 300 MW Mount Gilboa energy definition, in line with other Bolivia resumed construction on sustainable investment, and the launch pumped storage hydropower facility countries internationally. Mexico continued with its focus on the Ethiopia’s Grand Renaissance Dam the 290 MW Ivirizu and the 204 MW of the Recovery and Resilience Facility. began commercial operations - the modernisation of powered and non- (6,000 MW) completed the first Pumped storage projects in Australia Miguillas hydropower projects in stage of filling its reservoir in July only pumped storage facility outside powered dams with plans to equip Additional hydropower plants made significant progress, including Cochabamba and in La Paz, with a total 2020 with 4.9 billion cubic metres of of China to commission in 2020. 15 irrigation dams for hydropower commissioned in 2020 included the Snowy 2.0, the Battery of the Nation investment of nearly US$1,000 million. storage and is expected to become It operates under an innovative generation. 197 MW Moglice hydropower plant in and the Marinus Link. operational in 2023. The Genale-Dawa financing mechanism that pays for Albania, and a number of facilities in In Honduras, the Inter-American III multipurpose project (254 MW) also plant availability over an 18-20 year Norway increasing national capacity by Development Bank approved an US$18 connected to the Ethiopian electricity timeframe. 324 MW. million loan to modernise the 300 MW grid. Francisco Morazán hydropower plant, the largest in the country.
10 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 11 Sector developments A defining year for pumped storage hydropower High-level stakeholders
Launched in November 2020 and co-chaired by the U.S. At the inaugural meeting of the Forum, speakers urged Department of Energy and former Prime Minister of Australia governments and industry to move quickly to develop projects Malcolm Turnbull, the International Forum on Pumped Storage at the scale needed to support the rapid roll-out of variable Hydropower is a government-led multi-stakeholder platform renewables. to shape and enhance the role of PSH in future power systems. In his opening address, Mr Turnbull stated that “politicisation The Forum brings together 13 governments – the USA, Austria, of climate policy has delayed global action and disrupted the Brazil, Colombia, Estonia, Greece, India, Indonesia, Israel, orderly planning needed to move to a future of zero emissions Morocco, Norway, Sri Lanka and Switzerland – to develop and affordable and reliable energy”. guidance and recommendations on how sustainable pumped The second meeting in May 2021 was opened by U.S. Secretary storage hydropower can best support the energy transition. of Energy Jennifer Granholm with the statement that investing Partners include over 80 organisations from industry, academia in hydropower, especially pumped storage, is a central part and NGOs as well as five multilateral development banks: of President Biden’s green energy jobs plan and “can help us the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and take major steps forward while creating millions of new, good Development (EBRD), the African Development Bank (AfDB), paying jobs and improving the quality of life for Americans the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Inter-American everywhere”. Development Bank (IDB), and the International Renewable The remarks by Secretary Granholm were followed by a high- Energy Agency (IRENA). level roundtable discussion with Mr Turnbull and Greek Energy Through convening three working groups, the Forum will Minister Kostas Skrekas, amongst other speakers. As part of deliver actionable recommendations and share best practice national recovery plans, the Greek government is leveraging in ‘Market and Policy Frameworks’, ‘Capabilities, Costs and the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) to finance Innovation’, and ‘Sustainability’. Final deliverables will be pumped storage projects in Greece. launched at the World Hydropower Congress in September “As we shift how we power our countries and economies, Clean, green water batteries 2021, with the aim of taking these key outcomes to the UN the need to scale up and realise the power of hydropower Climate Conference (COP26) in Glasgow a few weeks later in has never been greater,” said Kelly Speakes-Backman, Acting Pumped storage hydropower (PSH) currently accounts for November 2021. Assistant Secretary of Energy and Co-Chair of the Forum. over 90 per cent of the world’s grid-scale energy storage In the first quarter of 2021, the UK experienced a period of applications, with 160 GW of installed capacity and 9,000 GWh low wind, reducing wind energy generation to levels not seen Learn more: hydropower.org/pumpedstorageforum in energy storage capacity. in over ten years. Over this time period, PSH helped stabilise the UK electricity grid by supplying daily electricity inputs at PSH is a mature and proven technology capable of storing record high rates. Forum’s steering committee: energy or daily cycles up to seasonal storage applications, as well as providing essential grid services for power system Similarly, hydropower and pumped storage helped prevent Sponsoring partners: reliability. a large-scale blackout in continental Europe on 8 January 2021. With the phase-out of fossil generation to reach climate The impacts of Covid-19 and extreme weather events over the targets, the importance of hydropower’s storage and flexibility past 12 months have demonstrated the solutions pumped services will continue to grow. storage hydropower can offer to combat a growing list of challenges facing grid operators. Given the increasing number of net zero emissions targets being set, governments, industry and the wider sector need During the height of global lockdowns, electricity demand to work collaboratively and quickly develop PSH at scale to declined by up to 30 per cent. Over these periods of low support the rapid roll-out of variable renewables. electricity demand, pumped storage was hailed by the Financial Times as the “first line of defence in the battle to keep Britain’s lights on”.
12 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 13 Linth Limmern pumped storage project, Switzerland Sector developments Credit: GE Renewable Energy
Clean energy systems
IEA report models a doubling of hydropower IDB: ‘Significant potential’ in Latin America for capacity to achieve net zero pumped storage hydro To successfully limit global temperature rises to 1.5 degrees Pumped hydro energy storage holds significant potential for Celsius, reducing global CO₂ emissions to net zero is essential. large-scale energy storage applications in Latin America and The IEA’s Net Zero by 2050 report was released in May 2021, the Caribbean (LAC), especially considering the vast existing modelling how the global energy sector may successfully hydropower infrastructure in the region, according to the Inter- decarbonise by 2050. In the Net Zero Emissions (NZE) scenario, American Development Bank (IDB). Their report titled ‘State of while solar PV and wind are modelled as generating the vast Charge: Energy Storage in Latin America and the Caribbean’ majority of electricity, hydropower will continue to steadily examined the current and potential roles for energy storage grow, “doubling by 2050” and becoming the largest single technologies in LAC grids and provided recommendations on source of flexible electricity generation. Further to this, the the regulatory and policy changes to accelerate uptake in the report emphasised the role pumped storage hydropower region. The report also suggested that the size of the global could play, stating that it “offers an attractive means of pumped storage industry has been estimated at US$300 providing flexibility over a matter of hours and days”. Hydrogen billion and projected to grow to US$400 billion by 2026. is described as potentially having an important role to play in Near-blackout in Europe shows hydropower’s crucial longer term seasonal storage. role in green transition Coupling green hydrogen with hydropower could In January 2021, a blackout event in Europe to rival that of create a net zero future the February 2021 Texas power crisis was only avoided by Produced using decarbonised electricity and water through the narrowest of margins, according to an assessment by a process called electrolysis, green hydrogen is set to be an the European Network of Transmission System Operators important component of the transition to net-zero carbon (ENTSO-E). On 8 January 2021, the failure of a substation economies. As an emission-free gas it could provide a in Croatia triggered a dramatic increase in frequency in replacement for fossil fuels in key hard-to-abate sectors, the south-east European grid and a corresponding drop in including heavy industry, transport and shipping. In 2021 IHA frequency in the north-west. Such a drop in frequency (or released a research and policy paper, ‘The green hydrogen lack of supply) will normally result in major power failures and XFLEX HYDRO: Major step revolution: hydropower’s transformative role’, outlining how widespread blackouts if not resolved within a few seconds. forward for EU funded hydropower initiative hydropower could be pivotal in supporting growth in green Fortunately, disaster was averted thanks to the immediate The EU-funded XFLEX HYDRO initiative to demonstrate how hydrogen. Most hydrogen is currently produced from fossil ramping up of generation from flexible hydropower and gas smart hydropower technologies can deliver a low-carbon, fuels, but 2050 projections by IRENA, the Hydrogen Council peaking plants, as well as load shedding in France and Italy. reliable and resilient power system published its first major per cent of these cost savings came from the avoided capital and others suggest renewable and low carbon green hydrogen While in this case the system worked as it was intended to, report in November 2020. The report assesses the future cost of other sources of firm low carbon generation, further could grow dramatically over the coming decades. The the narrowly avoided blackout highlights the importance of ancillary services expected to be required by the European demonstrating the cost benefit and capabilities of pumped concluding sections of the paper set out recommendations to hydropower’s flexibility and storage services. power grid, technical requirements and corresponding storage hydropower as a provider of short and long term scale up production and the opportunities in coupling projects markets. In April 2021, a battery energy storage system (BESS) system flexibility. container for the project also arrived at EDF’s Vogelgrun with clean hydropower. US DOE: New valuation guidebook for pumped hydropower plant. Vogelgrun is a 142 MW run-of-river plant in storage France, where one of the plant’s Kaplan turbine units will be The new US Department of Energy published a valuation hybridised with the battery. handbook, led by Argonne National Laboratory, that illustrates Investing in pumped storage can save energy system the value of investing in pumped storage. The guide measures costs both monetised and non-monetised value streams. For A study by independent researchers from Imperial College example planning a new project can examine effects of London found that just 4.5 GW of new long duration market rules and mechanisms, and the likelihood of recouping pumped hydropower with 90 GWh of storage could save investment. Regulators can judge if a project is economical up to £690 million a year in energy system costs by 2050, and predict when a new plant will have a positive impact on as the UK transitions to a net zero carbon emission system. consumers’ electricity rates. A financial institution can find Commissioned by SSE Renewables, the report found that 75 assurances before it approves loans or loan guarantees.
14 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 15 Sector developments Credit: China Three Gorges Corporation
Finance and modernisation
IRENA outlook report underlines need for EU recognition of sustainable hydropower in renewables investment investment rules Energy transition investment will have to increase by 30 per The European Commission made changes to its proposed cent over planned investment to a total of US$131 trillion investment criteria for hydropower, releasing an update to between now and 2050, according to the International the EU Taxonomy Climate Delegated Act – a classification Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The agency’s ‘1.5°C system for environmentally sustainable economic activities. Pathway’ sees electricity becoming the main energy carrier in The criteria for hydropower are now more context specific. 2050 with renewable power capacity expanding more than Run-of-river plants or plants with a power density above ten-fold over the same period. The increase in investment 5W/m2 will not have to undertake a life cycle based GHG would correspond to a global spend of US$4.4 trillion emission assessment to prove that they comply with the 100g on average every year, including US$85 billion a year for threshold. Plants with a reservoir and a power density below hydropower, excluding pumped storage. 5W/m2 will have to confirm that they meet the threshold. Importantly, the act also now recognises all types of pumped Hydropower sector receives green light for climate storage hydropower as making a substantial contribution bond finance to climate change mitigation. The act is now aligned with The Climate Bonds Standard criteria for hydropower were hydropower sector good practice requirements described launched in early 2021 representing a major milestone for in the Hydropower Sustainability ESG Gap Analysis Tool, the sector. CBI certified climate bonds are widely regarded compliance with which is necessary to secure green bond as the best way to direct investment to infrastructure that financing through the Climate Bonds Initiative. supports the Paris Agreement while reducing negative impacts on the environment and communities. Following the New guide on hydropower investment in Africa announcement, developers, banks, governments and other highlights opportunities investors can now issue certified climate bonds to finance or While hydropower is the main provider of renewable electricity refinance hydropower projects that comply with strict social, in Africa with over 38 GW of installed capacity, the continent environmental and climate criteria. Pumped storage, run-of- has the highest untapped potential in the world, with only 11 river and impoundment facilities of any size are eligible. The per cent utilised. Addleshaw Goddard, with assistance from criteria stipulates use of the Hydropower Sustainability ESG IHA, released ‘An Investor’s Guide to Hydropower in Africa’ to NHA paper identifies solutions for new pumped Gap Analysis Tool for assessing gaps against good practice provide investors with essential information to support the storage development Studies identify significant investment needs in as well as the G-res Tool for reporting net greenhouse gas sustainable development of hydropower projects. According As part of the International Forum on Pumped Storage hydropower modernisation emissions. to the World Bank, around US$100 billion of infrastructure Hydropower, the National Hydropower Association has In 2020, IHA completed studies with the Inter-American investment is needed in the region, however of the more announced the submission of a pumped storage hydropower Development Bank (IDB) and Asian Infrastructure Investment than US$8 billion invested in infrastructure in 2017, less than (PSH) policy paper aimed at identifying challenges and Bank (AIIB) identifying significant modernisation needs for 3 per cent came from the private sector. The new guide will solutions to jump start development in the United States. the regions’ hydropower. In the case of Latin America, over help host governments, private investors, funding parties and NHA co-authored the U.S. Markets and Policy Paper with 15 GW of the existing capacity was identified in high and in-country procuring entities understand the legal bankability General Electric, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory urgent need of modernisation, with estimates of over US$5 issues, legal systems and law relevant to the hydropower and PSH developers. The paper identifies the critical billion investment required in the electrical and mechanical sector of the 11 countries featured. challenges, barriers and opportunities for accelerating hydropower equipment. With regard to Asia, more than pumped storage development in the U.S. Among these, 6 GW was assessed as in high need of modernisation and the co-authors raise several challenges including: a lack of representing around US$3 billion of investment potential. The renumeration for various grid services, demonstrating the studies shed light on the global issue of ageing hydropower value of PSH over other storage technologies, inequitable capacity, and the scale of effort that will be required to policy treatment and revenue uncertainty as some of the rehabilitate and upgrade existing infrastructure. The barriers to PSH development. The paper identifies eight studies also point out that modernisation projects present specific recommendations for policy changes across multiple opportunities not only in extending the life of generating
Kashimbila Multipurpose Dam, Nigeria jurisdictions including Congress, wholesale markets and state assets, but also in adding capacity and optimising plants for Credit: SCC Nigeria/Zutari level policies. their future role in a renewable energy mix.
16 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 17 Sector developments Credit: Andritz
Water and climate Landmark agreement between US hydropower and New World Bank risk management guidance conservation groups The World Bank Group issued a new good practice note on The United States’ hydropower industry joined forces dam safety. The guidance is accompanied by seven technical with American Rivers, the World Wildlife Fund, and other notes that provide more detailed explanation and guidance environmental and river organisations released a “Joint on hydrological risk, geotechnical risk, seismic risk, small Statement of Collaboration on U.S. Hydropower: Climate dam safety, potential failure modes analysis, portfolio risk Solution and Conservation Challenge” to advance the assessment, and tailings storage facilities. Since 2003, the renewable energy and storage benefits of hydropower and the Bank has financed over US$50 billion worth of investments environmental and economic benefits of healthy rivers. After that involve dams, including rehabilitation and upgrading of a two-and-a-half year discussion, facilitated under Stanford existing dams, construction of new facilities, and financing for University’s Uncommon Dialogue process, the parties have preparatory studies for proposed dams. agreed to work together to address a range of challenges, Resilience rating system developed by World Bank including licensing and relicensing, dam safety, and valuing The World Bank has developed a Resilience Rating System hydropower’s grid services. Sustainability assessments that provides guidance and specific criteria to assess HydroSediNET launches to promote sustainable resilience. This system rates the confidence that expected Projects achieve international good practice sediment management investment outcomes will be achieved, based on whether The Dibwangui hydropower project in Gabon was rated as The HydroSediNET initiative launched as a global collaborative a project has considered climate and disaster risks in its an example of international good practice in sustainability platform to connect experts and innovators supporting the design, incorporated adaptation measures, and demonstrated design and planning, following an independent assessment planning, implementation and operation of effective and economic viability despite climate risks. In addition, it rates companies design and implement resettlement schemes using the Hydropower Sustainability ESG Gap Analysis Tool. In sustainable sediment management in storage reservoirs a project’s contribution to adaptive development pathways that respect the dignity and human rights of communities addition, the Stortemelk hydropower project in South Africa and run-of-river hydropower plants. Funded by the Austrian based on whether investments are targeted at increasing affected. Good practice requires a participatory process based was recognised as an impressive example of sustainable small Federal Ministry of Finance and administered by the World climate resilience in the broader community or sector. IHA’s on fairness and equity, with the aim of achieving a sustainable hydropower development following its assessment using Bank’s ESMAP Hydropower Development Facility, the initiative Hydropower Sector Climate Resilience Guide is highlighted as improvement in the lives of resettles. The How-to Guide the tool. The Stortemelk project was the first to be assessed will bring together organisations who publish research and a key reference document for achieving resilience. on Downstream Flow Regimes aims to equip practitioners remotely using new remote assessment guidance. The develop strategies for sediment management. The network is with adequate knowledge in river management to minimise Research project to mitigate impacts on fish methodology, issued in response to Covid-19 travel and safety supported by seven founding members including IHA. downstream flow impacts while maximising project restrictions, allows assessors to use drones, videoconferencing, Hydropower is part of the solution to protect the planet’s benefits. The How-to Guide on Hydropower Biodiversity live video inspection, satellite images, as well as online IEA reports on climate impacts on Africa and Latin biosphere by tackling climate change. However hydropower and Invasive Species helps developers and operators better interviews and surveys, to conduct project assessments. American hydropower projects need to avoid, minimise, mitigate or compensate for manage biodiversity impacts of hydropower projects. It also The IEA launched a series of publications on climate impacts their impacts on freshwater species. A new FIThydro research New chair of the hydropower sustainability council addresses the assessment and planning for invasive species with contributions from IHA. The reports recognise vast project has been launched focusing on developing science- One of the world’s leading experts on sustainable management. differences between regions and recommend systematic based cost-efficient environmental solutions and strategies to development, Dr Ashok Khosla, became independent chair assessments and resilience measures. Countries are urged mitigate adverse impacts on the fish population. Launch of new hydropower sustainability training of the Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Council, which to scale up the resilience of hydropower plants, mobilise academy governs sustainability guidance for hydropower. Dr Ashok investment in modernisation, foster climate risk insurance, and IHA launched a training academy for sustainable hydropower, Khosla was an adviser to the Brundtland Commission, chair support climate research to improve projection accuracy. building on its 25 years of experience in developing guidance of the NGO Forum at the Rio Summit and President of the on hydropower development, as well as its expertise in International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). One delivering training and capacity building programmes. of the council’s first priorities is to introduce a Hydropower The Hydropower Sustainability Training Academy offers Sustainability Standard, a certification system built on the courses based on the internationally recognised Hydropower Hydropower Sustainability Tools, which will be launched at the Sustainability Tools in addition to the G-res tool, which was World Hydropower Congress in September 2021. developed to assess greenhouse gas emissions of reservoirs. How-to guides released for hydropower practitioners Online trainings are provided as a blend of live and self-paced Three new guides have been released by IHA for hydropower learning, and participants can take part in virtual classrooms practitioners based on the Hydropower Sustainability Tools. where trainers deliver live stream lessons, lead group activities The How-to Guide on Hydropower Resettlement helps and host interactive Q&A sessions.
18 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 19 Sector developments The new global sustainability standard for hydropower
The Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Council is The Hydropower Sustainability Standard will recognise developing a new global sustainability standard for leading projects, while giving all developers and operators hydropower, with support from the International Hydropower the opportunity to strengthen their performance in line with Association (IHA). international practices. Under the proposal, hydropower projects around the The Hydropower Sustainability Standard will build on the world will be independently certified and rated for their existing Hydropower Sustainability Tools, a set of guidelines and environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance. assessment tools aligned with World Bank standards.
June 2020 November 2020 – March 2021 – July 2021 August 2021 September 2021 September 2021 – February 2021 May 2021 Second public Finalised Global launch onwards Established First public Drafting of consultation standard The launch of the Implementation working group consultation design proposal A second public The Hydropower Hydropower Sustainability The design and consultation will be Sustainability Assessment Standard will take place implementation of The Hydropower IHA and the Council The working group conducted through the Council will finalise the at the World Hydropower the standard will be Sustainability Assessment launched a public considered public Council members and the content and requirements Congress in September continuously reviewed Council has established a consultation to gather consultation feedback and wider public. for the Standard, as well 2021. and improved in line with working group to develop comments from began developing a draft as its certification and international accreditation the design of the global hydropower stakeholders. design for the Standard. assurance processes, and labelling codes. Its use Hydropower Sustainability Respondents were from a The working group is assessment tools and will be promoted across Standard. Participants variety of sectors including expected to provide a guidance documents. renewable sectors. include representatives research and consultancy, recommendation to the of Hydro-Québec, hydropower industry, Hydropower Sustainability WWF International, the financial institutions, Assessment Council for World Bank, Women for academia, government, approval. Water Partnership, the NGO, and standards and Government of Nepal and certifications bodies. IHA. A compendium of all material issues raised in the consultation process will be posted on HydroSustainability.org.
20 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 21 North and CentralNorth America overview
North and Central America Overview Key
199 MW and below
200 MW to 1,999 MW
Muskrat Falls hydropower project, Canada Credit: Nalcor Energy 2,000 MW to 9,999 MW
The abundance of natural resources 10,000 MW to 19,999 MW in North and Central America makes the region highly suited for renewable 20,000 MW and above energy production. A large portion of University entitled ‘Uncommon the electricity market is supported by Dialogue’, various U.S. industry and from Quebec to Massachusetts and hydropower and has been for decades. civil society stakeholders have come 0.5 TWh to Maine over 20 years, together to identify solutions to Many countries throughout the region shrinking annual CO₂ emissions by three decarbonise the country’s electricity have adopted policies to increase the million metric tonnes. system while at the same time seeking share of renewables to transition to to conserve the biodiversity and In Canada, hydropower continues a low-carbon economy. Modernising ecosystems of rivers. Three opportunities to provide around 60 per cent of the existing hydropower fleet and arise from this dialogue: rehabilitation the country’s total annual electricity developing new projects to meet of dams to increase safety and mitigate generation and represents more than energy demands and ensure renewable environmental impacts; retrofitting half of total generation capacity. In development is increasingly important. Ranking by total installed hydropower capacity powered projects and adding 2020, despite the on-site health and Despite the reduction in demand due capacity in non-powered dams; and safety challenges presented by the Installed Installed to the Covid-19 pandemic, hydropower decommissioning those dams that no Covid-19 pandemic, more than 4 GW of Rank Country/Territory capacity (MW)* Rank Country/Territory capacity (MW)* remained vital for grid reliability and, longer provide significant benefits. projects continued to progress toward 1 United States 102,000 10 Nicaragua 157 in several countries, generation by completion. The Lower Churchill project A recent transborder initiative between 2 Canada 82,000 11 Puerto Rico 100 hydropower even increased. Recovery synced its first unit to the Labrador the U.S. and Canada highlights the 3 Mexico 12,612 12 Cuba 68 plans across the continent have had electricity grid in September 2020 importance of regional interconnections a strong focus on the green energy with power from the three other units 4 Costa Rica 2,331 13 Haiti 60 in contributing to the transition to a low transition, the reduction of fossil fuel later coming online; together they are 5 Panama 1,786 14 Belize 55 carbon economy. The Appalaches-Maine imports, investment in transmission expected to reach 3,074 MW. Interconnection Line, approved in 2020, 6 Guatemala 1,559 15 Jamaica 30 and distribution lines, digitalisation, and will increase the mix of hydropower In April 2020 the Canadian government 7 Honduras 837 16 Guadeloupe 11 the strengthening of regional energy in the total U.S. electricity share. To be proposed a budget of C$17.6 billion cooperation. 8 Dominican Republic 616 17 Dominica 7 commissioned in 2023, the transmission (US$14 billion) for green recovery 9 El Salvador 575 18 Saint Vincent and The Grenadines 7 Under an initiative overseen by Stanford line will supply 9.45 TWh of hydropower programmes for fiscal year 2021/2022. *including pumped storage
22 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 23 The proposals suggest an investment cent compared to 2019. and CentralNorth America overview of C$40.4 million (US$33.15 million) Mexico’s hydropower fleet was in hydropower development over the identified as having a high potential next three years, which could advance for revitalisation in a joint study by the several hydropower projects such as the IDB and IHA conducted in 2020. The Atlin Hydro expansion project in Yukon nation has an ageing hydropower fleet, and a feasibility study of the Kivalliq North and with about 85 per cent of installed HydroFibre Link project in Nunavut. capacity over 10 GW commissioned Additionally, in December 2020 Canada over 30 years ago. The government has Central released a new climate policy which developed plans to upgrade 18 existing expressed continued commitment hydropower plants to achieve 26 GW of America to reach 90 per cent non-emitting hydropower capacity by 2030. electricity by 2030 and to achieve Developments net zero emissions electricity before The Mexican government is focused on 2050. The plan also presents multiple increasing hydropower capacity through initiatives that boost demand for the rehabilitation and modernisation of hydropower including new transmission the state-owned company CFE’s existing capacity to supply regions phasing out assets as well as retrofitting the National coal, and the electrification of transport, Water Commission’s non-powered buildings and industry to achieve irrigation dams. There is an agreement greenhouse gas emissions reductions. between CFE and the commission to equip 15 irrigation dams for hydropower Costa Rica almost reached its goal of generation, creating 200 MW of installed 100 per cent renewable electricity capacity, with plans to incorporate production in 2020. It produced 99.78 10 additional dams. In addition, the per cent of electricity generation government wants to promote projects from renewables, with hydropower under 30 MW as per an agreement with representing 72 per cent. Despite China that includes a collaboration with Romaine-4 hydropower plant under the Covid-19 pandemic resulting in a construction in Québec, Canada the International Centre on Small Hydro Top 4 countries by drop in electricity demand by 2.8 per Credit: Hydro-Québec Power to study basin water availability capacity added in 2020 cent compared to 2019, hydropower and the feasibility of new projects. generation increased by about 6 per El Salvador remains heavily reliant renewables, hydropower however on fossil fuel imports, accounting for st Canadath 4 still represents the largest share. The almost a third of its total electricity 1 275 MW government is developing a flagship supply. Among the country’s mix of hydropower project that will help in 2020 as it faced the fallout from several nd Dominican the decarbonisation of the country’s natural disasters. Uneven energy 2 Republic electricity system: the 65.7 MW El demand due to Covid-19 led to an 123 MW Chaparral (renamed 3 de Febrero) increase of fossil fuel generation. The project is expected to begin operation country is however exploring options to Generation by hydropower Total installed capacity* Capacity added in 2020 in 2021. revitalise hydropower facilities to meet Honduras a goal of 100 per cent renewable energy rd In Honduras, the Inter-American 3 108 MW generation by 2050. 724TWh 205 GW 531 MW Development Bank approved a *including pumped storage US$18 million loan to support the Jamaica’s government announced plans modernisation of the 300 MW Francisco to develop pumped storage hydropower th United States Morazán hydropower plant, the largest that would help achieve 50 per cent Pumped storage 4 24 MW in the country. Also known as El Cajon, of renewable energy generation by Pumped storage capacity added the plant became operational in 1986 2030, however this announcement installed capacity in 2020 and its modernisation will boost its came before the pandemic hit budget reliability and efficiency. allocations. 23 GW 00 MW Puerto Rico faced an unstable year in
24 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 25 South America overviewSouth
South America Key Overview 199 MW and below
200 MW to 1,999 MW
2,000 MW to 9,999 MW
10,000 MW to 19,999 MW
20,000 MW and above
Jurumirim, Brazil Credit: Henrique Manreza South America has seen significant CTG Brasil demand for hydropower development in recent years, making it one of the fastest growing regions. In several countries hydropower provides more than half of Ranking by total installed renewable energy and accelerate the total electricity supply and it is expected transition to a low carbon economy. hydropower capacity to remain the region’s largest renewable source for years to come. Brazil has suffered from chronic drought necessity to produce more expensive Installed Rank Country/Territory capacity (MW)* in recent years, which has caused the electricity from thermal power plants. With many hydropower facilities lowest levels of precipitation in the The government is also authorising 1 Brazil 109,271 decades-old, modernisation remains wet season (from October to March) electricity imports from Uruguay and 2 Venezuela 15,393 a priority for plant operators and grid since record lows in 1991. Moving Argentina. operators, as was highlighted in a 3 Colombia 11,941 into the dry season in March 2021, recent joint study by IHA and the Inter- The Itaipu Dam, on the Paraná River 4 Argentina 11,340 the government declared that Brazil is American Development Bank (IDB). on the border between Brazil and undergoing a major hydrological crisis. 5 Paraguay 8,810 Paraguay, continues setting records in Due to the impact of the Covid-19 The consequences of this are significant 6 Chile 6,944 accumulated production and production pandemic, South America saw a as the country relies on hydropower 7 Peru 5,396 efficiency. In 2020, the plant celebrated decrease in energy demand in 2020. reservoirs to generate over 60 per cent the milestone of 2.7 TWh of electricity 8 Ecuador 5,076 This led to a drop in greenhouse gas of electricity. Reservoirs are currently produced since it began operations in 9 Uruguay 1,538 emissions and pollution, however this operating at extremely low capacity due 1984. Itaipu is the only plant in the impact was expected to be temporary to decreased in-flow at similar levels 10 Bolivia 735 world with accumulated production as countries remain heavily reliant on last seen during a severe drought in 11 Suriname 190 above 2 TWh. fossil fuels. Covid-19 recovery plans 2015. Energy supply is at stake and the 12 French Guiana 119 were developed in response in order to regulator is warning that the electricity Brazil is becoming a leader in 13 Guyana 3 decarbonise economic sectors, increase tariff may increase in 2021 given the hybrid energy projects with recent *including pumped storage
26 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 27 development of a solar floating vital to reduce Colombia’s reliance on São Salvador hydropower project, Brazil America developmentsSouth photovoltaic plant on the Furnas-owned fossil fuels. Credit: ENGIE Brazil 52 MW Batalha hydropower project Small-scale hydropower developments reservoir. Tractebel has been awarded have strategic advantages due to the contract to build the 15-hectares Colombia’s geography. The 19.9 MW floating plant of 30 MW installed San Andrés de Cuerquia became capacity. South operational in September 2020. Colombia has moved forward with The Minister of Mining and Energy plans to rapidly increase the share of announced proposals for three more America wind and solar in its energy mix, where small-scale hydropower projects: Retiro Developments hydropower currently accounts for about I, Retiro II, and Chorreritas (each nearly 70 per cent of electricity production. By 20 MW). In addition, the country’s diversifying, the government seeks to Ituango hydropower project received strengthen the resilience of the system an additional US$100 million from its while maintaining one of the cleanest insurer after a serious construction electricity systems in the world. incident in 2018; studies are ongoing to determine the causes and meanwhile Colombia’s government published a the IDB has approved an extra US$900 2050 roadmap in the Energy National million in financing. Plan with a two-fold challenge: increase access to energy and tackle climate In Peru, a US$438 million contract for the change by reducing greenhouse gas construction of the 187 MW San Gabán emissions. The target is to diversify the III in Puno was given the go ahead. Peru’s energy matrix by substantially increasing renewable energy portfolio continues to energy supply from natural gas and expand, with over 2,000 MW in additions from renewable energy sources such planned. Most of these are hydropower as wind and solar, to surpass fossil- schemes, including the 84 MW La Virgen fuels generation. In the short-term, project to be commissioned in 2021, as Top 5 countries by wind and solar installed capacity is well as Tulumayo IV (56.2 MW), Tulumayo capacity added in 2020 expected to grow to 2,500 MW in 2022. V (83.2 MW), Anto Ruiz III (102.1 MW) Decarbonisation of transportation is also and Anto Ruiz IV (103.8 MW) expected to start after 2022. Other projects include Lluclla (288 MW) and Tarucani (49 MW) st Brazil Ecuador aims to attract private in Arequipa, and Huallaga I (392 MW) in 1 213 MW investment to construct and operate Huánuco. The investment cost of these hydropower projects to achieve its ventures totals more than US$2,200 Electricity Master Plan by 2027. The million. nd Chile country is seeking US$5,300 million for 2 205 MW the 2,400 MW Santiago project currently in the feasibility study stage and for the 596 MW Cardenillo and the 487 since outages allegedly caused by cyber- Generation by hydropower Total installed capacity* Capacity added in 2020 MW Sopladora project in the bidding Argentina attacks in 2019. rd process. 30 MW 3 Among the growing interconnections Bolivia resumed construction on the 690 TWh 177 GW 476 MW across the South America, the long- 290 MW Ivirizu hydropower project in *including pumped storage distance high-voltage interconnections Cochabamba and the 204 MW Miguillas th Colombia between Ecuador and Peru have now hydropower project in La Paz, with a 4 24 MW resumed development after being Pumped storage total combined investment of nearly stalled due to the Covid-19 crisis. In Pumped storage capacity added US$1,000 million. installed capacity in 2020 addition, Itaipu Binational has offered th Peru Venezuela continues with the to help develop binational projects 5 2.35 MW rehabilitation of the electromechanical between Bolivia and Brazil with an 1 GW 0 MW equipment units that were out of service estimated capacity of up to 6,000 MW.
28 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 29 Europe overview
Hafslund vammaåpning Credit: Voith Hydro
Europe Key Overview 199 MW and below
200 MW to 1,999 MW
2,000 MW to 9,999 MW
10,000 MW to 19,999 MW
20,000 MW and above
Hydropower continues to be a leading source of renewable energy in Europe, as the continent is transitioning towards a cleaner energy mix with contributions from wind and solar also increasing rapidly. its major role in the EU’s energy mix. Developments in pumped storage Hydropower capacity rose by 3 GW hydropower and grid interconnection sustainable. In addition, the EU Green across the European region in 2020, Installed Installed Installed projects were also made last year as part Deal was approved targeting green made up mainly by new hydropower Rank Country/Territory capacity (MW)* Rank Country/Territory capacity (MW)* Rank Country/Territory capacity (MW)* of measures to ensure a more resilient growth, environmental protections, and plants commissioned in Turkey and 1 Norway 32,995 16 Bulgaria 3,129 31 Montenegro 658 and flexible energy system. a carbon-neutral economy by 2050. other additions in Norway and Albania. 2 Turkey 30,984 17 Serbia 3,123 32 Ireland 529 Generation from hydropower was The Covid-19 pandemic caused demand Turkey’s hydropower capacity grew 3 France 25,508 18 Slovakia 2,522 33 Belarus 97 almost 4 per cent higher in 2020 than to fall by 4 per cent across the EU in by almost 10 per cent in 2020, adding 4 Italy 22,593 19 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,513 34 Kosovo 92 the previous year, owing largely to 2020. Its economic impact has spurred 2,480 MW with new reservoir storage increased production in the Nordics and government action to support the and run-of-river projects entering into 5 Spain 20,409 20 Albania 2,390 35 Greenland 91 Iberia. recovery, with the EU launching a operation. The national Renewable 6 Switzerland 16,881 21 Poland 2,385 36 Moldova 76 Recovery and Resilience Facility. EU Energy Support Scheme (YEKDEM) has Across the EU-27 countries, a key 7 Sweden 16,478 22 Czech Republic 2,268 37 Hungary 56 countries can access funding through helped bring forward large increases in milestone was reached in 2020 as all 8 Austria 14,597 23 Croatia 2,141 38 Andorra 45 the facility by submitting national plans renewable capacity, made up mainly by renewables together generated more of investments and reforms, for which the hydropower additions. The incentive 9 Germany 11,022 24 Iceland 2,086 39 Faroe Islands 39 electricity than fossil fuels for the first hydropower and other renewable scheme also supports wind, geothermal, 10 Portugal 7,193 25 Latvia 1,576 40 Netherlands 38 time. This was achieved with continued projects are eligible. solar and biomass, and was originally 11 Romania 6,313 26 Slovenia 1,524 41 Liechtenstein 35 growth in wind and solar generation, due to expire on 31 December 2020, but which is expected to almost triple by Other EU policy developments include 12 Ukraine 6,229 27 Belgium 1,427 42 Denmark 9 was extended due to Covid-19. 2030, and falls in production from the EU Taxonomy regulation, which 13 United Kingdom 4,712 28 Luxembourg 1,330 43 Estonia 8 coal-fired production. Hydropower sets out criteria that different economic The largest new addition was the 1,224 14 Greece 3,400 29 Lithuania 1,016 contributed a 13 per cent share of activities, including for hydropower, MW Ilisu hydropower plant, located 15 Finland 3,263 30 Macedonia 674 total electricity generated, underlining must meet to qualify as environmentally in south eastern Turkey on the Tigris *including pumped storage
30 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 31
Europe developments river. The year 2020 was a significant and small-scale developments, adding Top 5 countries by milestone for the project ending 13 324 MW in 2020. Notable stations capacity added in 2020 years since construction initially began include Nedre Otta (78 MW), Leikanger in 2007. The site will play a vital role (77 MW) and Østerbo (48 MW), with producing power for over a million consecutive growth over the years homes and providing irrigation for resulting in total installed hydropower st Turkey thousands of farmers, thanks to its large capacity at 32,995 MW. Neighbouring 1 2480 MW Europe multi-purpose reservoir and six turbine Sweden, Finland and Denmark did not Developments generators. Three other hydropower report significant growth in capacity in projects commissioned last year include 2020. nd Norway Cetin (429 MW), Alpaslan II (120 MW) The NordLink interconnector, a subsea 2 324 MW and Lower Kaleköy (500 MW). Projects high voltage (HVDC) grid transmission including Orta (16 MW), Kovanlık (19 line between Norway and Germany, MW) and several others of similar size entered testing at the end of 2020. The also went into service, along with a rd Albania project will link hydropower in Norway further 19 smaller-scale projects. Full 3 197 MW and wind energy in Germany, allowing rehabilitations of 123 MW Mendelez the two countries to trade renewable and 58 MW Kilavuzlu hydropower plants electricity and thus improve energy were also completed. security. th Serbia MW In Scandinavia, meteorological 4 25 In the UK, early in 2020 the Cruachan conditions such as mild weather and pumped storage hydropower station high levels of precipitation resulted in Scotland was awarded a six-year in large volumes of water inflow into synchronous compensation contract th Finland reservoirs. This, coupled with the to provide system support services to 5 6 MW decrease in electricity demand due the National Grid. Services will include to the Covid-19 pandemic, caused inertia and reactive power, helping to record low electricity prices and major keep the grid stable under rising levels fluctuations over the course of 2020. of variable renewables. Norway continued to increase its There were no major new hydropower hydropower capacity through medium additions in Western and Central project was commissioned; this is a Europe in 2020, although progress replacement for six older hydropower was made in several modernisation plants and five older dams previously and construction programmes. In operating along the Romanche River France, the 97 MW Romanche-Gavet near the Alps. The new site includes a dam and underground powerhouse, with much-reduced environmental and social impacts on the surrounding area. Nedre Otta HPP, Norway Elsewhere, modernisation programmes Credit: Andritz Hydro were completed at the 600 MW Zakucac Generation by hydropower Total installed capacity* Capacity added in 2020 project in Croatia and the 126 MW Zvornik project in Serbia. storage plant, to help bolster the region’s grid operations and security. Another 676TWh 254 GW 3032 MW Portuguese Prime Minister António pumped storage plant close to full *including pumped storage Costa visited the Tâmega complex in commissioning is the 900 MW Nant de 2020, a project under construction in core dam impounding its reservoir, Drance project in Switzerland. Pumped storage the country’s northern region involving the highest of its kind in the world. Pumped storage capacity added three new-build dams and hydropower In the Balkans, the 197 MW Moglice The project involved important installed capacity in 2020 plants (Gouvães, Daivões and Alto hydropower plant was commissioned investments in local communities, Tâmega). The complex on the Tâmega in Albania on the Devoll river. The including roads, transmission, and river will add up to 1,158 MW, and scheme includes an underground social and environmental development 55 GW 0 MW includes the 880 MW Gouvães pumped powerhouse and 167 metre asphalt- programmes.
32 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 33 Africa overview The 750 MW Kafue Gorge Lower Hydropower Project in Zambia is scheduled to be commisioned by the end of 2021 Credit: Norconsult AS.
Key Africa 199 MW and below
Overview 200 MW to 1,999 MW
2,000 MW to 9,999 MW
10,000 MW to 19,999 MW
20,000 MW and above
With energy demand growing twice as fast as the global average, Africa has a unique opportunity to adopt latest innovative technologies and take action to shape a sustainable energy future. Despite being home to 17 per cent Ranking by total installed hydropower capacity of the world’s population, it accounts Installed Installed Installed for just 4 per cent of global power. An Rank Country/Territory capacity (MW)* Rank Country/Territory capacity (MW)* Rank Country/Territory capacity (MW)* estimated 579 million people remain 971 MW added in 2020. It accounts 1 Ethiopia 4,074 16 Cameroon 822 31 Lesotho 73 without access to electricity in sub- for over 70 per cent of the renewable Saharan Africa. The United Nations electricity share and about 16 per cent of 2 Angola 3,836 17 Guinea 706 32 Tunisia 66 predicts that Africa’s population the total electricity share. Hydropower’s 3 South Africa 3,596 18 Tanzania 596 33 Sierra Leone 64 in Africa (PIDA), a continent wide will double by 2050, amounting to share of total electricity is predicted 4 Egypt 2,876 19 Malawi 371 34 Mauritius 61 initiative that intends to harness Africa’s approximately 2.5 billion people with to increase to more than 23 per cent vast renewable energy potential and 5 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,760 20 Namibia 347 35 Eswatini 60 electricity demand expected to triple by by 2040 following efforts to achieve identifies a need for high-capacity 6 Zambia 2,400 21 Gabon 331 36 Burundi 57 2040. universal access and a low carbon transmission networks. The North-South energy transition. 7 Mozambique 2,216 22 Algeria 269 37 Togo 49 By 2050, two in every five children Transmission Corridor from Egypt to 8 Nigeria 2,111 23 Mali 220 38 Mauritania 48 will be born in Africa with the urban Sustainable energy is at the forefront South Africa in particular presents population expected to nearly triple of national development plans across priorities for transmission networks 9 Sudan 1,923 24 Congo 218 39 Burkina Faso 34 to 1.34 billion. The West African power the continent. Out of the 53 African and large-scale hydropower generation 10 Morocco 1,770 25 Madagascar 186 40 Benin 33 pool (WAPP) region will represent one- nationally determined contributions projects. 11 Ghana 1,584 26 Reunion 134 41 Central African Republic 19 third of the continent’s total population (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement on While Africa seeks higher penetration of 12 Zimbabwe 1,091 27 Equatorial Guinea 128 42 Sao Tome And Principe 2 in 2070, with over 1.5 billion people. climate change, 45 contain quantified variable renewable energy, such as solar 13 Uganda 1,040 28 Rwanda 111 43 Comoros 1 renewable energy targets. Hydropower remains the continent’s and wind, the need for new hydropower 14 Cote D’Ivoire 879 29 Liberia 93 primary renewable resource in Africa at These efforts are aligned with the development as well as modernisation 15 Kenya 837 30 Senegal 81 over 38 GW of installed capacity, with Program for Infrastructure Development of the existing hydropower fleet has *including pumped storage
34 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 35 Africa developments become more pressing in the region. For In Angola, the 2,071 MW Lauca Rusumo Falls, Rwanda example, the power system master plans hydropower station became fully Credit: Andritz Hydro. of the Eastern Africa Power Pool (EAPP) operational in December 2020. It is and the Southern African Power Pool the second largest hydropower plant (SAPP) involve substantial hydropower in Africa, after the 2,075 MW Cahora capacity. Bassa power station in Mozambique, and represents more than half of the The African economy has been impacted Africa country’s hydropower capacity. by Covid-19 lockdown measures, but the Developments effects have not been uniform across the In Guinea, two units of the Souapiti region. The United Nations Economic hydropower project (225 MW out of 450 Commission for Africa (UNECA) reports MW) became operational in November that countries such as Mozambique 2020. The project is expected to be and Democratic Republic of Congo fully operational by end 2021 and is experienced higher electricity demand supported by China’s Belt and Road in 2020 compared to previous years, Initiative (BRI). mainly thanks to recent progress in In Ethiopia, work continued on the expanding energy deployment. 6,350 MW Great Ethiopian Renaissance On the other hand, in countries where Dam (GERD). The project has come almost the entire population had access under pressure from both Egypt and to energy, such as South Africa and Sudan, with Ethiopia asked to commit Tunisia, electricity demand decreased to a legally binding agreement on with respect to 2019 levels. Moreover, the amount of water retained in the despite the disruptions and changes reservoir. Elsewhere, part of the Genale caused by Covid-19, hydropower has Dawa basin development, the 254 MW shown resilience with its share being Genale-Dawa III multipurpose dam increased in the electricity mix in several also connected to the electricity grid in countries. February 2020. Top 5 countries by In Uganda, the 600 MW Karuma capacity added in 2020 hydropower project has reached 98 per cent completion and is expected to 70 per cent of the generation mix. become operational in May 2021. The government’s grid development plans st Angola In Zambia, the 750 MW Kafue Gorge have forecasted that total electricity 1 401 MW Lower hydropower project is expected demand will more than double by 2030, to be commissioned in 2021. In addition, development is the 3,050 MW Mambila with hydropower accounting for almost the 2,400 MW Batoka Gorge hydropower hydropower project, that will commence nd Ethiopia project, jointly owned by Zambia and construction in 2021 and, once 2 254 MW Zimbabwe, will begin construction in completed, will be the largest power 2021 and is expected to generate more station in Nigeria. than 10,000 GWh a year on completion. Generation by hydropower Total installed capacity* Capacity added in 2020 In Morocco, the 350 MW Abdelmoumen rd Guinea In Nigeria, two multipurpose pumped storage project has reached 40 3 225 MW hydropower projects – Gurara (30 per cent completion and is scheduled for 139 TWh 38 GW 938 MW MW) and Kashimbila (40 MW) – commissioning in the first half of 2022. *including pumped storage reached a concession from Federal In addition, the 300 MW Ifahsa pumped th Cameroon Government. These projects are part storage project is under construction Pumped storage 4 30 MW of the Nigerian government’s priority and is expected to be commissioned Pumped storage capacity added actions and its 2030 targets to increase in 2025. These projects, combined with installed capacity in 2020 the grid’s installed capacity to at least the optimisation of existing hydropower 32,000 MW, of which 14,000 MW Madagascar plants, are part of Morocco’s strategy to th will be from hydropower. The most meet the country’s renewable energy 5 28 MW 3 GW 0 MW significant hydropower project under targets while managing peaks in
36 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 37 Key and CentralSouth Asia overview
199 MW and below
200 MW to 1,999 MW
South and 2,000 MW to 9,999 MW Central Asia 10,000 MW to 19,999 MW Overview 20,000 MW and above
Hydropower resources are unevenly Nurek hydropower plant, Tajikistan Credit: Andritz Hydro distributed across Central and Southern Asia due to the region’s diverse over 30 years old, offering significant topography and hydrologic conditions. opportunities for modernisation. While several arid countries have In 2020, just over 1,604 MW of limited or no hydropower resources, hydropower capacity went into The World Bank held a summit to hydropower remains the dominant operation. Most of the stations in encourage South Asian nations to source of electricity in Georgia, the the region that were supposed to be work together on Covid-19 and unlock Ranking by total installed hydropower capacity Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, commissioned were however delayed development opportunities focusing on Installed Installed Nepal and Bhutan. The majority of the or halted due to the impact of the resilience, economic connectivity and Rank Country/Territory capacity (MW)* Rank Country/Territory capacity (MW)* region’s overall electricity mix is supplied Covid-19 pandemic. Where new capacity human capital5. Subsequently, the World 1 India 50,549 12 Sri Lanka 1,809 by natural gas, coal and oil, with was added, it was predominantly Bank highlighted the need for countries hydropower contributing approximately commissioned in India, Russia, Israel, to invest in sustainable hydropower as 2 Russia 49,912 13 Syria 1,505 11 per cent of annual generation, Georgia and Pakistan. part of green recovery efforts. 3 Iran 12,169 14 Armenia 1,293 making it the predominant renewable 4 Pakistan 9,929 15 Nepal 1,278 Recent events have demonstrated the During 2020, India commissioned the energy source. flexibility and resilience hydropower 300 MW Kameng hydropower project 5 Tajkistan 6,395 16 Azerbaijan 1,131 While total hydropower installed brings to electricity grids. Responding while several other projects were 6 Kyrgyzstan 3,892 17 Afghanistan 461 capacity exceeds 157 GW, the majority of to a Covid-19 solidarity event in India granted approval to proceed, such as 7 Georgia 3,449 18 Israel 307 the region’s hydropower potential is still which encouraged households to switch Dibang (2,880 MW), Bodhghat (500 8 Kazakhstan 2,730 19 Lebanon 282 untapped. Georgia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan their lights on and off, hydropower MW), Athirappilly (163 MW) and North and Uzbekistan have more than 75 per producers had to ramp down and Koel (24 MW). Additionally, approval for 9 Iraq 2,753 20 Bangladesh 230 cent of potential hydropower capacity up within seconds to support the construction of the 240 MW Kutehr Dam 10 Bhutan 2,326 21 Jordan 12 that could still be developed. In addition, unprecedented 31 GW shift in electricity has finally been granted, and the 800 11 Uzbekistan 2,005 22 Turkmenistan 5 most existing hydropower assets are demand. MW Parbati II project is expected to be *including pumped storage
38 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 39 commissioned by December 2021. In Nepal, the Upper Trishuli 3A and CentralSouth Asia overview hydroelectric project (60MW) and Russia commissioned four hydropower Kulekhani III hydroelectric project (14 plants in 2020, namely Zaramagskaya 1 MW) were commissioned. Due to the (346 MW), Verkhnebalkarskaya (10 MW), Covid-19 pandemic however, three Ust-Dzhegutinskaya (5.6 MW) and an hydropower plants were delayed: upgraded Irkutsk project (adding 22.9 Rahughat Khola (40 MW), Upper MW). Finally, Barsuchkovskaya (5.25 MW) South and Rahughat (48.5 MW) and Rahughat was commissioned in January 2021. Mangale (37 MW) are now expected Central Asia As for Uzbekistan, in 2020 six to be commissioned in 2022-2023. hydropower plant modernisation According to the Asian Development Developments (adding 7.45 MW) and construction Bank (ADB), Nepal has about 88 projects (adding 64 MW) were per cent of its economically viable commissioned by Uzbekhydroenergo, potential hydropower to develop and with a total capacity of 71.35 MW, could export the electricity surplus to capable of producing 541 GWh of Bangladesh and other neighboring electricity. The Kamchik hydropower countries. project (26.5 MW) and Zarchob small In Pakistan, as of early 2021 the 240 hydropower chain on the Tupalang river MW Keyal Khwar project had resumed (37.4 MW) were both commissioned, works and was expected to be offering a combined annual average commissioned by December 2023. The New Delihi, India output of 177 GWh. It also established 102 MW Gulpur hydropower plant was an ambitious national energy strategy commissioned in 2020, located near to double hydropower electricity the Poonch river, capable of generating generation by 2030 involving launching 465 GWh. A US$300 million loan was seven large plants with 1.24 GW of granted by the Asian Development hydropower capacity. Bank (ADB) to finance construction of Top 5 countries by In Kazakhstan, Shardarinskaya a 300 MW hydropower plant in Kunhar hydropower plant was modernised in river near Balakot City, projected to be capacity added in 2020 2020, increasing its installed capacity commissioned by 2027 and with an from 100 MW to 126 MW. estimated annual generation of 1,143 cleaner, more sustainable energy system. Bhutan’s less developed eastern region GWh. st India The Shuakhevi hydropower project was of Trashiyangtse. Construction of Georgia has made solid progress in the 1 478 MW commissioned in May 2020 with a total Punatsangchhu-2 (1,020 MW) will be past decade in improving the security of capacity of 178 MW. implemented by the two governments. its energy supply and transitioning to a In Bhutan, an ambitious update of the Central Asia has a complementary nd Russia country’s energy policy is expected to mix of energy sources and countries MW 2 380 focus on capacity building to secure a could realise major benefits from minimum of 5,000 MW by 2030. The plan regional energy cooperation. Progress includes the construction of the 1,200 in development of both the CASA- Generation by hydropower Total installed capacity* Capacity added in 2020 rd Israel MW Punatsangchhu-1 hydroelectric 1000 and TUTAP cross-regional power 3 300 MW plant. The policy will also support the interconnection projects connecting 498 TWh 154 GW 1,609 MW preparation of the 1,125 MW Dorjilung Central and South Asian countries *including pumped storage hydropower project and associated will increase electricity trading and th Georgia transmission lines to be identified during economic benefits. 4 178 MW preparation. Pumped storage Elsewhere, on the shores of the Pumped storage capacity added After 12 years of negotiations, Mediterranean, Israel reached a installed capacity in 2020 India and Bhutan took a major key hydropower milestone by th Pakistan step forward to construct the 600 commissioning a pumped storage 5 102 MW MW Kholongchhu project, the first station for the 300 MW Mount Gilboa 7.75 GW 300 MW hydropower joint venture project in project and increased its national
40 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 41 East Asia and Pacific overview
Key
199 MW and below
East Asia 200 MW to 1,999 MW and Pacific 2,000 MW to 9,999 MW
Overview 10,000 MW to 19,999 MW
20,000 MW and above
China’s 10.2 GW Wudongde With rapid urbanisation and project will be the world’s industrialisation, the East Asia and seventh-largest hydropower project upon completion. Pacific region has been on a trajectory Credit: GE Renewables of rapidly rising energy demand. The Covid-19 pandemic has dampened this growth as countries implemented Covid-19 containment measures. The pandemic has highlighted the critical role for reliable power supply in delivering essential healthcare services, such as vaccine storage, while energy access remained an issue for developing Ranking by total installed hydropower capacity China announced plans to become economies in the region. carbon neutral by 2060 and peak Installed Installed While fossil fuels retain the largest share coal consumption by 2025. In 2020, Rank Country/Territory capacity (MW)* Rank Country/Territory capacity (MW)* of the region’s generation mix, in many the country added 13.76 GW of new 1 China 370,160 12 Thailand 4,512 countries coal generation was the most hydropower capacity, including 1.2 GW Pumped storage continues to be a 2 Japan 50,016 13 Philippines 4,385 affected by demand reductions over the of pumped storage from the last four significant focus in China’s energy last year. The momentum of divesting units of the Jixi project. At 1.8 GW, Jixi is transition. In the 2021 Energy Work 3 Viet Nam 17,111 14 Myanmar 3,331 from fossil fuel generation continued China’s largest pumped storage project Plan issued by the National Energy 4 Australia 8,790 15 Cambodia 1,329 to grow in 2020 as more countries by installed capacity. The majority of Administration, nationwide medium and 5 Laos 7,376 16 Papua New Guinea 234 long-term planning for pumped storage announced pledges to achieve carbon the additions were in south-western 6 South Korea 6,506 17 Fiji 125 neutrality and deliver green recovery provinces such as Sichuan (4.13 GW) is emphasised. This is coupled with 7 Malaysia 6,275 18 New Caledonia 78 packages. Japan pledged to reach a net and Yunnan (3.4 GW). The 10.2 GW the consolidation of pumped storage zero emissions target by 2050 and cut Wudongde project is scheduled to be pricing mechanism released in April 8 Indonesia 6,121 19 French Polynesia 47 emissions by 46-50 per cent by 2030. fully operational by July 2021 and will 2021 that suggested all pumped storage 9 New Zealand 5,354 20 Mongolia 23 South Korea committed to terminate be China’s fourth-largest and the world’s plants in China to adopt a two-part 10 North Korea 5,010 21 Samoa 12 public overseas coal finance and achieve seventh-largest hydropower project tariff mechanism based on capacity and 11 Chinese Taipei (China) 4,694 net zero emissions by 2050. upon completion. energy tariff after 2023. *including pumped storage
42 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 43 East Asia and Pacific overview Malaysia has stepped up its renewable completed the construction of the 2.5 Top 5 countries by Shisanling pumped storage hydropower plant, China Credit: Voith Hydro energy ambitions and now recognises MW Klong Tron project. In addition, capacity added in 2020 “large hydropower” as part of its it is constructing the 14 MW Pha renewable energy definition, in line Chuk project which is expected to be with practices adopted by other operational by December 2021. Thailand countries internationally. Malaysia also is implementing a 16-year programme st China rolled out large-scale solar tenders as to retrofit floating solar on nine 1 13,760 MW East Asia part of a green stimulus package. The hydropower plants, aiming to achieve a construction of the 1,285 MW Baleh total installed capacity of 2,725 MW. The and Pacific project continued to progress and is first project in this programme, a 45 MW Indonesia scheduled to be completed in 2026. hydro-solar hybrid project at Sirindhorn nd 2 236 MW Developments Other projects in the pipeline in Sarawak dam, was near completion in 2021. are Limbang 2 (130 MW), Belaga (160 The ASEAN regional grouping of MW), Linau (182 MW), Trusan 2 (240 governments has put forward an MW), Baram 3 (300 MW) and Pelagus rd Laos ambitious joint ministerial statement (465 MW), and Kota 2 (12 MW). 3 176 MW of achieving 23 per cent renewable The Philippines government has energy by 2025. The proposed ASEAN declared a moratorium on new coal Power Grid aims to foster regional power plants and, to boost private interconnection and economic growth, th Japan MW investment in renewable energy, which has been taking shape under 4 111 opened up to full foreign ownership in the Lao PDR-Thailand-Malaysia power geothermal and hydropower in its latest integration project. The Lao People’s tender, which included 17 potential Democratic Republic continued to th Malaysia hydropower projects with a combined advance its plan to export 20 GW 5 101 MW capacity of 80 MW. by 2030, with a 728 MW Phou Ngoy project newly announced. Cross-border Thailand plans a transition away from hydropower will therefore continue to coal, reducing it to only a 5 per cent play an important role in decarbonising capacity share by 2030. The Electricity the South East Asian power grid. Generating Authority of Thailand has In Viet Nam, the 26 MW Pa Hu project has begun commercial operations. PC1 began operation of the three and the 18 MW Bao Lac B, and the 6 hydropower plants—which have total MW Song Nhiem 4 projects. Due to the capacity of 54 MW 2020, including the pandemic, the construction of Ngan EAST ASIA & PACIFIC 30 MW Mong An hydropower plant Truoi project was delayed. The 480 MW Regional electricity generation by hydropower (2019) 1,593 TWh expansion of Hoa Binh Hydropower Regional installed hydropower capacity (2019)*: 487 GW Plant has started, which after completion will reach a total capacity of 2,400 MW. government announced a 200 per cent Regional pumped storage installed capacity (2019): 68 GW Another 180 MW expansion of Yaly renewable energy target by 2040. The Generation by hydropower Total installed capacity* Capacity added in 2020 Regional hydropower capacity added in 2019: 6,465 MW hydropower plant is scheduled to begin Tasmanian state government together construction in the second quarter of with the Australian federal government US$902 million, will be the country’s Regional pumped storage capacity added in 2019: 300 MW 2021. also signed a bilateral emissions 1,642TWh 501 GW 14,466 MW largest energy infrastructure investment and energy reduction agreement to *including pumped storage In Australia, the Snowy 2.0 pumped and will have a crucial role in creating progress the Marinus Link and Battery storage project reached key a stable national grid and lowering of the Nation projects. The 250 MW construction milestones including fast- electricity tariffs. Fortescue Metals Pumped storage Kidston pumped storage project in the tracked planning and environmental Group also signed a hydropower Pumped storage capacity added state of Queensland has also begun installed capacity in 2020 approvals granted as part of green generation agreement with the construction. recovery efforts, and the commissioning country to assess the feasibility of of the first tunnel boring machine. In Papua New Guinea, the 180 MW potential projects to develop 25 GW of 70 GW 1,200 MW On the island of Tasmania, the state Ramu 2 hydropower project, costing hydropower resources.
44 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 45 Installed capacity and generation 2020
Africa South and Central Asia Europe North and Central America
Total installed capacity Total installed capacity Total installed capacity Total installed capacity including pumped Pumped Generation including pumped Pumped Generation including pumped Pumped Generation including pumped Pumped Generation Country storage (MW) (MW) (TWh) Country storage (MW) (MW) (TWh) Country storage (MW) (MW) (TWh) Country storage (MW) (MW) (TWh) Algeria 269 - 0.09 Afghanistan 461 - 0.62 Albania 2,390 - 5.28 Anguilla - - - Angola 3,836 - 10.08 Armenia 1,293 - 2.50 Andorra 45 - 0.12 Antigua and Barbuda - - - Benin 33 - 0.06 Azerbaijan 1,131 - 1.03 Austria 14,597 5,596 42.52 Aruba - - - Botswana - - - Bahrain - - - Belarus 97 - 0.43 Bahamas - - - Burkina Faso 34 - 0.11 Bangladesh 230 - 0.61 Barbados - - - Belgium 1,427 1,307 1.29 Burundi 57 - 0.22 Bhutan 2,326 - 8.95 Belize 55 0.08 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,513 420 6.10 Cameroon 822 - 5.88 Georgia 3,449 - 8.25 Bulgaria 3,129 3.37 Bermuda - - - Cape Verde - - - India 50,549 4,786 155.00 1,404 Canada 82,000 177 383.00 Croatia 2,141 3.40 Central African Republic 19 - 0.15 Iran 12,169 1,040 27.70 293 Cayman Islands - - - Cyprus - - Chad - - - Iraq 2,753 240 1.80 - Costa Rica 2,331 8.29 Comoros 1 - - Israel 307 300 0.02 Czechia 2,268 1,171 3.40 Cuba 68 0.06 Congo 218 - 1.07 Jordan 12 - 0.03 Denmark 9 - 0.02 Dominica 7 0.04 Cote D’Ivoire 879 - 2.31 Kazakhstan 2,730 - 9.90 Estonia 8 - 0.04 Dominican Republic 616 0.12 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,760 - 9.19 Kuwait - - - Faroe Islands 39 - 0.11 El Salvador 575 1.99 Djibouti - - - Kyrgyzstan 3,892 - 14.80 Finland 3,263 - 15.56 Grenada - - - Egypt 2,876 - 12.09 Lebanon 282 - 0.97 France 25,508 5,837 64.84 Guadeloupe 11 0.03 Equatorial Guinea 128 - 0.12 Nepal 1,278 - 3.00 Germany 11,022 6,364 24.75 Guatemala 1,559 5.77 Eritrea - - - Oman - - - Gibraltar - - - Haiti 60 0.13 Eswatini 60 - 0.16 Pakistan 9,929 - 37.38 Greece 3,400 703 3.43 Honduras 837 2.70 Ethiopia 4,074 - 13.56 Qatar - - - Greenland 91 - 0.50 Jamaica 30 0.16 Gabon 331 - 1.74 Russia 49,912 1,385 196.00 Martinique - - - Hungary 56 - 0.24 Gambia - - - Saudi Arabia - - - Mexico 12,612 23.12 Iceland 2,086 - 12.46 Ghana 1,584 - 7.21 Sri Lanka 1,809 - 4.90 Ireland 529 1.21 Montserrat - - - Guinea 706 - 2.47 Syria 1,505 - 0.75 292 Nicaragua 157 0.57 Italy 22,593 47.72 Guinea-bissau - - - Tajikistan 6,395 - 17.00 7,685 Panama 1,786 7.25 Kosovo 92 0.26 Kenya 837 - 3.52 Turkmenistan 5 - - - Puerto Rico 100 0.05 Latvia 1,576 2.59 Lesotho 73 - 0.50 United Arab Emirates - - - - Saint Bartholemy - - - Liberia 93 - 0.53 Uzbekistan 2,005 - 6.90 Liechtenstein 35 - 0.12 Saint Kitts And Nevis - - - Lithuania 1,016 1.06 Libya - - - Total 154,421 7,751 498.11 900 Saint Lucia - - - Madagascar 186 - 0.81 Luxembourg 1,330 1,296 1.09 Saint Pierre And Miquelon - - - Malawi 371 - 1.30 Macedonia 674 - 1.24 Saint Vincent And The Grenadines 7 0.04 Maldives - - - Malta - - - Trinidad And Tobago - - - Mali 220 - 0.95 East Asia and Pacific Moldova 76 - 0.20 Turks And Caicos Islands - - - Mauritania 48 - 0.21 Monaco - - United States 102,000 22,855 291.00 Total installed capacity - Mauritius 61 - 0.10 Montenegro 658 1.80 Virgin Islands, British - - - including pumped Pumped Generation - Morocco 1,770 465 1.55 Virgin Islands, U.S. - - - Country/Territory storage (MW) (MW) (TWh) Netherlands 38 - 0.05 Mozambique 2,216 - 14.17 Norway 32,995 141.69 American Samoa - - - 1,439 Namibia 347 - 0.95 Poland 2,385 2.93 Australia 8,790 1,340 14.89 1,780 Total 204,811 23,032 724 Niger - - - Portugal 7,193 13.96 Brunei - - - 2,820 Nigeria 2,111 - 6.10 Romania 6,313 15.53 Reunion 134 - 0.49 Cambodia 1,330 - 3.49 92 San Marino - - Rwanda 111 - 0.45 China 370,160 31,490 1,355.20 - World Serbia 3,123 9.66 Sao Tome And Principe 2 - 0.01 Chinese Taipei 4,694 2,602 6.18 639 Total installed capacity Senegal 81 - 0.31 Cook Islands - - - Slovakia 2,522 1,017 4.67 including pumped Pumped Generation Seychelles - - - Fiji 125 - 0.50 Slovenia 1,524 180 5.24 storage (MW) (MW) (TWh) Sierra Leone 64 - 0.18 French Polynesia 47 - 0.18 Spain 20,409 6,117 33.34 Somalia - - - Guam - - - Sweden 16,478 99 71.60 Total 1,330,106 159,494 4,370 South Africa 3,596 2,912 5.67 Hong Kong - - - Switzerland 16,881 3,029 40.62 South Sudan - - - Indonesia 6,121 - 18.63 Turkey 30,984 - 77.39 Sudan 1,923 - 7.75 Japan 50,016 27,637 89.17 Ukraine 6,229 1,563 4.85 Kiribati - - - Tanzania 596 - 2.35 United Kingdom 4,712 2,833 7.64 Togo 49 - 0.09 Laos 7,376 - 19.2 Tunisia 66 - 0.06 Macau - - - Total 254,454 54,876 674 Uganda 1,040 - 4.03 Malaysia 6,275 - 15.8 Western Sahara - - - Marshall Islands - - - Yemen - - - Micronesia, Federated States Of - - - South America Zambia 2,400 - 13.67 Mongolia 23 - 0.09 Zimbabwe 1,091 - 7.26 Myanmar 3,331 - 11 Total installed capacity Nauru - - - including pumped Pumped Generation Total 38,174 3,377 139.54 New Caledonia 78 - 0.22 Country storage (MW) (MW) (TWh) New Zealand 5,354 - 23.98 Argentina 11,340 974 30.35 Niue - - - Bolivia 735 - 2.94 North Korea 5,010 - 12.20 Brazil 109,271 30 409.50 Papua New Guinea 234 - 0.80 Chile 6,945 - 20.79 Philippines 4,385 685 7.79 Colombia 11,941 - 45.82 Samoa 12 - 0.04 Ecuador 5,076 - 24.79 Singapore - - - French Guiana 119 - 0.44 Solomon Islands - - - Guyana 3 - - South Korea 6,506 4,700 7.10 Paraguay 8,810 - 49.34 Thailand 4,513 1,000 4.54 Peru 5,396 - 29.04 Timor-leste - - - Suriname 190 - 1.36 Tonga - - - Uruguay 1,538 - 3.95 Tuvalu - - - Venezuela 15,393 - 72.00 Vanuatu - - - Viet Nam 17,111 - 51.98 Total 176,757 1,004 690 Total 501,490 69,454 1,643
46 | International Hydropower Association | Hydropower Status Report 2021 | 47 Acknowledgements
Researched, written and Communications: Photographs: edited by the team at IHA Will Henley Andritz Hydro Central Office. Anna Warren China Three Gorges (CTG) Now available: Will Rule CTG Brasil/Henrique Manreza CEO: Steve Sawyer Engie Brazil Eddie Rich Azeem Choudhary GE Renewable Energy IHA’s annual report Hydro-Quebec Research and Policy: Membership and Operations: Nalcor Energy Alex Campbell Pablo Valverde Norconsult AS Cristina Díez Santos Marianne Cornell SCC Nigeria/Zutari David Samuel Angelena Christian Voith Hydro María Ubierna Elena Perez Samuel Law Gill Mcdonnell Advancing Ali Arif Karen Smith Acile Sybella Hammoud Olivia McCue Contributors: sustainable China Society for Hydropower Sustainability: Engineering (CSHE) hydropower João Costa National Hydropower Association (NHA) Alain Kilajian WaterPower Canada Annual Report 2020-2021 Amina Kadyrzhanova Bénédicte Nsalambi
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